Lalacewar tsire-tsire ta hanyar gasa daga ciyawa da sauran kwari da suka haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, da kwari suna cutar da aikinsu sosai kuma a wasu lokuta na iya lalata amfanin gona gaba ɗaya.A yau, ana samun amfanin amfanin gona mai dogaro ta hanyar amfani da nau'ikan da ke jure cututtuka, hanyoyin sarrafa halittu, da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe qwari don magance cututtukan shuka, kwari, ciyawa, da sauran kwari.A cikin 1983, an kashe dala biliyan 1.3 akan magungunan kashe qwari—ban da maganin ciyawa—don karewa da iyakance lalacewar amfanin gona daga cututtukan shuka, nematodes, da kwari.Yiwuwar asarar amfanin gona idan babu amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ya wuce wannan ƙimar.
Kimanin shekaru 100, kiwo don jure cututtuka ya kasance muhimmin bangare na yawan amfanin gona a duniya.Amma nasarorin da aka samu ta hanyar kiwo tsire-tsire suna da tasiri sosai kuma suna iya zama na al'ada.Wato, saboda rashin cikakkun bayanai game da aikin kwayoyin halitta don juriya, yawancin karatu bazuwar bazuwa maimakon bincike na musamman.Bugu da ƙari, duk wani sakamako na iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci saboda yanayin canza yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran kwari yayin da aka shigar da sababbin bayanan kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin agroecological hadaddun.
Kyakkyawan misali na tasirin canjin kwayoyin halitta shine yanayin pollen maras kyau da aka haifa zuwa mafi yawan manyan nau'in masara don taimakawa wajen samar da iri iri.Tsire-tsire da ke ɗauke da cytoplasm na Texas (T) suna canja wannan sifa maras kyau na namiji ta hanyar cytoplasm;yana da alaƙa da wani nau'in mitochondion na musamman.Ba a sani ba ga masu shayarwa, waɗannan mitochondria suma suna da rauni ga gubar da ƙwayoyin naman gwari ke samarwa.Helminthosporiummaydis.Sakamakon ya kasance annobar cutar ganyen masara a Arewacin Amurka a lokacin rani na 1970.
Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gano magungunan kashe kwari su ma sun kasance masu tasiri sosai.Ba tare da kaɗan ko babu bayanan da aka rigaya ba game da yanayin aiki, ana gwada sinadarai don zaɓar waɗanda ke kashe kwari, naman gwari, ko sako amma ba sa cutar da shuka ko muhalli.
Hanyoyi masu tasiri sun haifar da gagarumar nasara wajen shawo kan wasu kwari, musamman ciyawa, cututtuka na fungal, da kwari, amma gwagwarmayar tana ci gaba, tun da canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta a cikin waɗannan kwari na iya sau da yawa maido da virulence a kan nau'in tsire-tsire masu juriya ko kuma sa kwaro ya jure wa maganin kashe kwari. .Abin da ya ɓace daga wannan da alama maras ƙarewa na rashin ƙarfi da juriya shine fahimtar fahimtar kwayoyin halitta da tsire-tsire da suke kai hari.Kamar yadda ilimin kwari — kwayoyin halittarsu, biochemistry, da physiology, rundunoninsu da hulɗar da ke tsakanin su - yana ƙaruwa, ingantacciyar jagora da ingantaccen matakan magance kwari.
Wannan babin ya gano hanyoyin bincike da yawa don samun kyakkyawar fahimtar mahimman hanyoyin nazarin halittu waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta da kwari.Halittar kwayoyin halitta tana ba da sabbin dabaru don ware da kuma nazarin ayyukan kwayoyin halitta.Kasancewar tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu sauƙi da juriya da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta za a iya amfani da su don ganowa da ware ƙwayoyin halittar da ke sarrafa hulɗar tsakanin mai watsa shiri da ƙwayoyin cuta.Nazarin kyakkyawan tsari na waɗannan kwayoyin halitta zai iya haifar da alamu game da hulɗar kwayoyin halitta da ke faruwa tsakanin kwayoyin halitta biyu da kuma tsarin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin cutar da kuma cikin kyallen takarda na shuka.Ya kamata a nan gaba don inganta hanyoyin da dama don canja wurin halaye masu kyau don juriya a cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire kuma, akasin haka, don haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za su kasance masu cutarwa da zaɓaɓɓun ciyawa ko ƙwararrun arthropod.Ƙarfafa fahimtar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma aikin abubuwa masu daidaitawa, irin su hormones na endocrin da ke tsara metamorphosis, dipause, da haifuwa, za su bude sababbin hanyoyi don sarrafa kwari ta hanyar rushe ilimin lissafi da halayyar su a matakai masu mahimmanci a cikin tsarin rayuwa. .
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-14-2021