Lalacewar da ake samu ga tsirrai sakamakon gasa daga ciyayi da kuma wasu kwari, ciki har da ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, da kwari, yana lalata yawan amfanin gonarsu sosai, kuma a wasu lokutan yana iya lalata amfanin gona gaba ɗaya. A yau, ana samun amfanin gona mai inganci ta hanyar amfani da nau'ikan da ba sa jure wa cututtuka, hanyoyin sarrafa halittu, da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe kwari don magance cututtukan shuke-shuke, kwari, ciyawa, da sauran kwari. A shekarar 1983, an kashe dala biliyan 1.3 kan magungunan kashe kwari - ban da magungunan kashe kwari - don karewa da iyakance lalacewar amfanin gona daga cututtukan shuke-shuke, ƙwayoyin cuta, da kwari. Rashin amfanin gona mai yuwuwa idan babu amfani da magungunan kashe kwari ya wuce wannan ƙimar.
Tsawon kimanin shekaru 100, kiwo don juriya ga cututtuka ya kasance muhimmin bangare na yawan amfanin gona a duk duniya. Amma nasarorin da aka samu ta hanyar kiwo da tsirrai galibi suna da inganci kuma suna iya zama na ɗan lokaci. Wato, saboda rashin bayanai na asali game da aikin kwayoyin halitta don juriya, binciken galibi bazuwar ne bazuwar maimakon bincike na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, duk wani sakamako na iya zama na ɗan gajeren lokaci saboda canjin yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran kwari yayin da ake shigar da sabbin bayanai na kwayoyin halitta cikin tsarin ilimin halittu masu rikitarwa.
Kyakkyawan misali na tasirin canjin kwayoyin halitta shine yanayin pollen da aka ƙera a cikin mafi yawan manyan nau'ikan masara don taimakawa wajen samar da iri na gauraye. Tsire-tsire da ke ɗauke da cytoplasm na Texas (T) suna canja wurin wannan sifar namiji ta hanyar cytoplasm; yana da alaƙa da wani nau'in mitochondria. Masu kiwon dabbobi ba su sani ba, waɗannan mitochondria kuma suna ɗauke da rauni ga guba da naman gwari mai cutarwa ke samarwa.HelminthosporiumMaydisSakamakon haka shi ne annobar cutar busasshiyar ganyen masara a Arewacin Amurka a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1970.
Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gano magungunan kashe kwari suma sun kasance na gwaji. Ba tare da wani bayani ko kuma babu wani bayani a baya game da yadda ake amfani da su ba, ana gwada sinadarai don zaɓar waɗanda ke kashe kwari, fungi, ko ciyawar da ake nema amma ba sa cutar da shukar amfanin gona ko muhalli.
Hanyoyin gwaji sun samar da manyan nasarori wajen shawo kan wasu kwari, musamman ciyayi, cututtukan fungal, da kwari, amma gwagwarmayar tana ci gaba, domin sau da yawa canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta a cikin waɗannan kwari na iya dawo da ƙarfinsu akan nau'in shuka mai juriya ko kuma sanya kwari su zama masu juriya ga maganin kwari. Abin da ya ɓace daga wannan zagayen kamuwa da juriya mara iyaka shine fahimtar ƙwayoyin halitta da tsire-tsire da suke kai hari. Kamar yadda ilimin kwari yake - kwayoyin halittarsu, biochemistry, da ilimin halittar jiki, masu masaukinsu da hulɗar da ke tsakaninsu - yana ƙaruwa, za a tsara matakan kula da kwari mafi kyau da inganci.
Wannan babi ya gano hanyoyi da dama na bincike don fahimtar muhimman hanyoyin halittu da za a iya amfani da su don sarrafa cututtukan tsirrai da kwari. Ilimin halittar kwayoyin halitta yana ba da sabbin dabaru don ware da nazarin ayyukan kwayoyin halitta. Ana iya amfani da wanzuwar tsire-tsire masu saurin kamuwa da juriya da ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin kamuwa da cuta don gano da ware kwayoyin halittar da ke sarrafa hulɗar tsakanin mai masaukin baki da mai cutar. Nazarin tsarin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da alamu game da hulɗar sinadarai da ke faruwa tsakanin halittu biyu da kuma daidaita waɗannan kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma cikin kyallen shukar. Ya kamata a nan gaba a inganta hanyoyi da damammaki don canja halayen da ake so don juriya ga tsirrai masu amfani, kuma, akasin haka, a ƙirƙiri ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za su yi ƙarfi ga ciyayi ko kwari da aka zaɓa. Ƙarin fahimtar ilimin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta na kwari da sunadarai da aikin abubuwan da ke daidaita abubuwa, kamar hormones na endocrine waɗanda ke daidaita metamorphosis, diapause, da haihuwa, zai buɗe sabbin hanyoyi don sarrafa kwari ta hanyar katse ilimin halittarsu da halayensu a matakai masu mahimmanci a cikin zagayowar rayuwa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Afrilu-14-2021