Yaƙi da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa tsere ne na adawa da juyin halitta. Kwayoyin cuta suna haɓaka juriya ga maganin rigakafi, kuma ƙwayoyin cuta suna ci gaba da haɓaka don yaɗuwa da sauri. Cututtukan da kwari ke ɗauka suna wakiltar wani fagen yaƙi na juyin halitta: kwari da kansu suna haɓaka juriya ga gubar da mutane ke amfani da ita don kashe su.
Musamman ma, zazzabin cizon sauro yana kashe sama da mutane 600,000 kowace shekara. Tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,magungunan kashe kwari—an yi amfani da makamai masu guba da aka tsara don kashe sauro na Anopheles da suka kamu da cutar malaria—don yaƙar zazzabin cizon sauro.
Duk da haka, sauro suna haɓaka dabarun da sauri don cimma waɗannan manufofinmagungunan kashe kwari ba su da tasiri, yana fallasa miliyoyin mutane ga haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka masu kisa. Binciken da na buga kwanan nan, wanda aka gudanar tare da abokan aiki, ya bayyana dalilin.
A matsayina na masanin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta, ina nazarin zaɓin halitta—tushen juyin halitta mai daidaitawa. Bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka fi amfani ga rayuwa sun maye gurbin waɗanda ba su da amfani, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a nau'ikan halittu. Ƙarfin juyin halitta na sauro na Anopheles yana da ban mamaki kwarai da gaske.
A tsakiyar shekarun 1990, yawancin sauro na Anopheles a Afirka suna da saurin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta na pyrethroid, waɗanda aka samo asali daga chrysanthemums. Maganin sauro ya dogara ne kawai akan hanyoyi guda biyu na pyrethroid: gidajen sauro da aka yi wa maganin kwari don kare sauro masu barci da sauran feshin maganin kwari a kan ganuwar gini. Waɗannan hanyoyi guda biyu kaɗai wataƙila sun hana kamuwa da cutar malaria sama da miliyan 500 tsakanin 2000 da 2015.
Duk da haka, sauro daga Ghana zuwa Malawi yanzu suna yawan samun juriya ga magungunan kashe kwari a yawan da ya ninka na baya sau 10. Baya ga matakan da ake dauka don shawo kan sauro na Anopheles, ayyukan noma na iya fallasa sauro ga magungunan kashe kwari na pyrethroid ba da gangan ba, wanda hakan ke kara ta'azzara juriyarsu.
A wasu sassan Afirka, sauro na Anopheles sun sami juriya ga nau'ikan kwari guda huɗu da ake amfani da su don magance zazzabin cizon sauro.
Ana samun sauro na Anopheles da ƙwayoyin cuta na malaria a wajen Afirka, inda ba a cika samun masu binciken hana maganin kwari ba.
A mafi yawan Kudancin Amurka, babban mai yaɗuwar cutar malaria shine sauro na Anopheles darlingi. Wannan sauro ya bambanta da masu yaɗuwar cutar malaria a Afirka har yana iya kasancewa na wani nau'in halitta daban - Nyssorhynchus. Tare da abokan aiki daga ƙasashe takwas, na yi nazarin kwayoyin halittar sauro na Anopheles darlingi sama da 1,000 don fahimtar bambancin kwayoyin halittarsu, gami da duk wani canji da ayyukan ɗan adam suka haifar kwanan nan. Abokan aikina sun tattara waɗannan sauro daga wurare 16 a faɗin wani babban yanki da ya miƙe daga gabar tekun Atlantika na Brazil zuwa gabar tekun Pacific na Andes a Colombia.
Mun gano cewa, kamar danginsa na Afirka, *Anopheles darlingi* yana nuna bambancin kwayoyin halitta mai yawa - fiye da sau 20 na mutane - yana nuna yawan jama'a. Nau'ikan da ke da irin wannan babban tarin kwayoyin halitta suna da kyau don daidaitawa da sabbin ƙalubale. Lokacin da yawan jama'a ya yi yawa, yuwuwar bayyanar sauye-sauye masu dacewa waɗanda ke ba da fa'idar da ake so yana ƙaruwa. Da zarar wannan sauye-sauyen ya fara yaɗuwa, godiya ga fa'idar lambobi, har ma mutuwar sauro kaɗan ba za ta kai ga halakarsa gaba ɗaya ba.
Sabanin haka, gaggafa mai gashi, wadda aka haifa a Amurka, ba ta taɓa samun juriya ga maganin kwari na DDT ba kuma a ƙarshe ta fuskanci halaka. Ingancin juyin halittar miliyoyin kwari ya fi na tsuntsaye dubu kaɗan. A gaskiya ma, a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, mun lura da alamun juyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da juriya ga magunguna a cikin sauro na Anopheles darlingi.
Pyrethroids da DDT, da sauran magungunan kashe kwari, suna aiki akan manufa ɗaya ta kwayoyin halitta: hanyoyin ion waɗanda zasu iya buɗewa da rufewa a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi. Lokacin da waɗannan hanyoyin suka buɗe, ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi suna motsa wasu ƙwayoyin halitta. Magungunan kashe kwari suna tilasta waɗannan hanyoyin su kasance a buɗe kuma suna ci gaba da watsa motsin rai, wanda ke haifar da gurguwar jiki da mutuwar kwari. Duk da haka, kwari na iya haifar da juriya ta hanyar canza siffar hanyoyin da kansu.
Nazarin kwayoyin halitta da wasu masana kimiyya suka yi a baya, da kuma bincikenmu, ba su sami wannan nau'in juriya a cikin Anopheles darlingi ba. Madadin haka, mun gano cewa juriya tana tasowa ta wata hanya daban: ta hanyar tarin kwayoyin halitta da ke samar da enzymes waɗanda ke wargaza mahaɗan guba. Babban aikin waɗannan enzymes, wanda aka sani da P450s, galibi yana da alhakin ci gaban juriyar magungunan kashe kwari a cikin wasu sauro. Tun bayan zuwan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, irin wannan saitin kwayoyin halittar P450 ya canza kansa aƙalla sau bakwai a Kudancin Amurka.
A French Guiana, wani rukunin kwayoyin halittar P450 shi ma ya nuna irin wannan tsarin juyin halitta, wanda ya ƙara tabbatar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗannan enzymes da daidaitawa. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka sanya sauro a cikin kwantena da aka rufe aka kuma fallasa su ga magungunan kashe kwari na pyrethroid, bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halittar P450 tsakanin sauro ɗaya ya danganta da lokacin rayuwarsu.
A Kudancin Amurka, manyan kamfen na yaƙi da zazzabin cizon sauro ta amfani da magungunan kashe kwari ba sa faruwa lokaci-lokaci kuma wataƙila ba su kasance babban abin da ke haifar da ci gaban sauro ba. Madadin haka, sauro na iya fuskantar barazanar ƙwayoyin cuta a kaikaice ga amfanin gona. Abin sha'awa, mun lura da alamun ci gaba mafi bayyana a yankunan da ke da ci gaban noma.
Duk da zuwan sabbin alluran riga-kafi da sauran ci gaba a fannin shawo kan cutar malaria a 'yan shekarun nan, shawo kan sauro har yanzu yana da matukar muhimmanci wajen rage yaduwar cutar malaria.
Kasashe da dama suna gwada fasahar kwayoyin halitta don yakar zazzabin cizon sauro. Wannan fasaha ta ƙunshi gyara yanayin sauro don rage yawansu ko rage juriyarsu ga ƙwayoyin cuta na zazzabin cizon sauro. Duk da cewa sauƙin daidaitawar sauro na iya zama ƙalubale, masu sa ran za su iya samun nasara.
Ni da abokan aikina muna aiki don inganta hanyoyin gano juriyar magungunan kwari. Jerin kwayoyin halitta ya kasance mai mahimmanci don gano sabbin martani ko ba zato ba tsammani na juyin halitta. Hadarin daidaitawa yana da girma a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai tsawo da tsanani; saboda haka, rage, gyara, da kuma rage amfani da magungunan kwari na iya taimakawa wajen hana ci gaban juriya.
Kulawa mai kyau da kuma martanin da ya dace suna da mahimmanci don yaƙar ci gaban juriyar magunguna. Ba kamar juyin halitta ba, mutane suna da ikon yin hasashen makomar.
Jacob A. Tennessen ya sami kuɗi daga Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa ta hanyar Makarantar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard TH Chan da kuma Cibiyar Broad.
Lokacin Saƙo: Afrilu-21-2026
