Kwanan nan, Cibiyar Fasahar Noma ta Ƙasa, tare da haɗin gwiwar CibiyarKariyar Shuke-shukena Kwalejin Kimiyyar Noma ta kasar Sin da sauran kungiyoyi, sun tsara tare da fitar da "Jagorar Fasaha don Amfani da Motocin Sama marasa matuki na Noma don Magance Manyan Kwari da Cututtukan Masara". Manufar ita ce inganta matakin kimiyya da daidaito na amfani da motocin sama marasa matuki na noma wajen rigakafi da kuma magance manyan kwari da cututtuka na masara, da kuma magance matsalolin rigakafi da kuma shawo kan kwari da cututtuka a matakin tsakiya da na karshe na masara.
Jagorar Fasaha kan Amfani da Motocin Sama Marasa Matuki na Noma donMaganin Kwarida kuma rigakafin manyan kwari da cututtuka na masara
A bisa hasashen Cibiyar Fasaha ta Noma ta Ƙasa, a shekarar 2026, yawan kamuwa da cututtukan masara da kwari a ƙasar zai yi tsanani sosai. Daga cikinsu, kwari kamar su masu hura masara, tsutsotsi na auduga, da kwari masu sanda za su fi faruwa a wasu yankuna na Arewa maso Gabashin China da kuma Filin Yellow-Huaihai. Cutar ruɓewar tushe za ta yi babban haɗarin sake bullowa a Filin Yellow-Huaihai, Kudu maso Yammacin China, da Arewa maso Gabashin China.
1. Zaɓin wakilan sarrafawa daidai
(1) Mayar da hankali kan lokacin rigakafin da ya dace. Dangane da lokacin faruwa, nau'in, da tsananin cututtukan masara da kwari, a ƙayyade manyan kwari da aka yi niyya da kuma lokacin rigakafin da ya dace bisa ga yanayin yankin.
Tun daga lokacin girbin kunne zuwa matakin cire pollen, yankin arewa maso gabas yana mai da hankali kan hana da kuma shawo kan kwari da cututtuka kamar su borer masara, aphids, ƙwaro mai tabo biyu mai ganye mai tabo biyu, cutar babban tabo, da cutar launin toka; yankin Huaihai yana mai da hankali kan hana da kuma shawo kan kwari da cututtuka kamar borer masara, kwari masu tabo, cutar rot stem, cutar tsatsa ta kudu, da cutar ƙananan tabo; yankin arewa maso yamma yana mai da hankali kan hana da kuma shawo kan kwari da cututtuka kamar borer masara, kwari masu tabo, mites gizo-gizo ja, ƙwaro mai tabo biyu mai ganye mai tabo biyu, cutar rot stem, da cutar manyan tabo; yankin kudu maso yamma yana mai da hankali kan hana da kuma shawo kan kwari da cututtuka kamar borer stem ciyayi, borer masara, kwari masu tabo, cutar rot stem, da cutar manyan tabo.
Daga matakin samuwar hatsi zuwa matakin madara, a yankin Arewa maso Gabas, babban maganin kwari yana mai da hankali kan masu hura masara, slugs, ƙwarƙwarar ganye masu tabo biyu, cututtukan smut, manyan cututtukan spot, da cututtukan spot toka; a yankin Huang-Huai-Hai, galibi yana kai hari ga masu hura masara, masu hura peach, tsutsotsi na auduga, cututtukan smut, cututtukan tsatsa ta kudu, da ƙananan cututtuka; a yankin Arewa maso Yamma, galibi yana kula da masu hura masara, ƙwarƙwaran gizo-gizo ja, ƙwarƙwaran ganye masu tabo biyu, cututtukan smut, manyan cututtuka; a yankin Kudu maso Yamma, yana mai da hankali kan masara da ake hura da fara, masu hura masara, cututtukan smut, manyan cututtuka, da cututtukan spot toka.
(2) Zaɓi magungunan kashe kwari masu dacewa. Don rigakafi da kuma shawo kan kwari kamar su ƙwanƙolin tushe mai kore, ƙwarƙwara mai mannewa, da kuma ƙwanƙolin masara, ya kamata a yi amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a lokacin tsutsa tun suna ƙanana. Magungunan kashe kwari masu dacewa sun haɗa da Bacillus thuringiensis, chlorpyrifos-methyl, methamidephos-aminobenzoate, da ethyl polyhydroxybenzyl imidazoline. Don shawo kan aphids, ya kamata a yi amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a lokacin farkon kamuwa da cuta. Magungunan kashe kwari masu dacewa sun haɗa da thiamethoxam, thiamethionam, da imidacloprid. Don shawo kan ƙwanƙolin peach da bollworm na auduga, ya kamata a yi amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a lokacin ƙuruciya tun suna ƙanana. Magungunan kashe kwari masu dacewa sun haɗa da tetra-cyanothiamamide, chlorpyrifos-methyl, methamidephos-aminobenzoate, da cypermethrin. Don shawo kan cututtuka kamar su babban ƙwanƙolin wuri, ƙananan ƙwanƙolin wuri, da kuma ƙwanƙolin wuri mai launin toka, ya kamata a yi amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a lokacin farkon kamuwa da cutar. Magungunan kashe kwari masu dacewa sun haɗa da flufurafos-dimethylamine, pyrazofamet, cipcon-pyrimidinethione, da oxamoxazin-pentazole. Ga gonakin da abin ya shafa sosai, ana iya yin amfani da su na biyu bayan kwana 7-10. Don magance cutar ruɓewar kunne, ya kamata a yi amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a matakin farko na barkewar cutar. Magungunan kashe kwari masu dacewa sun haɗa da pyrazofamet, flufurafos-dimethylamine, da ethylate. Bugu da ƙari, a lokacin aikin "fesa ɗaya don haɓakawa da yawa", ana iya ƙara masu daidaita girma na shuka don inganta lafiyar shuke-shuken masara da hana tsufa da wuri da kuma haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa.
II. Zaɓar fom ɗin da ya dace na magani da kuma ƙara kayan haɗin da ke cikin tankin
(1) Zaɓi nau'in maganin da ya dace a kimiyyance. Siffofin maganin kwari da suka dace da aikin jiragen sama na noma sun haɗa da magungunan dakatarwa, magungunan dakatar da mai da za a iya warwatsewa, magungunan tushen ruwa, emulsions na ruwa, microemulsions, granules masu narkewar ruwa, da kuma maganin mai da za a iya warwatsewa. Foda da foda mai laushi ba su da daidaito sosai. Lokacin haɗa magungunan kashe kwari da yawa, ana ba da shawarar a ƙara su a cikin tsari mai zuwa: ruwa - wakilai masu ƙarfi (granules masu narkewar ruwa) - wakilan dakatarwa (masu dakatar da mai da za a iya warwatsewa, wakilan dakatarwa) - wakilan emulsion (microemulsions, emulsions na ruwa) - wakilan ruwa da za a iya warwatsewa (maganin mai da za a iya warwatsewa). Bayan ƙara kowace maganin kashe kwari, tabbatar da haɗa sosai don cimma maganin da ya dace, wanda ba ya narkewa, kuma wanda ba a raba shi ba kafin ƙara maganin kashe kwari na gaba. Wannan yana hana samuwar dunƙulewa, toshe bututun, ko rage ingancin maganin kashe kwari.
(2) Daidaita ƙara kayan haɗin bokiti. Kafin a gudanar da aikin feshi, ya kamata a ƙara adadin kayan haɗin bokiti da ya dace a cikin maganin kwari don inganta aikinsa, haɓaka wurin zama na ɗigon ruwa, rage asarar da ke shiga, haɓaka juriya ga zaizayar ruwan sama da ƙafewa, da kuma inganta tasirin sarrafawa yadda ya kamata. Ya kamata a ba da fifiko ga amfani da kayan haɗin musamman don feshi ta sama, kuma a mai da hankali kan dacewa da magungunan kashe ƙwari da ake amfani da su. Guji gazawar maganin kwari ko halayen da ba su dace ba. Gabaɗaya, ya kamata a ƙara kayan haɗin a cikin adadin 0.5% - 1% na yawan ruwan feshi. Ana iya daidaita adadin ƙarin daidai gwargwadon nau'in kayan haɗin, yawan maganin kwari, da yanayin aiki.
III. A bi ƙa'idodin fesawa ta iska sosai.
(1) Wurin Aiki. Gudanar da ayyukan feshin magungunan kashe kwari ta amfani da jiragen sama marasa matuƙa na noma a wuri mai buɗewa da iska mai kyau. Kafin aikin feshin, gudanar da bincike kan yanayin da ke kewaye da yankin feshin, ƙayyade iyakar feshin, kimanta haɗarin da ka iya tasowa, da kuma hana kwararar ɗigon magungunan kashe kwari daga haifar da lahani ga ƙwayoyin cuta marasa manufa da lalacewar amfanin gona a yankin da ke kewaye. A cikin mita 200 na ƙasa daga yankin feshin, bai kamata a sami tsire-tsire masu samar da sinadarin nectar ba.
(2) Yanayin aiki. A lokacin amfani da maganin kwari, saurin iska a muhalli ya kamata ya zama ƙasa da matakin 3 (≤ 3.4 m/s), kuma zafin muhalli ya kamata ya kasance tsakanin 15℃ da 30℃. Kowane yanki zai iya ƙayyade lokacin amfani da shi bisa ga yanayin da ake ciki, kuma ya kamata ya guji lokacin da ya wuce 30℃. Idan akwai hazo ko raɓa mai yawa, ya kamata a yi amfani da maganin kwari bayan hazo da raɓa sun ɓace.
4. Saita sigogin aiki yadda ya kamata
(1) Sigogi na asali na aiki. Sigogi na fesawa na jiragen sama marasa matuƙa na noma daban-daban sun bambanta. Ya kamata a yi la'akari da abubuwa kamar girman jirgin sama, filin iska mai saukowa, matakin girma na masara, da nau'ikan kwari da cututtuka da za a sarrafa su sosai. Ya kamata a saita sigogi masu dacewa don tabbatar da fesawa iri ɗaya, babu fesawa fiye da kima ko rasa fesawa, ƙarancin asarar da ke gudana, kuma babu lalacewa ga tsirrai. Kafin fesawa mai girma, ya kamata a gudanar da gwaje-gwajen daidaito da kwanciyar hankali na aikin. Yayin da nauyin jirgin sama ke ƙaruwa, ya kamata a ɗaga tsayin jirgin yadda ya kamata, kuma a rage saurin tashi yadda ya kamata.
(2) Hanyoyi daban-daban na aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. A lokacin amfani da maganin kwari, ya kamata a daidaita hanyar aiki da sigogi bisa ga ainihin yanayi kamar saurin iska da alkibla, kuma ya kamata a daidaita tsarin aiki bisa ga yanayin gida. Don rage karkacewar iska da iska ke haifarwa, ana iya saita alkiblar tashi daidai da alkiblar iska. Don ƙara yawan ruwan maganin kwari, idan alkiblar tashi ta saba da alkiblar iska, ana iya rage saurin tashi yadda ya kamata; idan alkiblar tashi ta yi daidai da alkiblar iska, ana iya ƙara saurin tashi yadda ya kamata.
(3) Sigogi na aiki daga babban bututun mai rami zuwa matakin anthesis. Wannan matakin muhimmin mataki ne na shawo kan kwari da cututtuka a cikin masara. Filin yana cike da tsire-tsire masu yawa, kuma aikin ya kamata ya tabbatar da cewa maganin kashe kwari ya yi daidai da juna da kuma amincin tsire-tsire. An haramta amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a lokacin anthesis da lokacin fure don guje wa tsoma baki ga pollination. Ga jiragen sama masu amfani da yawa masu juyawa masu nauyin 50L zuwa 70L, a wuraren dasa shuki masu yawan shuke-shuke 4500 zuwa 8000 a kowace eka, mafi kyawun sigogin aiki sune girman amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na 2L/eka zuwa 2.5L/eka, tsayin tashi na 3.5m zuwa 4m, da kuma saurin tashi na 3m/s zuwa 5m/s; A wuraren dasa shuki masu yawan shuke-shuke 4000 zuwa 4500 a kowace kadada, mafi kyawun sigogin aiki sune girman amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na lita 1.5/eka zuwa lita 2/eka, tsayin tashi na mita 3.5 zuwa mita 4, da kuma saurin tashi na mita 3/s zuwa mita 5/s.
(4) Sigogi na aiki daga matakin samuwar hatsin masara zuwa matakin madara. A wannan lokacin, ana shuka shuke-shuken masara sosai kuma an naɗe bawon a hankali. Dole ne jirgin sama mara matuki na noma ya guji tashi a ƙasa ko kuma a cikin sauri mai yawa, domin wannan zai iya haifar da rashin isassun magungunan kashe kwari ko lalacewar datti. Ga jiragen sama marasa matuki masu amfani da rotor waɗanda ke da nauyin lita 50 - 70, a wuraren dasa shuke-shuke masu yawan shuke-shuke 4500 - 8000 a kowace eka, mafi kyawun sigogin aiki sune girman amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na lita 2.5 - 3.5/acre, tsayin tashi na mita 3.5 - 4, da kuma saurin tashi na mita 3/s - 5m/s; A wuraren dasa shuki masu yawan shuke-shuke 4000 - 4500 a kowace eka, mafi dacewa da sigogin aiki sune girman amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na L2/eka - L3/eka, tsayin tashi na 3.5m - 4m, da kuma saurin tashi na 3m/s - 5m/s.
Bugu da ƙari, lokacin shirya maganin feshi mai haɓaka tasirin da yawa a cikin bokiti, ya kamata a fara gwajin kwanciyar hankali na cakuda maganin don tabbatar da cewa babu wani halayen jiki ko na sinadarai kamar laye-laye, flocculation, ko ruwan sama. Sai bayan tabbatar da cewa babu irin waɗannan halayen ne za a iya gudanar da babban aikin yaƙi da kwari.
V. Daidaita ayyukan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari
(1) Tabbatar da cancantar ma'aikata da kuma kariyar tsaro. Ma'aikata ya kamata su riƙe takaddun shaida masu inganci kuma su sanya kayan kariya da suka wajaba; daidaita tsarin kula da tsaron yanki. A lokacin tashi da sauka daga jiragen sama, ya kamata su nisanci cikas, layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfi da mutane, suna kiyaye nesa mai aminci.
(2) A yi gwajin inganci kafin a fesa. Kafin a gudanar da aikin fesawa, ana iya sanya katunan gwaji na yawan digo a kan shukar masara a gaba don gano yawan digo da kuma kimanta ingancin aikin fesawa; don tabbatar da ingancin aiki da tasirin sarrafawa daga babban matakin kunne zuwa tasseling, da kuma daga samuwar hatsi zuwa matakan nuna madara, ana ba da shawarar a yi amfani da yawan digo a matsayin ma'auni.≥Digo 30 a kowace murabba'in santimita.
(3) A tabbatar da tsaron wurin da ake aiki da maganin kwari. A lokacin aikin fesa maganin kwari, ya kamata dukkan ma'aikata su kasance a inda ake fesa maganin kwari, kuma an haramta musu tafiya ta yankin da ake fesa maganin kwari; bai kamata mai aiki ya ci abinci, ya sha taba, ko ya yi kiran waya ba; ya kamata su ci gaba da lura da jirgin sama na noma da kuma na'urar sarrafa nesa a kowane lokaci. Idan akwai wani gaggawa, ya kamata su yi maganinsa da sauri; ba a yarda kowa ya yi tafiya a wurin tashi da sauka don guje wa haifar da rauni ga ma'aikata ba.
(4) A daidaita kimantawa bayan aikin. Bayan an kammala aikin fesa maganin kwari, ga wuraren da ba a fesa su ba saboda cikas ko kusurwoyi, ya kamata a sake fesawa da hannu akan lokaci; a tsaftace kuma a kula da akwatunan maganin kwari, bututun fesawa, da sauransu, sannan a miƙa sharar marufi zuwa shagon kasuwanci ko wurin sake amfani da sharar marufi (ma'ana); a riƙa bincika tasirin kwari da cututtuka akai-akai kuma a tantance ingancin aikin fesa maganin kwari.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuni-15-2026
