Iska mai tsabta, ruwa da ƙasa mai kyau suna da matuƙar muhimmanci ga aikin halittu masu hulɗa a manyan fannoni huɗu na Duniya don ci gaba da rayuwa. Duk da haka, ragowar magungunan kashe kwari masu guba suna ko'ina a cikin halittu kuma galibi ana samun su a cikin ƙasa, ruwa (duka mai ƙarfi da ruwa) da iska mai yanayi a matakan da suka wuce ƙa'idodin Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA). Waɗannan ragowar magungunan kashe kwari suna fuskantar hydrolysis, photolysis, oxidation da biodegradation, wanda ke haifar da samfuran canji daban-daban waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare kamar mahaɗan iyayensu. Misali, kashi 90% na Amurkawa suna da aƙalla alamar maganin kashe kwari guda ɗaya a jikinsu (duka mahaɗan iyaye da kuma metabolite). Kasancewar magungunan kashe kwari a cikin jiki na iya yin tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam, musamman a lokacin matakan rayuwa masu rauni kamar ƙuruciya, samartaka, ciki da tsufa. Littattafan kimiyya sun nuna cewa magungunan kashe kwari sun daɗe suna da mummunan tasirin lafiya (misali katsewar endocrine, ciwon daji, matsalolin haihuwa/haihuwa, gubar jijiyoyi, asarar bambancin halittu, da sauransu) akan muhalli (gami da namun daji, bambancin halittu da lafiyar ɗan adam). Don haka, fallasa ga magungunan kashe kwari da cututtukan su na iya haifar da mummunan tasirin lafiya, gami da tasirin tsarin endocrine.
Kwararren EU kan masu kawo cikas ga endocrine (marigayi) Dr. Theo Colborne ya rarraba sinadarai masu aiki da magungunan kashe kwari sama da 50 a matsayin masu kawo cikas ga endocrine (ED), gami da sinadarai a cikin kayayyakin gida kamar sabulun wanki, magungunan kashe kwari, robobi da magungunan kashe kwari. Bincike ya nuna cewa rushewar endocrine ta fi yawa a cikin magungunan kashe kwari da yawa kamar maganin kashe kwari atrazine da 2,4-D, maganin kashe kwari na dabbobi, da kuma dioxins da aka samo daga masana'antu (TCDD). Waɗannan sinadarai na iya shiga jiki, su wargaza hormones kuma su haifar da mummunan ci gaba, cututtuka, da matsalolin haihuwa. Tsarin endocrine ya ƙunshi gland (thyroid, gonads, adrenals, da pituitary) da kuma hormones da suke samarwa (thyroxine, estrogen, testosterone, da adrenaline). Waɗannan glanders da hormones ɗin da suka dace suna jagorantar ci gaba, girma, haifuwa, da halayyar dabbobi, gami da mutane. Cututtukan endocrine matsala ce da ke ci gaba da girma wadda ke shafar mutane a duk faɗin duniya. Sakamakon haka, masu fafutuka sun yi jayayya cewa manufar ya kamata ta aiwatar da ƙa'idodi masu tsauri kan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da kuma ƙarfafa bincike kan tasirin fallasa magungunan kashe kwari na dogon lokaci.
Wannan binciken yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane da yawa da suka fahimci cewa samfuran lalata magungunan kashe kwari suna da guba ko ma fiye da mahaɗan da suka fi nasu. A duk duniya, ana amfani da pyriproxyfen (Pyr) sosai don maganin sauro kuma shine kawai maganin kashe kwari da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta amince da shi don maganin sauro a cikin kwantena na ruwan sha. Duk da haka, kusan dukkan TP Pyrs guda bakwai suna da aikin rage estrogen a cikin jini, kodan, da hanta. Malathion sanannen maganin kashe kwari ne wanda ke hana ayyukan acetylcholinesterase (AChE) a cikin kyallen jijiyoyi. Hana AChE yana haifar da tarin acetylcholine, wani sinadari mai sarrafa kwakwalwa wanda ke da alhakin aikin kwakwalwa da tsoka. Wannan tarin sinadarai na iya haifar da mummunan sakamako kamar saurin girgiza wasu tsokoki, gurguwar numfashi, girgiza, kuma a cikin mawuyacin hali, duk da haka, hana acetylcholinesterase ba takamaiman abu bane, wanda ke haifar da yaɗuwar malathion. Wannan babbar barazana ce ga namun daji da lafiyar jama'a. A taƙaice, binciken ya nuna cewa TPs guda biyu na malathion suna da tasirin endocrine akan bayyanar kwayoyin halitta, fitar da hormones, da kuma metabolism na glucocorticoid (carbohydrate, protein, mai). Rushewar fenoxaprop-ethyl mai maganin kashe kwari cikin sauri ya haifar da samuwar TP guda biyu masu guba waɗanda suka ƙara yawan bayyanar kwayoyin halitta sau 5.8-12 kuma sun yi tasiri sosai kan aikin estrogen. A ƙarshe, babban TF na benalaxil ya daɗe a cikin muhalli fiye da mahaɗin iyaye, mai hana karɓar estrogen ne, kuma yana haɓaka bayyanar kwayoyin halitta sau 3. Magungunan kashe kwari guda huɗu a cikin wannan binciken ba su ne kawai sinadarai da ake damuwa da su ba; wasu da yawa kuma suna samar da samfuran lalata mai guba. Yawancin magungunan kashe kwari da aka haramta, tsoffin ƙwayoyin cuta da sabbin magungunan kashe kwari, da samfuran sinadarai da aka samo daga gare su suna fitar da sinadarin phosphorus mai guba wanda ke gurɓata mutane da yanayin halittu.
An dakatar da amfani da maganin kashe kwari na DDT da babban sinadarinsa na DDE, inda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta gano yawan sinadarai da suka wuce matakin da aka yarda da shi. Yayin da DDT da DDE ke narkewa a cikin kitsen jiki kuma suna zama a wurin tsawon shekaru, DDE ta daɗe a cikin jiki. Wani bincike da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) ta gudanar ya gano cewa DDE ta kamu da jikkunan kashi 99 cikin 100 na mahalarta binciken. Kamar masu kawo cikas ga endocrine, kamuwa da DDT yana ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da ciwon suga, rashin haihuwa da wuri, raguwar yawan maniyyi, endometriosis, rashin daidaituwar haihuwa, autism, ƙarancin bitamin D, lymphoma na Hodgkin, da kiba. Duk da haka, bincike ya nuna cewa DDE ya fi guba fiye da mahaɗin iyaye. Wannan maganin zai iya samun tasirin lafiya na tsararraki da yawa, yana haifar da kiba da ciwon suga, kuma yana ƙara yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar nono a cikin tsararraki da yawa. Wasu magungunan kashe kwari na ƙarni na farko, gami da organophosphates kamar malathion, ana yin su ne daga mahaɗan da wakilin jijiyoyi na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu (Agent Orange), wanda ke shafar tsarin jijiyoyi. Triclosan, wani maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da aka haramta a cikin abinci da yawa, yana ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin muhalli kuma yana samar da samfuran lalata cututtukan daji kamar chloroform da 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,8-DCDD).
Sinadaran "na gaba", gami da glyphosate da neonicotinoids, suna aiki da sauri kuma suna rushewa da sauri, don haka ba sa da yuwuwar taruwa. Duk da haka, bincike ya nuna cewa ƙarancin yawan waɗannan sinadarai sun fi guba fiye da tsoffin sinadarai kuma suna buƙatar ƙarancin kilogiram da yawa. Saboda haka, samfuran rushewar waɗannan sinadarai na iya haifar da irin wannan ko mafi tsananin tasirin guba. Nazarin ya nuna cewa ana canza glyphosate na maganin kashe kwari zuwa wani abu mai guba na AMPA wanda ke canza bayyanar kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, sabbin metabolites na ionic kamar denitroimidacloprid da decyanothiacloprid sun fi guba sau 300 da ~200 ga dabbobi masu shayarwa fiye da imidacloprid na iyaye, bi da bi.
Magungunan kashe kwari da magungunan kashe kwari na iya ƙara yawan guba mai tsanani da kuma wanda ba shi da illa, wanda ke haifar da illa na dogon lokaci ga wadatar nau'ikan halittu da bambancin halittu. Magungunan kashe kwari daban-daban na baya da na yanzu suna aiki kamar sauran gurɓatattun muhalli, kuma mutane na iya fuskantar waɗannan abubuwa a lokaci guda. Sau da yawa waɗannan gurɓatattun sinadarai suna aiki tare ko kuma suna haɗuwa don samar da ƙarin tasirin haɗin gwiwa. Haɗin kai matsala ce da aka saba gani a cikin gaurayawan magungunan kashe kwari kuma tana iya rage tasirin guba ga lafiyar ɗan adam, dabba da muhalli. Saboda haka, kimanta haɗarin muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam na yanzu ba ta rage tasirin cutarwa na ragowar magungunan kashe kwari, metabolites da sauran gurɓatattun muhalli ba.
Fahimtar tasirin da magungunan kashe kwari da magungunan kashe kwari na endocrine ke yi wa lafiyar tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Ba a fahimci ainihin dalilin cututtukan da magungunan kashe kwari ke haifarwa ba, ciki har da jinkirin lokaci da ake iya faɗi tsakanin fallasa sinadarai, tasirin lafiya, da kuma bayanan cututtuka.
Hanya ɗaya ta rage tasirin magungunan kashe kwari ga mutane da muhalli ita ce siya, noma da kuma kula da amfanin gona na halitta. Bincike da dama sun nuna cewa lokacin da ake canza abinci na halitta gaba ɗaya, matakin sinadaran kashe kwari a cikin fitsari yana raguwa sosai. Noman halitta yana da fa'idodi da yawa na lafiya da muhalli ta hanyar rage buƙatar ayyukan noma masu amfani da sinadarai. Ana iya rage tasirin magungunan kashe kwari ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin sake farfaɗo da ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma amfani da hanyoyin rage kwari marasa guba. Ganin yadda ake amfani da dabarun madadin da ba na kashe kwari ba, gidaje da ma'aikatan masana'antu na noma za su iya amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin don ƙirƙirar yanayi mai aminci da lafiya.
Lokacin Saƙo: Satumba-06-2023