A matsayin muhimmin garanti ga barga da amfanin gona mai ɗorewa, magungunan kashe qwari suna taka rawar da ba za a iya maye gurbinsu ba wajen magance kwari.Neonicotinoids sune mafi mahimmancin magungunan kashe qwari a duniya.An yi musu rajista don amfani a China da kasashe fiye da 120 da suka hada da Tarayyar Turai, Amurka, da Kanada.Kasuwar kasuwa tana da fiye da kashi 25% na duniya.Yana zaɓin sarrafa masu karɓa na nicotinic acetylcholinesterase (nAChRs) a cikin tsarin jin tsoro na kwari, yana gurgunta tsarin juyayi na tsakiya kuma yana haifar da mutuwar kwari, kuma yana da kyakkyawan tasirin sarrafawa akan Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, har ma da ƙwari masu tsayayya.Ya zuwa Satumba 2021, akwai 12 neonicotinoid magungunan kashe qwari da aka yiwa rajista a cikin ƙasata, wato imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid Akwai fiye da nau'ikan 3,400 na samfuran shirye-shiryen ciki har da nitrile, pipecyclopyroprid. , daga cikin abin da shirye-shiryen mahadi ke da fiye da 31%.Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram da sauransu.
Tare da ci gaba da saka hannun jari mai girma na neonicotinoid kwari a cikin yanayin muhallin aikin gona, jerin matsalolin kimiyya kamar juriya da manufa, haɗarin muhalli, da lafiyar ɗan adam suma sun zama sananne.A shekarar 2018, yawan jama'ar yankin aphid na auduga a yankin Xinjiang ya samu matsakaicin matsakaici da tsayin daka na juriya ga magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid, daga cikinsu juriyar imidacloprid, acetamiprid da thiamethoxam ya karu da sau 85.2-412 da sau 221-777, bi da bi, kuma sau 122 zuwa 1,095. .Nazarin kasa da kasa game da juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi na mutanen Bemisia tabaci ya kuma nuna cewa daga 2007 zuwa 2010, Bemisia tabaci ya nuna babban juriya ga magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid, musamman imidacloprid da thiacloprid.Abu na biyu, maganin kashe kwari neonicotinoid ba wai kawai yana tasiri sosai ga yawan jama'a ba, halayen ciyarwa, yanayin sararin samaniya da tsarin kudan zuma, amma kuma suna da mummunan tasiri akan haɓakawa da haifuwa na tsutsotsin ƙasa.Bugu da kari, daga shekarar 1994 zuwa 2011, yawan gano magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid a cikin fitsarin dan Adam ya karu sosai, lamarin da ke nuni da cewa yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid a kaikaice ya karu kowace shekara.Ta hanyar microdialysis a cikin kwakwalwar bera, an gano cewa clothesianidin da damuwa na thiamethoxam na iya haifar da sakin dopamine a cikin berayen, kuma thiacloprid na iya haifar da karuwar matakan hormone thyroid a cikin plasma bera.An yi la'akari da cewa magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid na iya shafar lactation Lalacewa ga tsarin juyayi da tsarin endocrine na dabbobi.Binciken samfurin in vitro na ƙwayar kasusuwa na jikin ɗan adam na mesenchymal ya tabbatar da cewa nitenpyram na iya haifar da lalacewar DNA da ɓarna na chromosomal, wanda ya haifar da karuwar nau'in oxygen mai amsawa na ciki, wanda hakan yana rinjayar bambancin osteogenic.Bisa ga wannan, Hukumar Kula da Kwari ta Kanada (PMRA) ta ƙaddamar da wani tsari na sake duba wasu magungunan neonicotinoid, kuma Hukumar Kula da Abinci ta Turai (EFSA) ta haramta tare da ƙuntata imidacloprid, thiamethoxam da kuma clothianidin.
Haɗuwa da magungunan kashe qwari daban-daban ba wai kawai zai iya jinkirta juriya na manufa guda ɗaya da inganta ayyukan kashe qwari ba, har ma da rage adadin magungunan kashe qwari da rage haɗarin bayyanar muhalli, yana ba da kyakkyawan fata don rage matsalolin kimiyyar da ke sama da kuma aikace-aikace mai dorewa na magungunan kashe qwari.Sabili da haka, wannan takarda yana nufin bayyana bincike game da haɗakar magungunan neonicotinoid da sauran magungunan kashe qwari da aka yi amfani da su a cikin aikin noma na ainihi, wanda ke rufe magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphorus, magungunan carbamate, pyrethroids don samar da ilimin kimiyya don amfani da hankali da kuma gudanar da tasiri na neonicotinoid. magungunan kashe qwari.
1 Ci gaba wajen haɗawa da magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphorus
Organophosphorus magungunan kashe qwari sune na yau da kullun maganin kashe kwari a farkon rigakafin kwari a cikin ƙasata.Suna hana ayyukan acetylcholinesterase kuma suna shafar neurotransmission na yau da kullun, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar kwari.Organophosphorus magungunan kashe qwari yana da tsawon lokacin saura, kuma matsalolin da suka shafi muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam da na dabba sun shahara.Haɗa su da magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid zai iya sauƙaƙe matsalolin kimiyyar da ke sama yadda ya kamata.Lokacin da ma'auni na imidacloprid da magungunan magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphorus malathion, chlorpyrifos da phoxim shine 1: 40-1: 5, tasirin sarrafawa akan leek maggots ya fi kyau, kuma coefficient coefficient na iya kaiwa 122.6-338.6 (duba Table 1)..Daga cikin su, tasirin kula da filin imidacloprid da phoxim akan aphids fyade ya kai 90.7% zuwa 95.3%, kuma lokacin tasiri ya wuce watanni 7.A lokaci guda, an yi amfani da shirye-shiryen fili na imidacloprid da phoxim (sunan ciniki na Diphimide) a 900 g / hm2, kuma tasirin kula da aphids fyade a cikin duk lokacin girma ya fi 90%.Shirye-shiryen fili na thiamethoxam, acephate da chlorpyrifos yana da kyawawan ayyukan kashe kwari a kan kabeji, kuma adadin yawan guba ya kai 131.1 zuwa 459.0.Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da rabon thiamethoxam da chlorpyrifos ya kasance 1:16, ƙaddamar da rabi na mutuwa (ƙimar LC50) don S. striatellus shine 8.0 mg / L, kuma haɗin haɗin gwiwa shine 201.12;Kyakkyawan tasiri.Lokacin da ma'auni na nitenpyram da chlorpyrifos ya kasance 1∶30, yana da tasiri mai kyau na haɗin gwiwa akan sarrafa kayan shuka mai goyan baya, kuma ƙimar LC50 shine kawai 1.3 mg/L.Haɗin cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, da dichlorvos yana da tasiri mai kyau na daidaitawa akan sarrafa aphids na alkama, auduga bollworm da ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa, kuma ƙimar co-toxicity shine 134.0-280.0.Lokacin da aka haɗu da fluoropyranone da phoxim a cikin rabo na 1: 4, coefficient coefficient coefficient ya kasance 176.8, wanda ya nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa a fili akan sarrafa ƙwayar leek mai shekaru 4.
Don taƙaitawa, ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari neonicotinoid sau da yawa tare da magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphorus irin su malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, da dai sauransu. An inganta ingantaccen sarrafawa, kuma tasirin tasirin muhalli ya ragu sosai.An ba da shawarar don ƙara haɓaka shirye-shiryen fili na ƙwayoyin cuta na neonicotinoid, phoxim da malathion, da ƙara yin amfani da fa'idodin sarrafa abubuwan shirye-shiryen fili.
2 Ci gaba wajen haɗawa da magungunan kashe qwari na carbamate
Ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari na Carbamate a cikin noma, gandun daji, da kiwo ta hanyar hana ayyukan kwari acetylcholinease da carboxylesterase, wanda ke haifar da tarin acetylcholine da carboxylesterase da kashe kwari.Lokacin gajere ne, kuma matsalar juriyar kwari tana da tsanani.Za a iya tsawaita lokacin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari na carbamate ta hanyar haɗawa da magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid.Lokacin da aka yi amfani da imidacloprid da isoprocarb a cikin sarrafa kayan shuka mai goyan baya a cikin rabo na 7: 400, haɗin haɗin gwiwa ya kai mafi girma, wanda shine 638.1 (duba Table 1).Lokacin da rabon imidacloprid da iprocarb ya kasance 1∶16, tasirin sarrafa shukar shinkafa shine mafi bayyane, coefficient coefficient ya kasance 178.1, kuma tsawon lokacin tasirin ya fi tsayin kashi ɗaya.Har ila yau, binciken ya nuna cewa 13% microencapsulated dakatar da thiamethoxam da carbosulfan yana da tasiri mai kyau da kuma kariya ga aphids alkama a cikin filin.d ya karu daga 97.7% zuwa 98.6%.Bayan 48% acetamiprid da carbosulfan dispersible mai dakatar da aka shafi a 36 ~ 60 g ai / hm2, da iko tasiri a kan auduga aphids ya 87.1% ~ 96.9%, da kuma tasiri lokaci zai iya kai 14 days, da kuma auduga Aphid na halitta makiya ne lafiya. .
A takaice dai, magungunan kashe kwari neonicotinoid sau da yawa suna haɗuwa da isoprocarb, carbosulfan, da dai sauransu, wanda zai iya jinkirta juriya na kwari irin su Bemisia tabaci da aphids, kuma yana iya tsawaita tsawon lokacin maganin kashe qwari., Sakamakon sarrafawa na shirye-shiryen fili yana da mahimmanci fiye da na wakili guda ɗaya, kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin aikin noma na ainihi.Duk da haka, wajibi ne a yi hankali da carbosulfur, samfurin lalata na carbosulfan, wanda yake da guba sosai kuma an hana shi a cikin kayan lambu.
3 Ci gaba wajen haɗawa da magungunan kashe qwari na pyrethroid
Magungunan kwari na Pyrethroid suna haifar da rikice-rikice na neurotransmission ta hanyar shafar tashoshin sodium ion a cikin membranes na jijiyoyi, wanda hakan ke haifar da mutuwar kwari.Saboda saka hannun jari mai yawa, ana haɓaka detoxification da ƙarfin kuzari na kwari, an rage yawan haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka.Teburin 1 ya nuna cewa haɗin imidacloprid da fenvalerate yana da tasiri mai kyau akan aphid dankalin turawa, kuma haɗin haɗin gwiwa na 2: 3 rabo ya kai 276.8.Shirye-shiryen fili na imidacloprid, thiamethoxam da etherethrin wata hanya ce mai tasiri don hana ambaliyar ruwa na yawan tsire-tsire masu launin ruwan kasa, inda imidacloprid da etherethrin sun fi kyau gauraye a cikin wani rabo na 5: 1, thiamethoxam da etherethrin a cikin wani rabo na 7: 1 da hadawa ne. mafi kyau, kuma co-toxicity coefficient shine 174.3-188.7.Matsakaicin dakatarwar microcapsule na 13% thiamethoxam da 9% beta-cyhalothrin yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci na daidaitawa, kuma coefficient na co-toxicity shine 232, wanda ke cikin kewayon 123.6- A cikin kewayon 169.5 g/hm2, tasirin sarrafawa akan Aphids taba na iya kaiwa kashi 90%, kuma shine babban maganin kashe kwari don magance kwari na taba.Lokacin da clothesianidin da beta-cyhalothrin suka haɗu a cikin rabo na 1: 9, coefficient coefficient for flea beetle shine mafi girma (210.5), wanda ya jinkirta faruwar juriya na tufafin.Lokacin da rabon acetamiprid zuwa bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin da fenvalerate sun kasance 1:2, 1:4 da 1:4, coefficient coefficient ya kasance mafi girma, daga 409.0 zuwa 630.6.Lokacin da rabon thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin duk sun kasance 5:1, coefficients coefficients coefficients sun kasance 414.0 da 706.0, bi da bi, kuma haɗakar tasirin sarrafawa akan aphids shine mafi mahimmanci.Tasirin sarrafa kayan sarianidin da cakuda beta-cyhalothrin (ƙimar LC50 1.4-4.1 mg / L) akan aphid kankana ya fi girma fiye da na wakili ɗaya (ƙimar LC50 42.7 mg / L), kuma tasirin kulawa a kwanaki 7 bayan jiyya ya kasance. sama da 92%.
A halin yanzu, fasahar haɗin gwiwar magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid da magungunan kashe qwari na pyrethroid sun girma sosai, kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin rigakafi da sarrafa cututtuka da kwari a cikin ƙasata, wanda ke jinkirta juriya da magungunan kashe qwari na pyrethroid kuma yana rage magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid.high saura da kashe-manufa guba.Bugu da kari, hada aikace-aikace na neonicotinoid kwari tare da deltamethrin, butoxide, da dai sauransu na iya sarrafa Aedes aegypti da Anopheles gambiae, wadanda suke da juriya ga pyrethroid magungunan kashe qwari, da kuma bayar da jagora ga rigakafi da kuma kula da tsaftar kwari a duniya.mahimmanci.
4 Ci gaba wajen haɗawa da magungunan kashe qwari
Magungunan kwari na Amide galibi suna hana masu karɓar nitin kifin na kwari, yana sa kwarin ya ci gaba da yin cudanya da taurin tsoka kuma ya mutu.Haɗin magungunan neonicotinoid da haɗin gwiwarsu na iya rage juriyar kwari da tsawaita rayuwarsu.Don sarrafa kwaroron da aka yi niyya, ƙimar haɗin kai ta kasance 121.0 zuwa 183.0 (duba Table 2).Lokacin da aka haxa thiamethoxam da chlorantraniliprole tare da 15∶11 don sarrafa tsutsa na B. citricarpa, mafi girman co-toxicity coefficient shine 157.9;thiamethoxam, clothianidin da nitenpyram an haxa su da snailamide Lokacin da rabo ya kasance 10:1, coefficient coefficient coefficient ya kai 170.2-194.1, kuma lokacin da adadin dinotefuran da spirulina ya kasance 1:1, co-toxicity coefficient shine mafi girma, kuma tasirin sarrafawa akan N. lugens ya kasance mai ban mamaki.Lokacin da rabon imidacloprid, clothesianidin, dinotefuran da sflufenamid sun kasance 5: 1, 5: 1, 1: 5 da 10: 1, bi da bi, tasirin sarrafawa ya kasance mafi kyau, kuma haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa ya kasance mafi kyau.Sun kasance 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 da 403.8, bi da bi.Tasirin sarrafawa akan aphid auduga (kwanaki 7) zai iya kaiwa 92.4% zuwa 98.1%, kuma tasirin sarrafawa akan asu lu'u-lu'u (kwanaki 7) zai iya kaiwa 91.9% zuwa 96.8%, kuma yuwuwar aikace-aikacen ya kasance babba.
Don taƙaitawa, haɗakarwar neonicotinoid da amide magungunan kashe qwari ba wai kawai rage juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi ba, amma har ma yana rage yawan amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, rage farashin tattalin arziki, da haɓaka haɓaka mai dacewa tare da yanayin muhalli.Magungunan magungunan kashe qwari na Amide sun shahara wajen sarrafa kwari masu juriya, kuma suna da kyakkyawan sakamako na maye gurbin wasu magungunan kashe qwari tare da yawan guba da sauran lokaci mai tsawo.Kasuwar kasuwa tana karuwa sannu a hankali, kuma suna da buƙatun ci gaba a zahirin noma.
5 Ci gaba wajen haɗawa da magungunan kashe qwari na benzoylurea
Benzoylurea kwari sune masu hana haɓakawar chitinase, waɗanda ke lalata kwari ta hanyar cutar da ci gaban su na yau da kullun.Ba abu mai sauƙi ba ne don samar da juriya tare da wasu nau'ikan magungunan kashe qwari, kuma yana iya sarrafa yadda ya dace da ƙwayoyin cuta masu jure wa organophosphorus da pyrethroid magungunan kashe qwari.Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin hanyoyin maganin kashe kwari neonicotinoid.Ana iya gani daga Table 2: haɗuwa da imidacloprid, thiamethoxam da diflubenzuron yana da tasiri mai kyau na synergistic akan kula da tsutsa na leek, kuma sakamakon shine mafi kyau lokacin da thiamethoxam da diflubenzuron suka haɗu a 5: 1.Sakamakon guba ya kai 207.4.Lokacin da hadawa rabo na clothesianidin da flufenoxuron ya kasance 2: 1, co-toxicity coefficient a kan larvae na leek larvae ya 176.5, da kuma kula da sakamako a cikin filin ya kai 94.4%.Haɗin cyclofenapyr da magungunan kashe qwari daban-daban na benzoylurea irin su polyflubenzuron da flufenoxuron yana da tasiri mai kyau akan lu'u-lu'u na lu'u-lu'u da kayan leaf shinkafa, tare da coefficient na coefficient na 100.7 zuwa 228.9, wanda zai iya rage yawan saka hannun jari na yawan magungunan kashe qwari.
Idan aka kwatanta da organophosphorus da pyrethroid magungunan kashe qwari, haɗakar aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid da benzoylurea pesticides sun fi dacewa da ra'ayi na ci gaba na magungunan kashe qwari na kore, wanda zai iya fadada tsarin sarrafawa yadda ya kamata kuma ya rage shigar da magungunan kashe qwari.Yanayin muhalli kuma ya fi aminci.
6 Ci gaba a haɗawa tare da magungunan kashe qwari na necrotoxin
Magungunan Neretoxin sune masu hana masu karɓa na nicotinic acetylcholine, wanda zai iya haifar da gubar kwari da mutuwa ta hanyar hana watsawa na al'ada na neurotransmitters.Saboda aikace-aikacensa mai fa'ida, babu tsotsawar tsari da fumigation, yana da sauƙin haɓaka juriya.Tasirin sarrafa bututun shinkafa da kuma yawan mutanen da suka sami juriya ta hanyar haɗawa da maganin kwari neonicotinoid yana da kyau.Tebur 2 ya nuna: lokacin da imidacloprid da insecticidal guda suka haɗu a cikin wani rabo na 2:68, tasirin sarrafawa akan kwari na Diploxin shine mafi kyau, kuma co-toxicity coefficient shine 146.7.Lokacin da rabon thiamethoxam da wakili guda na kwari shine 1:1, akwai gagarumin tasiri mai tasiri akan aphids na masara, kuma coefficient coefficient coefficient shine 214.2.Tasirin sarrafawa na 40% thiamethoxam·insecticide wakili na dakatarwa guda ɗaya har yanzu yana da girma kamar ranar 15th 93.0% ~97.0%, sakamako mai dorewa, kuma amintaccen ci gaban masara.The 50% imidacloprid · kwari zobe soluble foda yana da kyau kwarai iko tasiri a kan apple zinariya tsiri asu, da kuma kula da sakamako ne kamar yadda high as 79.8% zuwa 91.7% 15 kwanaki bayan kwaro ne a cikakken Bloom.
A matsayinsa na maganin kwari da kasata ta samar da kansa, maganin kwari yana kula da ciyawa, wanda ke iyakance amfani da shi zuwa wani yanki.Haɗuwa da magungunan kashe qwari na necrotoxin da magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid suna ba da ƙarin hanyoyin sarrafawa don sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samarwa na ainihi, kuma shine madaidaicin aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace a cikin tafiyar haɓakar haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta.
7 Ci gaba a haɗawa tare da magungunan kashe qwari na heterocyclic
Heterocyclic magungunan kashe qwari sune mafi yawan amfani da su kuma mafi yawan adadin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin aikin noma, kuma yawancinsu suna da tsawon lokacin saura a cikin muhalli kuma suna da wuyar lalacewa.Haɗin kai tare da magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid zai iya rage yawan adadin magungunan kashe qwari na heterocyclic da kuma rage phytotoxicity, da haɗuwa da ƙananan magungunan kashe qwari na iya yin tasiri mai tasiri.Ana iya gani daga Table 3: lokacin da mahaɗin fili na imidacloprid da pymetrozine shine 1: 3, haɗin haɗin gwiwa ya kai mafi girma 616.2;Ikon Planthopper duka yana aiki da sauri kuma yana dawwama.Imidacloprid, dinotefuran da thiacloprid an haɗa su tare da mesylconazole bi da bi don sarrafa tsutsa na giant black gill ƙwaro, tsutsa na ƙananan cutworm, da tsutsa ƙwaro.Thiacloprid, nitenpyram da chlorothiline an haɗa su bi da bi tare da Haɗin mesylconazole yana da kyakkyawan tasiri akan citrus psyllids.Haɗin magungunan 7 neonicotinoid kamar su imidacloprid, thiamethoxam da chlorfenapyr suna da tasirin daidaitawa akan sarrafa ƙwayar leek.Lokacin da haɓakar haɓakar thiamethoxam da fipronil shine 2: 1-71: 1, ƙimar co-toxicity shine 152.2-519.2. sarrafa tasiri a kan tururuwa.Haɗin thiamethoxam da fipronil a matsayin wakili na maganin iri na iya rage yawan kwarin alkama da kyau a cikin filin da kuma kare irin amfanin gona da tsiro.Lokacin da gauraye rabo na acetamiprid da fipronil ya kasance 1:10, kulawar haɗin gwiwa na gida mai jurewar ƙwayoyi shine mafi mahimmanci.
A taƙaice, shirye-shiryen magungunan kashe qwari na heterocyclic sune galibi fungicides, gami da pyridines, pyrroles da pyrazoles.Ana amfani da ita sau da yawa wajen noman noma don yin suturar iri, inganta yawan germination, da rage kwari da cututtuka.Yana da ingantacciyar lafiya ga amfanin gona da ƙwayoyin da ba na manufa ba.Heterocyclic magungunan kashe qwari, kamar yadda shirye-shiryen da aka haɗa don rigakafi da kula da kwari da cututtuka, suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta ci gaban noma, yana nuna fa'idodin ceton lokaci, aiki, tattalin arziki da haɓaka samarwa.
8 Ci gaba wajen haɗawa da magungunan kashe qwari da magungunan noma
Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta da maganin rigakafi na aikin gona suna jinkirin yin tasiri, suna da ɗan gajeren lokacin tasiri, kuma yanayin yana shafar su sosai.Ta hanyar haɗawa tare da magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid, za su iya yin tasiri mai kyau na daidaitawa, fadada bakan sarrafawa, da kuma tsawaita inganci da inganta kwanciyar hankali.Ana iya gani daga Table 3 cewa hade da imidacloprid da Beauveria bassiana ko Metarhizium anisopliae ya karu da aikin kwari da 60.0% da 50.6% bi da bi bayan 96 h idan aka kwatanta da amfani da Beauveria bassiana da Metarhizium anisopliae kadai.Haɗin thiamethoxam da Metarhizium anisopliae na iya haɓaka yawan mace-mace da ƙwayar cuta ta fungal na kwaro.Na biyu, haɗuwa da imidacloprid da Metarhizium anisopliae suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan kula da dogayen beetles, kodayake an rage yawan ƙwayar fungal conidia.Yin amfani da imidacloprid da nematodes gauraye na iya ƙara yawan kamuwa da ƙwayoyin sandflies, ta yadda za su haɓaka dagewarsu da yuwuwar sarrafa ilimin halitta.Haɗin yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid 7 da oxymatrine yana da tasiri mai kyau na sarrafawa akan shuka shukar shinkafa, kuma adadin yawan guba ya kasance 123.2-173.0.Bugu da ƙari, haɗin haɗin gwiwa na tufafin tufafi da abamectin a cikin 4: 1 cakuda zuwa Bemisia tabaci shine 171.3, kuma haɗin gwiwar yana da mahimmanci.Lokacin da ma'auni na nitenpyram da abamectin ya kasance 1: 4, tasirin sarrafawa akan N. lugens na kwanaki 7 zai iya kaiwa 93.1%.Lokacin da rabon clothesianidin zuwa spinosad ya kasance 5∶44, tasirin kulawa ya kasance mafi kyau a kan manya na B. citricarpa, tare da coefficient na coefficient na 169.8, kuma babu crossover tsakanin spinosad da mafi yawan neonicotinoids da aka nuna Resistant, hade tare da sakamako mai kyau na sarrafawa. .
Gudanar da haɗin gwiwar magungunan kashe qwari na halitta wuri ne mai zafi a cikin haɓakar noma kore.Common Beauveria bassiana da Metarhizium anisopliae suna da kyakkyawan tasirin sarrafa haɗin gwiwa tare da jami'an sinadarai.Wani wakili na halitta guda ɗaya yana da sauƙin rinjayar yanayi, kuma ingancinsa ba shi da tabbas.Haɗawa tare da maganin kwari neonicotinoid yana shawo kan wannan gazawar.Yayin da rage yawan adadin sinadarai, yana tabbatar da saurin aiki da tasiri na shirye-shirye masu haɗaka.An fadada bakan rigakafi da sarrafawa, kuma an rage nauyin muhalli.Haɗin magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da magungunan kashe qwari suna ba da sabon ra'ayi don haɓakar magungunan kashe qwari, kuma buƙatun aikace-aikacen yana da girma.
9 Ci gaba wajen haɗawa da sauran magungunan kashe qwari
Haɗuwa da magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid da sauran magungunan kashe qwari kuma sun nuna kyakkyawan tasirin sarrafawa.Ana iya gani daga tebur na 3 cewa lokacin da imidacloprid da thiamethoxam aka haɗa su tare da tebuconazole a matsayin magungunan maganin iri, tasirin kulawa akan aphid alkama yana da kyau, kuma Biosafety ba na manufa ba yayin da yake inganta yawan ƙwayar iri.Shirye-shiryen fili na imidacloprid, triazolone da dinconazole sun nuna sakamako mai kyau a cikin kula da cututtuka na alkama da kwari.kashi 99.1%.Haɗin maganin kashe kwari na neonicotinoid da syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) yana da tabbataccen tasiri na haɗin gwiwa akan aphid auduga.Lokacin da yawan adadin thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram da penpyramid shine 50:1-1:50, coefficient coefficient of coefficient is 129.0-186.0, wanda zai iya hanawa da sarrafa kwari masu tsotsa baki.Lokacin da rabon epoxifen da phenoxycarb ya kasance 1:4, coefficient coefficient coefficient ya kasance 250.0, kuma tasirin sarrafawa akan shukar shinkafa shine mafi kyau.Haɗin imidacloprid da amitimidine yana da tasirin hanawa na zahiri akan aphid auduga, kuma ƙimar haɗin gwiwa shine mafi girma lokacin imidacloprid shine mafi ƙarancin kashi na LC10.Lokacin da yawan adadin thiamethoxam da spirotetramat ya kasance 10:30-30:10, coefficient coefficient coefficient ya kasance 109.8-246.5, kuma babu wani sakamako na phytotoxic.Bugu da ƙari, magungunan kashe qwari na ma'adinai na greengrass, diatomaceous earth da sauran magungunan kashe qwari ko adjuvants tare da magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid kuma na iya inganta tasirin sarrafawa akan kwari masu manufa.
A fili aikace-aikace na sauran magungunan kashe qwari yafi hada da triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanidines, amitraz, quaternary keto acid, ma'adinai mai da diatomaceous ƙasa, da dai sauransu Lokacin nunawa magungunan kashe qwari, ya kamata mu zama faɗakarwa ga matsalar phytotoxicity da yadda ya kamata gane da halayen tsakanin daban-daban. nau'ikan magungunan kashe qwari.Misalai masu haɗaka kuma sun nuna cewa ana iya haɗa nau'ikan magungunan kashe qwari da yawa tare da magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid, yana ba da ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka don magance kwari.
10 Kammalawa da Outlook
Yaɗuwar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid ya haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin juriya na kwari da aka yi niyya, da rashin lafiyar muhallinsu da haɗarin bayyanar lafiyar jiki sun zama wuraren bincike na yanzu da matsalolin aikace-aikace.Haɗin ma'auni na magungunan kashe qwari daban-daban ko haɓaka abubuwan haɗin gwiwar kwari shine muhimmin ma'auni don jinkirta juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi, rage aikace-aikace da haɓaka aiki, da kuma babban dabarun ci gaba da aikace-aikacen irin waɗannan magungunan kashe qwari a cikin aikin noma na gaske.Wannan takarda ta sake nazarin ci gaban aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari na neonicotinoid na yau da kullun tare da sauran nau'ikan magungunan kashe qwari, kuma yana fayyace fa'idodin haɗaɗɗun magungunan kashe qwari: ① jinkirta juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi;② inganta tasirin kulawa;③ haɓaka bakan sarrafawa;④ haɓaka tsawon sakamako;⑤ inganta saurin sakamako ⑥ Daidaita yawan amfanin gona;⑦ Rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari;⑧ Inganta haɗarin muhalli;⑨ Rage farashin tattalin arziki;⑩ Inganta magungunan kashe qwari.A lokaci guda, ya kamata a mai da hankali sosai ga haɗuwa da yanayin muhalli na abubuwan da aka tsara, musamman amincin ƙwayoyin da ba su da manufa (misali, abokan gaba na kwari) da amfanin gona masu mahimmanci a matakan girma daban-daban, da kuma batutuwan kimiyya kamar su. a matsayin bambance-bambance a cikin tasirin kulawa da canje-canje a cikin halayen sinadarai na magungunan kashe qwari.Ƙirƙirar magungunan kashe qwari na gargajiya yana ɗaukar lokaci da aiki, tare da tsada mai tsada da dogon bincike da ci gaba.A matsayin madaidaicin ma'auni mai inganci, haɗaɗɗen magungunan kashe qwari, ma'anarsa, kimiyya da daidaitaccen aikace-aikacen ba kawai yana tsawaita tsarin aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari ba, har ma yana haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa kwari.Ci gaba mai dorewa na yanayin muhalli yana ba da tallafi mai ƙarfi.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-23-2022