A matsayin muhimmiyar garanti ga amfanin gona masu dorewa da kuma yalwar amfanin gona, magungunan kashe kwari masu guba suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shawo kan kwari. Neonicotinoids sune magungunan kashe kwari mafi mahimmanci a duniya. An yi rijistar su don amfani a China da kuma kasashe sama da 120, ciki har da Tarayyar Turai, Amurka, da Kanada. Kasuwar tana da fiye da kashi 25% na duniya. Tana sarrafa masu karɓar nicotinic acetylcholinesterase (nAChRs) a cikin tsarin jijiyoyin kwari, tana gurgunta tsarin jijiyoyin tsakiya kuma tana haifar da mutuwar kwari, kuma tana da kyakkyawan tasirin sarrafawa akan Homoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, har ma da kwari masu juriya ga hari. Ya zuwa watan Satumba na 2021, akwai magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid guda 12 da aka yi rijista a ƙasata, wato imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, sflufenamid. Akwai nau'ikan kayan abinci sama da 3,400, ciki har da nitrile, piperazine, chlorothiline, cycloploprid da fluoropyranone, waɗanda daga cikinsu akwai magungunan da aka haɗa da suka kai fiye da 31%. Amine, dinotefuran, nitenpyram da sauransu.
Tare da ci gaba da zuba jari mai yawa na maganin kwari na neonicotinoid a cikin muhallin noma, jerin matsalolin kimiyya kamar juriya ga hari, haɗarin muhalli, da lafiyar ɗan adam suma sun zama ruwan dare. A shekarar 2018, yawan amfanin gonar aphid na auduga a yankin Xinjiang ya sami matsakaicin juriya ga maganin kwari na neonicotinoid, wanda daga cikinsu juriya ga imidacloprid, acetamiprid da thiamethoxam ya ƙaru da sau 85.2-412 da sau 221-777, bi da bi, da kuma sau 122 zuwa 1,095. Nazarin ƙasa da ƙasa kan juriya ga magungunan Bemisia tabaci ya kuma nuna cewa daga 2007 zuwa 2010, Bemisia tabaci ta nuna juriya ga magungunan kwari na neonicotinoid, musamman imidacloprid da thiacloprid. Na biyu, maganin kwari na neonicotinoid ba wai kawai yana shafar yawan jama'a, halayen ciyarwa, yanayin sararin samaniya da kuma daidaita yanayin zafi na ƙudan zuma ba, har ma yana da mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban da kuma haifuwar tsutsotsi na ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, daga 1994 zuwa 2011, yawan gano magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid a cikin fitsarin ɗan adam ya ƙaru sosai, wanda ke nuna cewa shan magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid a kaikaice da kuma taruwar jikin mutum yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara. Ta hanyar microdialysis a cikin kwakwalwar bera, an gano cewa damuwa ta clothianidin da thiamethoxam na iya haifar da sakin dopamine a cikin beraye, kuma thiacloprid na iya haifar da ƙaruwar matakan hormone na thyroid a cikin plasma na beraye. An yi hasashen cewa magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid na iya shafar shayarwa Lalacewa ga tsarin juyayi da endocrine na dabbobi. Nazarin samfurin ƙwayoyin halittar ƙashi na ƙashi na ɗan adam a cikin vitro ya tabbatar da cewa nitenpyram na iya haifar da lalacewar DNA da canje-canje a cikin chromosomal, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar nau'ikan iskar oxygen masu amsawa a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, wanda hakan ke shafar bambancin osteogenic. Dangane da wannan, Hukumar Kula da Kwari ta Kanada (PMRA) ta fara wani tsari na sake kimantawa ga wasu magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid, kuma Hukumar Tsaron Abinci ta Turai (EFSA) ta kuma haramta kuma ta takaita imidacloprid, thiamethoxam da clothianidin.
Haɗa magungunan kashe kwari daban-daban ba wai kawai zai iya jinkirta juriyar wani makasudin maganin kashe kwari guda ɗaya ba, har ma zai iya rage yawan magungunan kashe kwari da rage haɗarin kamuwa da su a muhalli, yana samar da fa'ida mai faɗi don rage matsalolin kimiyya da ke sama da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe kwari masu ɗorewa. Saboda haka, wannan takarda tana da nufin bayyana binciken da aka yi kan haɗa magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid da sauran magungunan kashe kwari da ake amfani da su sosai a fannin noma, wanda ya shafi magungunan kashe kwari na organophosphorus, magungunan kashe kwari na carbamate, pyrethroids Domin samar da ma'anar kimiyya don amfani mai ma'ana da kuma ingantaccen sarrafa magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid.
1 Ci gaba a cikin haɗakar magungunan kashe kwari na organophosphorus
Magungunan kashe kwari na Organophosphorus sune magungunan kashe kwari na yau da kullun a farkon maganin kwari a ƙasarmu. Suna hana ayyukan acetylcholinesterase kuma suna shafar watsawar jijiyoyi na yau da kullun, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar kwari. Magungunan kashe kwari na Organophosphorus suna da tsawon lokaci mai tsawo, kuma matsalolin gubar muhalli da amincin ɗan adam da dabbobi sun bayyana. Haɗa su da magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid na iya rage matsalolin kimiyya da ke sama yadda ya kamata. Idan rabon haɗin imidacloprid da magungunan kashe kwari na organophosphorus malathion, chlorpyrifos da phoxim ya kasance 1:40-1:5, tasirin sarrafawa akan tsutsotsi na leek ya fi kyau, kuma haɗin guba na iya kaiwa 122.6-338.6 (duba Tebur 1). Daga cikinsu, tasirin sarrafa filin imidacloprid da phoxim akan aphids na fyade ya kai 90.7% zuwa 95.3%, kuma lokacin tasiri ya fi watanni 7. A lokaci guda, an yi amfani da sinadarin imidacloprid da phoxim (sunan kasuwanci na Diphimide) a 900 g/hm2, kuma tasirin sarrafawa kan aphids na rape a duk lokacin girma ya fi 90%. Shirye-shiryen sinadarin thiamethoxam, acephate da chlorpyrifos yana da kyakkyawan aikin kashe kwari akan kabeji, kuma yawan gubar da ke tattare da shi ya kai 131.1 zuwa 459.0. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da rabon thiamethoxam da chlorpyrifos ya kasance 1:16, yawan gubar da ke tattare da rabin mutuwa (ƙimar LC50) ga S. striatellus ya kasance 8.0 mg/L, kuma yawan gubar da ke tattare da shi ya kasance 201.12; Kyakkyawan tasiri. Lokacin da rabon nitenpyram da chlorpyrifos ya kasance 1∶30, yana da kyakkyawan tasiri kan sarrafa planthopper mai farin baya, kuma ƙimar LC50 ta kasance 1.3 mg/L kawai. Haɗuwar cyclopentapyr, chlorpyrifos, triazophos, da dichlorvos yana da kyakkyawan tasiri wajen magance aphids na alkama, bollworm na auduga da ƙwaro, kuma haɗin gubar shine 134.0-280.0. Lokacin da aka haɗa fluoropyranone da phoxim a cikin rabo na 1:4, haɗin gubar shine 176.8, wanda ya nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa a kan sarrafa tsutsotsi na leek masu shekaru 4.
A taƙaice dai, galibi ana haɗa magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid da magungunan kashe kwari na organophosphorus kamar malathion, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, acephate, triazophos, dichlorvos, da sauransu. Ingantaccen aikin sarrafawa yana ƙaruwa, kuma tasirin da ke kan muhalli yana raguwa yadda ya kamata. Ana ba da shawarar ƙara haɓaka shirye-shiryen maganin kashe kwari na neonicotinoid, phoxim da malathion, da kuma ƙara amfani da fa'idodin maganin kashe kwari.
2 Ci gaba a cikin haɗakar magungunan kashe kwari na carbamate
Ana amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na Carbamate sosai a fannin noma, dazuzzuka, da kuma kiwon dabbobi ta hanyar hana ayyukan kwari na acetylcholinease da carboxylesterase, wanda ke haifar da tarin acetylcholine da carboxylesterase da kuma kashe kwari. Lokacin yana da gajere, kuma matsalar juriyar kwari tana da tsanani. Ana iya tsawaita lokacin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na carbamate ta hanyar haɗawa da magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da imidacloprid da isoprocarb wajen sarrafa planthopper mai farin baya a rabo na 7:400, yawan gubar da ke tattare da shi ya kai mafi girma, wanda ya kai 638.1 (duba Jadawali na 1). Lokacin da rabon imidacloprid da iprocarb ya kai 1∶16, tasirin sarrafa planthopper shinkafa shine mafi bayyana, yawan gubar da ke tattare da shi ya kai 178.1, kuma tsawon lokacin tasirin ya fi na kashi ɗaya. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa dakatarwar thiamethoxam da carbosulfan mai ƙarancin kitse 13% yana da kyakkyawan tasirin sarrafawa da aminci akan aphids na alkama a cikin filin. d ya karu daga 97.7% zuwa 98.6%. Bayan an yi amfani da kashi 48% na man acetamiprid da carbosulfan da ke warwatse a 36~60 g ai/hm2, tasirin sarrafawa akan aphids na auduga ya kai kashi 87.1% ~96.9%, kuma lokacin aiki zai iya kaiwa kwanaki 14, kuma abokan gaba na halitta na audugar Aphid suna da aminci.
A taƙaice dai, sau da yawa ana haɗa magungunan kwari na neonicotinoid da isoprocarb, carbosulfan, da sauransu, waɗanda za su iya jinkirta juriyar kwari kamar Bemisia tabaci da aphids, kuma za su iya tsawaita tsawon lokacin magungunan kashe kwari yadda ya kamata. Tasirin sarrafa shirye-shiryen mahadi ya fi na maganin guda ɗaya kyau, kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a fannin noma. Duk da haka, ya zama dole a yi taka tsantsan da carbosulfur, samfurin lalata carbosulfan, wanda yake da guba sosai kuma an hana shi noma kayan lambu.
3 Ci gaba a cikin haɗakar magungunan kashe kwari na pyrethroid
Kwayoyin kwari na Pyrethroid suna haifar da matsalolin watsa kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar shafar hanyoyin sodium ion a cikin membranes na jijiyoyi, wanda hakan ke haifar da mutuwar kwari. Saboda yawan saka hannun jari, ana ƙara ƙarfin tsarkakewa da metabolism na kwari, ana rage saurin amsawar da ake so, kuma ana samun juriya ga magunguna cikin sauƙi. Tebur na 1 ya nuna cewa haɗin imidacloprid da fenvalerate yana da tasiri mafi kyau akan aphid na dankalin turawa, kuma haɗin guba na rabo na 2:3 ya kai 276.8. Shirya hadaddun imidacloprid, thiamethoxam da etherethrin hanya ce mai inganci don hana ambaliyar ruwan planthopper mai launin ruwan kasa, inda imidacloprid da etherethrin suka fi kyau a gauraya a cikin rabo na 5:1, thiamethoxam da etherethrin a cikin rabo na 7:1. Haɗawa shine mafi kyau, kuma haɗin guba shine 174.3-188.7. Maganin dakatarwar microcapsule na 13% thiamethoxam da 9% beta-cyhalothrin yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci na haɗin gwiwa, kuma haɗin gubar shine 232, wanda ke cikin kewayon 123.6- A cikin kewayon 169.5 g/hm2, tasirin sarrafawa akan aphids na taba zai iya kaiwa 90%, kuma shine babban maganin kashe kwari don magance kwari na taba. Lokacin da aka haɗa clothianidin da beta-cyhalothrin a rabo na 1:9, haɗin gubar co-gamma ga ƙwaro ƙuma shine mafi girma (210.5), wanda ya jinkirta faruwar juriyar clothianidin. Lokacin da rabon acetamiprid zuwa bifenthrin, beta-cypermethrin da fenvalerate sune 1:2, 1:4 da 1:4, haɗin gubar co-gamma shine mafi girma, daga 409.0 zuwa 630.6. Lokacin da rabon thiamethoxam:bifenthrin, nitenpyram:beta-cyhalothrin duk sun kasance 5:1, ma'aunin guba mai haɗaka shine 414.0 da 706.0, bi da bi, kuma tasirin sarrafawa mai haɗaka akan aphids shine mafi mahimmanci. Tasirin sarrafawa na cakuda clothianidin da beta-cyhalothrin (darajar LC50 1.4-4.1 mg/L) akan aphid kankana ya fi girma fiye da na wakili ɗaya (darajar LC50 42.7 mg/L), kuma tasirin sarrafawa a kwana 7 bayan magani ya fi 92%.
A halin yanzu, fasahar hada magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid da magungunan kashe kwari na pyrethroid ta balaga, kuma ana amfani da ita sosai wajen rigakafi da shawo kan cututtuka da kwari a kasarmu, wanda ke jinkirta juriyar magungunan kashe kwari na pyrethroid da kuma rage yawan gubar da ke cikin neonicotinoid. Bugu da kari, hada amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid tare da deltamethrin, butoxide, da sauransu na iya sarrafa Aedes aegypti da Anopheles gambiae, wadanda ke jure wa magungunan kashe kwari na pyrethroid, kuma suna ba da jagora don rigakafi da shawo kan kwari masu tsafta a duk duniya. mahimmanci.
4 Ci gaba a cikin haɗakar magungunan kashe kwari na amide
Magungunan kwari a tsakiyar suna hana masu karɓar nitin kifi na kwari, wanda ke sa kwari su ci gaba da tauri da kuma taurare tsokokinsu su mutu. Haɗar magungunan kwari na neonicotinoid da haɗinsu na iya rage juriyar kwari da tsawaita rayuwarsu. Don magance kwari masu haɗari, haɗin guba ya kasance daga 121.0 zuwa 183.0 (duba Tebur 2). Lokacin da aka haɗa thiamethoxam da chlorantraniliprole da 15∶11 don sarrafa tsutsotsi na B. citricarpa, mafi girman haɗin guba ya kasance 157.9; thiamethoxam, clothianidin da nitenpyram an haɗa su da snailamide Lokacin da rabon ya kasance 10:1, haɗin guba ya kai 170.2-194.1, kuma lokacin da rabon dinotefuran da spirulina ya kasance 1:1, haɗin guba ya kasance mafi girma, kuma tasirin sarrafawa akan N. lugens ya kasance abin mamaki. Lokacin da rabon imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran da sflufenamid suka kasance 5:1, 5:1, 1:5 da 10:1, bi da bi, tasirin sarrafawa shine mafi kyau, kuma haɗin guba shine mafi kyau. Sun kasance 245.5, 697.8, 198.6 da 403.8, bi da bi. Tasirin sarrafawa akan aphid na auduga (kwana 7) zai iya kaiwa 92.4% zuwa 98.1%, kuma tasirin sarrafawa akan asu na diamondback (kwana 7) zai iya kaiwa 91.9% zuwa 96.8%, kuma yuwuwar amfani da shi yana da yawa.
A taƙaice dai, haɗakar magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid da amide ba wai kawai yana rage juriyar magunguna ga kwari masu hari ba ne, har ma yana rage yawan amfani da magunguna, yana rage farashin tattalin arziki, kuma yana haɓaka ci gaba mai dacewa da yanayin muhalli. A tsakiyar magungunan kashe kwari suna da tasiri sosai wajen shawo kan kwari masu juriya, kuma suna da kyakkyawan tasiri ga wasu magungunan kashe kwari masu guba da kuma tsawon lokaci mai tsawo. Kasuwar tana ƙaruwa a hankali, kuma suna da fa'ida mai faɗi a fannin samar da amfanin gona.
Ci gaba 5 a cikin haɗakar magungunan kashe kwari na benzoylurea
Magungunan kwari na Benzoylurea sune masu hana haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta na chitinase, waɗanda ke lalata kwari ta hanyar shafar ci gaban su na yau da kullun. Ba abu ne mai sauƙi a samar da juriya ga wasu nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari ba, kuma yana iya sarrafa kwari masu juriya ga magungunan kashe kwari na organophosphorus da pyrethroid yadda ya kamata. Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin maganin kashe kwari na neonicotinoid. Ana iya gani daga Jadawali na 2: haɗin imidacloprid, thiamethoxam da diflubenzuron yana da kyakkyawan tasiri ga sarrafa tsutsotsin leek, kuma tasirin shine mafi kyau lokacin da thiamethoxam da diflubenzuron suka haɗu a 5:1. Maganin guba yana da yawa har zuwa 207.4. Lokacin da rabon gaurayawan clothianidin da flufenoxuron ya kasance 2:1, yawan gubar da ke tsakanin tsutsotsin leek ya kasance 176.5, kuma tasirin sarrafawa a cikin filin ya kai kashi 94.4%. Haɗakar cyclofenapyr da magungunan kashe kwari iri-iri na benzoylurea kamar polyflubenzuron da flufenoxuron suna da kyakkyawan tasiri kan maganin ƙwari na diamondback da kuma abin da ake kira "chicken leaf roller", tare da haɗin guba tsakanin 100.7 zuwa 228.9, wanda zai iya rage yawan magungunan kashe kwari yadda ya kamata.
Idan aka kwatanta da magungunan kashe kwari na organophosphorus da pyrethroid, haɗakar amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid da magungunan kashe kwari na benzoylurea ya fi dacewa da ci gaban manufar magungunan kashe kwari masu kore, waɗanda za su iya faɗaɗa tasirin sarrafawa da rage yawan magungunan kashe kwari. Yanayin muhalli kuma ya fi aminci.
6 Ci gaba a cikin haɗakar magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na necrotoxin
Magungunan kwari na Neretoxin sune masu hana ƙwayoyin cuta masu karɓar acetylcholine na nicotinic, waɗanda zasu iya haifar da gubar kwari da mutuwa ta hanyar hana watsa ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun. Saboda yawan amfani da su, babu tsotsa da fesawa ta tsarin, yana da sauƙin haɓaka juriya. Tasirin sarrafawa na yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na shinkafa da tri stem borer waɗanda suka sami juriya ta hanyar haɗawa da ƙwayoyin cuta na neonicotinoid yana da kyau. Tebur na 2 ya nuna: lokacin da aka haɗa imidacloprid da ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya a cikin rabo na 2:68, tasirin sarrafawa akan kwari na Diploxin shine mafi kyau, kuma haɗin guba shine 146.7. Lokacin da rabon thiamethoxam da wakili guda ɗaya na kashe kwari shine 1:1, akwai babban tasirin haɗin gwiwa akan aphids na masara, kuma haɗin guba shine 214.2. Tasirin sarrafawa na wakili guda ɗaya na thiamethoxam 40% har yanzu yana da girma kamar na rana ta 15 93.0% ~ 97.0%, tasirin ɗorewa, kuma lafiya ga ci gaban masara. Foda mai narkewar ƙwayoyin cuta na 50% na imidacloprid yana da kyakkyawan tasirin sarrafawa akan moth na apple golden stripe, kuma tasirin sarrafawa yana da girma har zuwa kashi 79.8% zuwa 91.7% kwanaki 15 bayan ƙwarin ya fara fure.
A matsayin maganin kwari da ƙasata ta ƙirƙiro, maganin kwari yana da sauƙin kamuwa da ciyawa, wanda hakan ke iyakance amfaninsa zuwa wani mataki. Haɗin magungunan kashe kwari na necrotoxin da magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid yana ba da ƙarin hanyoyin magance kwari da ake nema a ainihin samarwa, kuma kyakkyawan misali ne na amfani da su a cikin ci gaban haɗa magungunan kashe kwari.
Ci gaba 7 a cikin haɗakar magungunan kashe kwari masu heterocyclic
Magungunan kashe kwari masu kama da heterocyclic sune mafi yawan magungunan kashe kwari masu amfani da sinadarai a fannin noma, kuma yawancinsu suna da tsawon lokaci a muhalli kuma suna da wahalar raguwa. Haɗawa da magungunan kashe kwari masu kama da neonicotinoid na iya rage yawan magungunan kashe kwari masu kama da heterocyclic da kuma rage gubar phytotoxicity, kuma haɗa magungunan kashe kwari masu ƙarancin magani na iya yin tasiri mai kyau. Ana iya gani daga Jadawali na 3: lokacin da rabon imidacloprid da pymetrozine ya kai 1:3, yawan gubar da ke tsakanin su ya kai mafi girman 616.2; Kula da Planthopper yana aiki da sauri kuma yana ɗorewa. An haɗa Imidacloprid, dinotefuran da thiacloprid tare da mesylconazole bi da bi don sarrafa tsutsotsin babban ƙwaro mai launin baƙi, tsutsotsin ƙaramin tsutsotsi, da ƙwaro mai tsayi. An haɗa Thiacloprid, nitenpyram da chlorothiline bi da bi. Haɗin mesylconazole yana da kyakkyawan tasirin sarrafawa akan citrus psyllids. Haɗakar magungunan kwari guda 7 na neonicotinoid kamar imidacloprid, thiamethoxam da chlorfenapyr suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi kan sarrafa tsutsotsi na leek. Idan rabon haɗakar thiamethoxam da fipronil shine 2:1-71:1, rabon haɗakar thiamethoxam da chlorfenapyr shine 217:1, kuma rabon haɗakar thiamethoxam shine 857.4, yana da tasirin sarrafawa a bayyane akan tururuwa. Haɗin thiamethoxam da fipronil a matsayin maganin iri na iya rage yawan kwari na alkama a cikin gona yadda ya kamata kuma yana kare tsaba da 'ya'yan da suka tsiro. Lokacin da rabon gauraya na acetamiprid da fipronil shine 1:10, ikon haɗin gwiwa na kwari masu jure wa magani shine mafi mahimmanci.
A taƙaice, shirye-shiryen magungunan kashe kwari masu kama da heterocyclic galibi magungunan kashe kwari ne, waɗanda suka haɗa da pyridines, pyrroles da pyrazoles. Sau da yawa ana amfani da shi a fannin noma don yin ado da iri, inganta yawan tsiro, da kuma rage kwari da cututtuka. Yana da aminci ga amfanin gona da halittu marasa manufa. Magungunan kashe kwari masu kama da heterocyclic, a matsayin shirye-shiryen da aka haɗa don rigakafi da magance kwari da cututtuka, suna da kyakkyawan rawa wajen haɓaka ci gaban noma mai kore, wanda ke nuna fa'idodin adana lokaci, aiki, tattalin arziki da haɓaka samarwa.
8 Ci gaba a cikin haɗakar magungunan kashe kwari da magungunan kashe kwari na halitta da magungunan kashe kwari na noma
Magungunan kashe kwari da magungunan kashe kwari na noma suna da saurin fara aiki, suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci na tasiri, kuma muhalli yana shafar su sosai. Ta hanyar haɗa su da magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid, suna iya yin tasiri mai kyau na haɗin gwiwa, faɗaɗa tsarin sarrafawa, da kuma tsawaita tasirin su da inganta kwanciyar hankali. Ana iya gani daga Tebur na 3 cewa haɗin imidacloprid da Beauveria bassiana ko Metarhizium anisopliae ya ƙara yawan aikin kashe kwari da kashi 60.0% da 50.6% bi da bi bayan sa'o'i 96 idan aka kwatanta da amfani da Beauveria bassiana da Metarhizium anisopliae kaɗai. Haɗin thiamethoxam da Metarhizium anisopliae na iya ƙara yawan mace-mace da kamuwa da fungal na kwari. Na biyu, haɗin imidacloprid da Metarhizium anisopliae yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci kan sarrafa ƙwaro masu dogon ƙaho, kodayake an rage adadin fungal conidia. Amfani da imidacloprid da nematodes iri-iri na iya ƙara yawan kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙudaje, ta haka ne inganta juriyarsu a fagen aiki da kuma yuwuwar sarrafa halittu. Haɗin amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari na neonicotinoid guda 7 da oxymatrine yana da kyakkyawan tasirin sarrafawa akan shukar shinkafa, kuma haɗin guba na haɗin gwiwa shine 123.2-173.0. Bugu da ƙari, haɗin guba na clothianidin da abamectin a cikin cakuda 4: 1 da Bemisia tabaci shine 171.3, kuma haɗin gwiwa ya kasance mai mahimmanci. Lokacin da rabon nitenpyram da abamectin ya kasance 1:4, tasirin sarrafawa akan N. lugens na tsawon kwanaki 7 zai iya kaiwa 93.1%. Lokacin da rabon clothianidin da spinosad ya kasance 5∶44, tasirin sarrafawa shine mafi kyau akan manya na B. citricarpa, tare da haɗin guba na haɗin gwiwa na 169.8, kuma babu haɗin gwiwa tsakanin spinosad da yawancin neonicotinoids da aka nuna Mai juriya, tare da kyakkyawan tasirin sarrafawa.
Hadin gwiwar sarrafa magungunan kashe kwari na halitta wani muhimmin wuri ne da ake amfani da shi wajen bunkasa aikin gona na kore. Bauveria bassiana da Metarhizium anisopliae suna da kyawawan tasirin sarrafawa tare da sinadarai masu hadewa. Wani sinadarin halittu guda daya yana da sauƙin shafar yanayi, kuma ingancinsa ba shi da tabbas. Hadin gwiwar da magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid yana shawo kan wannan gazawar. Yayin da yake rage yawan sinadarai masu hadewa, yana tabbatar da tasirin shirye-shiryen da aka hada cikin sauri da dorewa. An fadada tsarin rigakafi da sarrafawa, kuma an rage nauyin muhalli. Hadin magungunan kashe kwari na halitta da magungunan kashe kwari masu hadewa suna samar da sabuwar dabara don bunkasa magungunan kashe kwari masu kore, kuma damar amfani da su tana da girma.
9 Ci gaba a hadewa da wasu magungunan kashe kwari
Haɗakar magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid da sauran magungunan kashe kwari suma sun nuna kyakkyawan tasirin hanawa. Za a iya gani daga Jadawali na 3 cewa lokacin da aka haɗa imidacloprid da thiamethoxam tare da tebuconazole a matsayin magungunan magance iri, tasirin hanawa akan aphid na alkama ya kasance mai kyau, kuma ba shi da manufa Biosafety yayin da yake inganta saurin tsiron iri. Shirye-shiryen hadadden imidacloprid, triazolone da dinconazole ya nuna kyakkyawan tasiri wajen shawo kan cututtukan alkama da kwari. %～99.1%. Haɗakar magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid da syringostrobin (1∶20～20∶1) yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi akan aphid na auduga. Lokacin da rabon yawan thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, nitenpyram da penpyramid shine 50:1-1:50, ma'aunin guba shine 129.0-186.0, wanda zai iya hana da kuma sarrafa kwari masu tsotsar bakin da ke huda. Lokacin da rabon epoxifen da phenoxycarb ya kasance 1:4, ma'aunin gubar co-toxicity shine 250.0, kuma tasirin sarrafawa akan planthopper na shinkafa shine mafi kyau. Haɗin imidacloprid da amitimidine yana da tasirin hana aphid na auduga, kuma ƙimar haɗin gwiwa ta kasance mafi girma lokacin da imidacloprid shine mafi ƙarancin allurar LC10. Lokacin da rabon taro na thiamethoxam da spirotetramat ya kasance 10:30-30:10, ma'aunin gubar co-toxicity shine 109.8-246.5, kuma babu wani tasirin phytotoxic. Bugu da ƙari, magungunan kashe kwari na man ma'adinai kore ciyawa, ƙasa mai diatomaceous da sauran magungunan kashe kwari ko adjuvants tare da magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid suma zasu iya inganta tasirin sarrafawa akan kwari da aka yi niyya.
Amfani da wasu magungunan kashe kwari ya haɗa da triazoles, methoxyacrylates, nitro-aminoguanidines, amitraz, quaternary keto acids, ma'adanai da diatomaceous earth, da sauransu. Lokacin da muke tantance magungunan kashe kwari, ya kamata mu kasance a faɗake game da matsalar gubar phytotoxicity kuma mu gano yadda za a iya gano halayen da ke tsakanin nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari daban-daban. Misalan da suka haɗa sun kuma nuna cewa ana iya haɗa nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari da yawa da magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid, wanda ke ba da ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka don magance kwari.
Kammalawa 10 da Hangen Nesa
Amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid ya yaɗu ya haifar da ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin juriyar kwari, kuma rashin amfanin su na muhalli da haɗarin kamuwa da su ga lafiya sun zama wuraren bincike da wahalhalun amfani a yanzu. Haɗa magungunan kashe kwari daban-daban ko haɓaka magungunan kashe kwari muhimmin ma'auni ne don jinkirta juriyar magunguna, rage amfani da su da kuma ƙara inganci, kuma babban dabarar amfani da irin waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari mai ɗorewa a cikin ainihin samar da amfanin gona. Wannan takarda ta yi bitar ci gaban aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe kwari na neonicotinoid na yau da kullun tare da wasu nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari, kuma ta fayyace fa'idodin haɗa magungunan kashe kwari: ① jinkirta juriyar magunguna; ② inganta tasirin sarrafawa; ③ faɗaɗa tsarin sarrafawa; ④ haɓaka tsawon lokacin tasiri; ⑤ inganta saurin tasiri ⑥ Daidaita girman amfanin gona; ⑦ Rage amfani da magungunan kashe kwari; ⑧ Inganta haɗarin muhalli; ⑨ Rage farashin tattalin arziki; ⑩ Inganta magungunan kashe kwari na sinadarai. A lokaci guda kuma, ya kamata a mai da hankali sosai kan haɗakar tasirin da ake samu a muhallin da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da magungunan, musamman amincin ƙwayoyin cuta marasa amfani (misali, maƙiyan kwari na halitta) da amfanin gona masu saurin kamuwa da cututtuka a matakai daban-daban na girma, da kuma batutuwan kimiyya kamar bambance-bambancen tasirin da ke tattare da canje-canje a cikin halayen sinadarai na magungunan kashe ƙwari. Ƙirƙirar magungunan kashe ƙwari na gargajiya yana ɗaukar lokaci kuma yana ɗaukar aiki, tare da farashi mai yawa da kuma dogon lokacin bincike da haɓakawa. A matsayin wani ma'auni mai tasiri, haɗa magungunan kashe ƙwari, amfani da su ta hanyar da ta dace, kimiyya da kuma daidaitaccen aiki ba wai kawai yana tsawaita lokacin amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari ba, har ma yana haɓaka kyakkyawan tsarin kula da kwari. Ci gaban muhalli mai ɗorewa yana ba da tallafi mai ƙarfi.
Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-23-2022