A cikin ka'idar, babu wani abu da zai hana shirin yin amfani da kasuwanci na RLfungicides. Bayan haka, ya bi duk ƙa'idodi. Amma akwai wani muhimmin dalilin da ya sa wannan ba zai taɓa yin la'akari da aikin kasuwanci ba: farashi.
Ɗaukar shirin maganin fungicides a cikin gwajin alkama na hunturu na RL a matsayin misali, matsakaicin farashi ya kusan £260 a kowace kadada. Idan aka kwatanta, matsakaicin farashin shirin kayan gwari na alkama a cikin Jagoran Gudanar da Farmakin John Nix bai kai rabin wancan ba (£116 a kowace kadada a 2024).
A bayyane yake cewa sakamakon gwajin da aka samu daga magungunan fungicides na RL sun fi yawan amfanin kasuwanci na yau da kullun. Misali, matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa (2020-2024) na alkama na hunturu da aka yi wa fungicides a cikin gwajin RL ya kasance 10.8t/ha, wanda ya fi girma fiye da matsakaicin yawan alkama na kasuwanci na shekaru biyar na 7.3t/ha (dangane da sabon bayanan Defra).
RL: Akwai dalilai da yawa na yawan amfanin gonakin da aka yi wa maganin fungicides, kuma shirye-shiryen fungicides ɗaya ne daga cikinsu. Misali:
Yana da sauƙi a damu da sakamakon, amma shin hakan shine hanya mafi kyau don auna nasara? Tabbas, martani na baya-bayan nan game da binciken RL ya nuna cewa manoma suna ƙara damuwa da wasu ma'auni, musamman ribar amfanin gona.
Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata (2019-2021), AHDB/ADAS Kalubalen Ribar Ribar Alkama da nufin cimma wannan burin. Don samun ribar da ta dace a kowane wurin gwaji na yanki, manoma masu shiga sun haɓaka shirye-shiryen maganin fungicides don iri ɗaya (na cikin gida) iri-iri tare da daidaita su a duk tsawon lokacin dangane da yaduwar cututtukan gida. Duk sauran abubuwan shigar an daidaita su.
Waɗannan ka'idoji sun dace da bazuwar gabaɗaya, nazarin tushen makirci (maimaituwa uku). Duk lokutan fesa iri ɗaya ne (T0, T1, T2 da T3) tare da samfur da sashi kawai ya bambanta a cikin shirye-shiryen gasa; Ba duk mahalarta ba ne ake fesa kowane lokaci (wasu sun rasa T0).
Waɗannan filayen kuma sun haɗa da makircin 'babu fungicide' da makircin 'nauyi', wanda ƙarshensa ya dogara ne akan shirin RL na fungicide don tantance yuwuwar amfanin.
Shirin feshin RL ya samar da 10.73t/ha, 1.83t/ha sama da filin da ba a kula da shi ba. Wannan shi ne na hali ga iri-iri girma (Graham), wanda yana da matsakaicin mataki na juriya cuta. Matsakaicin yawan amfanin shirin kasuwanci shine 10.30t/ha, kuma matsakaicin farashin fungicide shine £82.04.
Koyaya, an sami riba mafi girma tare da farashin £ 79.54 da yawan amfanin ƙasa na 10.62t / ha - kawai 0.11t / ha ƙasa da maganin RL.
Shirin fesa RL ya samar da 10.98t/ha, 3.86t/ha sama da makircin da ba a kula da shi ba, wanda shine abin da ake tsammanin yawanci lokacin girma nau'in tsatsa mai launin rawaya (Skyfall). Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa don tsarin kasuwanci shine 10.01t/ha kuma matsakaicin farashin fungicide shine £79.68.
Koyaya, an sami mafi girman riba tare da farashin £ 114.70 da yawan amfanin ƙasa na 10.76t/ha - kawai 0.22t/ha ƙasa da maganin RL.
Shirin fesa RL ya samar da 12.07t/ha, 3.63t/ha sama da filin da ba a kula da shi ba. Wannan shi ne na al'ada ga cultivar da ake girma (KWS Parkin). Matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa don tsarin kasuwanci ya kasance 10.76t/ha kuma matsakaicin farashin fungicide shine £97.10.
Koyaya, an sami mafi girman riba tare da farashin £ 115.15 da yawan amfanin ƙasa na 12.04t/ha - kawai 0.03t/ha ƙasa da maganin RL.
A matsakaita (a cikin shafuka uku da aka ambata a sama), yawan amfanin gona mafi fa'ida shine kawai 0.12 t/ha ƙasa da abin da aka samu a ƙarƙashin shirin RL na fungicides.
Dangane da waɗannan gwaje-gwajen, zamu iya yanke shawarar cewa shirin RL na fungicide yana samar da amfanin gona mai kama da kyakkyawan aikin noma.
Hoto na 1 ya nuna nawa yawan amfanin fafatawa ya kasance kusa da yawan amfanin ƙasa da aka samu tare da maganin fungicides na RL da yawan amfanin fafatawa da ya wuce yawan amfanin da aka samu tare da maganin fungicides na RL.
Hoto 1. Kwatanta jimillar samar da alkama na hunturu na kasuwanci tare da farashin fungicide (ciki har da farashin aikace-aikacen) a cikin Kalubalen Margin Fungicide na 2021 (dige shuɗi). An saita farfadowa dangane da maganin fungicides na RL zuwa 100% (layin kore madaidaiciya). Hakanan ana nuna yanayin gaba ɗaya na bayanan (layin launin toka).
A cikin yanayin gasa yayin lokacin girbi na 2020, matakan cututtuka sun yi ƙasa sosai kuma biyu daga cikin rukunin ukun ba su da martanin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin 2020, har ma da ƙarin tsarin sarrafa fungicides na kasuwanci ya haifar da sama da tsarin RL.
Hanyoyi masu yawa da aka yi amfani da su suna nuna dalilin da yasa yake da wuya a zaɓi tsarin maganin fungicides wanda ke wakiltar "ma'auni na manoma" a cikin gwajin RL. Ko da zabar farashi ɗaya na iya haifar da bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin abin da ake samu - kuma wannan na ɗan iri ne kawai. A cikin gwaje-gwajen RL, muna fama da nau'ikan iri-iri, kowanne yana da fa'ida da rashin amfaninsa.
Baya ga batun samun ribar fungicides, yana da kyau a lura cewa yawan alkama na duniya na yanzu shine 17.96t/ha, wanda ya fi matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na RL (an saita rikodin a Lincolnshire a cikin 2022 ta amfani da tsarin tushen yawan amfanin ƙasa).
Da kyau, muna so mu kiyaye adadin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin karatun RL a matsayin ƙasa kaɗan. Tabbas, yawan kamuwa da cuta ya kamata ya kasance ƙasa da 10% ga kowane nau'in kuma a cikin duk karatun (ko da yake wannan yana ƙara wahala a cimma).
Muna bin wannan ƙa'idar 'kawar da cuta' don fitar da yuwuwar amfanin kowane iri a cikin kewayon yanayin muhalli daga Cornwall zuwa Aberdeenshire, ba tare da tasirin cutar ba.
Don shirin na fungicides don samar da iyakar sarrafa duk cututtuka a duk yankuna, dole ne ya zama cikakke (kuma mai tsada).
Wannan yana nufin cewa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi (wasu nau'in nau'in, wurare da lokutan shekara) ba a buƙatar wasu abubuwa na shirin fungicides.
Don kwatanta wannan batu, bari mu dubi samfuran da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ainihin shirin maganin fungicides a cikin gwajin maganin alkama na RL na hunturu (girman 2024).
Sharhi: Ana amfani da Cyflamid don sarrafa mildew. Masu hana mildew suna da tsada sosai kuma a yawancin lokuta ana iya samun ɗan ƙaramin tasiri kawai akan yawan amfanin ƙasa. Koyaya, a wasu gwaje-gwajen mildew na iya haifar da matsala bayan ƴan shekaru, don haka ya zama dole a haɗa shi don kare mafi rauni iri. Ana amfani da Tebucur da Comet 200 don sarrafa tsatsa. Dangane da kariyar mildew, ƙari na su ba zai inganta yawan amfanin ƙasa tare da ƙimar juriya mai girma ba.
Da ake buƙata: Revistar XE (fluopyram da fluconazole) + Arizona + Talius/Adalci (proquinazine)
Sharhi: Wannan yayi kama da T0 a kowane lokacin fesa. Kodayake cakuda T1 yana da daidaitattun daidaito, yana ƙunshe da mai hana mold - kuma, yana ƙara yawan farashi, amma ba a cikin adadi mai yawa (a mafi yawan lokuta).
Wannan ƙarin feshi ne wanda masu aikin gwaji za su iya amfani da shi. Ko da yake ba musamman tasiri, zai iya taimaka cire tsatsa naman gwari (ta amfani da Sunorg Pro) da kuma tabo naman gwari (ta yin amfani da prothioconazole kayayyakin). Arizona kuma zaɓi ne (amma ba za a iya amfani da shi fiye da sau uku a magani ɗaya ba).
Sharhi: Abubuwan T2 sun haɗa da samfurori masu ƙarfi (kamar yadda ake sa ran fesa ganyen tuta). Duk da haka, ƙari na Arizona yana da wuya ya haifar da karuwa mai yawa a cikin samarwa.
Sharhi: Lokacin T3 yana hari nau'in Fusarium (ba tabo ga ganyen alkama ba). Muna amfani da Prosaro, wanda kuma yana da tsada sosai. Muna kuma ƙara Comet 200 don cire tsatsa daga nau'ikan masu saukin kamuwa. A wuraren da tsatsa ba ta da ƙarfi, kamar arewacin Scotland, ƙara tsatsa ba zai yi tasiri sosai ba.
Rage tsananin shirin RL fungicide zai canza binciken daga gwaji tsarkakakke iri-iri.
Hanyar zamani kuma tana taimaka mana mu ba da shawarar nau'ikan da ke kamuwa da takamaiman cututtuka. Akwai misalai da yawa na damuwa waɗanda suka sami nasarar kasuwanci duk da rashin mummunan cutar cuta (idan an yi sarrafawa daidai) amma suna da wasu halaye masu mahimmanci.
Ka'idar keɓance cuta kuma tana nufin cewa muna amfani da allurai masu yawa. Wannan yana ƙara farashi amma a yawancin binciken yana haifar da ƙananan yawan amfanin ƙasa. Ana nuna tasirin kashi a fili a cikin hanyoyin sarrafa cututtukan da aka samu a cikin aikin ingantaccen aikin fungicides.
Hoto 2. Kula da tabo na ganye tare da masu karewa (wanda aka tattara sakamakon 2022-2024), yana nuna wasu magungunan kashe qwari da aka yi amfani da su a cikin gwajin RL. Wannan yana nuna ƙaramin haɓakar haɓakar cututtukan cututtukan da ke haɗuwa da motsi daga ƙayyadaddun jadawalin kasuwanci na yau da kullun (rabi zuwa kashi uku cikin huɗu) zuwa jadawalin jadawalin RL (kusa da cikakken kashi).
Wani bita na baya-bayan nan da aka samu tallafin AHDB ya kalli shirin RL na fungicides. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙarshen aikin da ADAS ke jagoranta shine, haɗe tare da yawan amfanin ƙasa da ƙimar juriya na cututtuka ba tare da amfani da kayan aikin fungicides ba, tsarin na yanzu ya kasance hanya mafi kyau don jagorantar zaɓi da gudanarwa iri-iri.
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-23-2024