Ƙara yawan samar da abinci ya zama dole don biyan buƙatun al'ummar duniya. A wannan fanni, magungunan kashe kwari muhimmin ɓangare ne na ayyukan noma na zamani da nufin ƙara yawan amfanin gona. An nuna cewa yawan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na roba a noma yana haifar da gurɓataccen muhalli da matsalolin lafiyar ɗan adam. Magungunan kashe kwari na iya taruwa a jikin ƙwayoyin halittar ɗan adam kuma suna lalata ayyukan ɗan adam ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye ko cin abinci mai gurɓataccen abinci, wanda shine babban dalilin matsalolin lafiya.
Sigogin cytogenetic da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken sun nuna wani tsari mai daidaito wanda ke nuna cewa omethoate yana haifar da tasirin genotoxic da cytotoxic akan meristems na albasa. Duk da cewa babu wata shaida bayyananne game da tasirin genotoxic na omethoate akan albasa a cikin wallafe-wallafen da ake da su, adadi mai yawa na bincike sun binciki tasirin genotoxic na omethoate akan sauran kwayoyin halitta na gwaji. Dolara et al. sun nuna cewa omethoate ya haifar da karuwar adadin musayar chromatid na 'yan'uwa a cikin lymphocytes na ɗan adam a cikin vitro. Hakazalika, Arteaga-Gómez et al. sun nuna cewa omethoate ya rage yuwuwar rayuwa ta tantanin halitta a cikin HaCaT keratinocytes da ƙwayoyin bronchial na ɗan adam na NL-20, kuma an tantance lalacewar tantanin halitta ta amfani da gwajin tantanin halitta. Hakazalika, Wang et al. sun lura da ƙaruwar tsawon telomere da ƙaruwar kamuwa da cutar kansa a cikin ma'aikatan da suka kamu da omethoate. Bugu da ƙari, don tallafawa wannan binciken, Ekong et al. ya nuna cewa omethoate (kamannin iskar oxygen na omethoate) ya haifar da raguwar MI a cikin A. cepa kuma ya haifar da lysis na tantanin halitta, riƙe chromosome, rarrabuwar chromosome, tsawaita nukiliya, zaizayar nukiliya, balaga da wuri, tarin metaphase, daskararren nukiliya, mannewar anaphase, da rashin daidaituwa na gadoji na c-metaphase da anaphase. Ragewar ƙimar MI bayan maganin omethoate na iya zama saboda raguwar rarrabuwar tantanin halitta ko gazawar ƙwayoyin halitta don kammala zagayowar mitotic. Sabanin haka, ƙaruwar rashin daidaituwar MN da chromosome da rarrabuwar DNA sun nuna cewa raguwar ƙimar MI yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da lalacewar DNA. Daga cikin rashin daidaituwar chromosome da aka gano a cikin wannan binciken, chromosomes masu manne sune mafi yawan lokuta. Wannan rashin daidaituwar ta musamman, wacce take da guba sosai kuma ba za a iya jurewa ba, tana faruwa ne ta hanyar mannewa ta zahiri na sunadaran chromosomal ko rushewar metabolism na nucleic acid a cikin tantanin halitta. A madadin haka, yana iya faruwa ne ta hanyar rushewar sunadaran da ke lulluɓe DNA na chromosomal, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta42. Kwayoyin halittar 'yanci suna nuna yiwuwar aneuploidy43. Bugu da ƙari, gadojin chromosomal suna samuwa ne ta hanyar karyewa da haɗakar ƙwayoyin halittar chromosomes da chromatids. Samuwar gutsuttsura kai tsaye yana haifar da samuwar MN, wanda ya yi daidai da sakamakon gwajin tauraro mai wutsiya a cikin wannan binciken. Rashin daidaituwar rarrabawar chromatin ya faru ne saboda gazawar rabuwar chromatid a ƙarshen lokacin mitotic, wanda ke haifar da samuwar ƙwayoyin halittar 'yanci44. Tsarin da ke tattare da gubar halittar omethoate ba a fayyace ba; duk da haka, a matsayin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na organophosphorus, yana iya hulɗa da sassan ƙwayoyin halitta kamar nucleobases ko haifar da lalacewar DNA ta hanyar samar da nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS)45. Don haka, magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na organophosphorus na iya haifar da tarin ƙwayoyin halittar 'yanci masu amsawa waɗanda suka haɗa da O2−, H2O2, da OH−, waɗanda za su iya amsawa da tushen DNA a cikin halittu, don haka suna haifar da lalacewar DNA kai tsaye ko a kaikaice. An kuma nuna cewa waɗannan ROS suna lalata enzymes da tsarin da ke da hannu a cikin kwafi da gyara DNA. Sabanin haka, an yi nuni da cewa magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na organophosphorus suna fuskantar wani tsari mai rikitarwa na rayuwa bayan mutane sun sha, suna hulɗa da enzymes da yawa. Sun ba da shawarar cewa wannan hulɗar tana haifar da shigar enzymes daban-daban da kwayoyin halittar da ke ɗauke da waɗannan enzymes cikin tasirin guba na omethoate40. Ding et al.46 sun ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan da suka fallasa omethoate sun ƙara tsawon telomere, wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin telomerase da haɓakar kwayoyin halitta. Duk da haka, kodayake an fayyace alaƙar da ke tsakanin enzymes na gyaran DNA na omethoate da haɓakar kwayoyin halitta a cikin mutane, wannan tambayar har yanzu ba a warware ta ba ga tsire-tsire.
Ana inganta hanyoyin kariya daga ƙwayoyin halitta daga nau'ikan iskar oxygen masu amsawa (ROS) ba kawai ta hanyar hanyoyin hana ƙwayoyin cuta na enzymatic ba, har ma ta hanyar hanyoyin hana ƙwayoyin cuta marasa enzymatic, wanda free proline muhimmin maganin hana ƙwayoyin cuta ne wanda ba enzymatic ba a cikin tsire-tsire. An lura da matakan proline har sau 100 sama da ƙimar al'ada a cikin tsire-tsire masu damuwa56. Sakamakon wannan binciken ya yi daidai da sakamakon33 wanda ya ba da rahoton ƙaruwar matakan proline a cikin shuke-shuken alkama da aka yi wa omethoate magani. Hakazalika, Srivastava da Singh57 sun kuma lura cewa malathion na kwari na organophosphate ya ƙara matakan proline a cikin albasa (A. cepa) da kuma ƙara ayyukan superoxide dismutase (SOD) da catalase (CAT), yana rage daidaiton membrane da haifar da lalacewar DNA. Proline amino acid ne mara mahimmanci wanda ke da hannu a cikin nau'ikan hanyoyin ilimin halittar jiki daban-daban ciki har da ƙirƙirar tsarin furotin, tantance aikin furotin, kula da homeostasis na sel, singlet oxygen da hydroxyl radical scavenging, kula da daidaiton osmotic, da siginar sel57. Bugu da ƙari, proline yana kare enzymes na antioxidant, ta haka yana kiyaye daidaiton tsarin membranes na sel58. Ƙara yawan sinadarin proline a cikin albasa bayan fallasa shi ga omethoate ya nuna cewa jiki yana amfani da proline a matsayin superoxide dismutase (SOD) da catalase (CAT) don kare shi daga guba da kwari ke haifarwa. Duk da haka, kamar tsarin hana ƙwayoyin cuta na enzymatic, an nuna cewa proline bai isa ya kare ƙwayoyin tushen albasa daga lalacewar kwari ba.
Wani bita na wallafe-wallafe ya nuna cewa babu wani bincike kan lalacewar tushen tsirrai da magungunan kwari na omethoate ke haifarwa. Duk da haka, sakamakon binciken da aka yi a baya kan wasu magungunan kwari ya yi daidai da sakamakon wannan binciken. Çavuşoğlu et al.67 sun ruwaito cewa magungunan kwari na thiamethoxam masu faɗi-faɗi sun haifar da lalacewar tsarin jiki a tushen albasa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin jini marasa tabbas, lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta, layin epidermal mara tabbas, da kuma siffar meristem nuclei mara kyau. Tütüncü et al.68 sun nuna cewa allurai uku daban-daban na magungunan kwari na methiocarb sun haifar da necrosis, lalacewar ƙwayoyin epidermal, da kauri bangon ƙwayoyin cortical a cikin tushen albasa. A wani binciken, Kalefetoglu Makar36 ya gano cewa amfani da magungunan kwari na avermectin a allurai na 0.025 ml/L, 0.050 ml/L da 0.100 ml/L ya haifar da nama mara ma'ana, nakasar ƙwayoyin epidermal da lalacewar nukiliya a cikin tushen albasa. Tushen shine wurin shiga ga sinadarai masu cutarwa don shiga shukar kuma shine babban wurin da ya fi saurin kamuwa da illa mai guba. A cewar sakamakon bincikenmu na MDA, matsin lamba na oxidative na iya haifar da lalacewar membrane na tantanin halitta. A gefe guda kuma, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa tsarin tushen shine tsarin kariya na farko daga irin waɗannan haɗari69. Nazarin ya nuna cewa lalacewar da aka lura ga ƙwayoyin meristem na tushen na iya faruwa ne saboda tsarin kariya na waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna hana shan magungunan kashe kwari. Ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin epidermal da cortical da aka lura a cikin wannan binciken wataƙila sakamakon rage shan sinadarai ne na shuka. Wannan ƙaruwa na iya haifar da matsi na zahiri da nakasa na ƙwayoyin halitta da ƙwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari,70 an ba da shawarar cewa tsire-tsire na iya tara wasu sinadarai don iyakance shigar magungunan kashe kwari cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. Wannan lamari na iya bayyana a matsayin canji mai daidaitawa a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta da na jijiyoyin jini, wanda ƙwayoyin halitta ke kauri bangon tantanin halitta da abubuwa kamar cellulose da suberin don hana omethoate shiga cikin tushen.71 Bugu da ƙari, lalacewar nukiliya mai faɗi na iya zama sakamakon matsi na zahiri na ƙwayoyin halitta ko damuwa ta oxidative da ke shafar membrane na nukiliya, ko kuma yana iya kasancewa saboda lalacewar kayan kwayoyin halitta da aikace-aikacen omethoate ke haifarwa.
Omethoate wani maganin kwari ne mai matuƙar tasiri wanda ake amfani da shi sosai, musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Duk da haka, kamar sauran magungunan kashe kwari na organophosphate da yawa, akwai damuwa game da tasirinsa ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam. Wannan binciken ya yi nufin cike wannan gibin bayanai ta hanyar yin cikakken nazari kan illolin magungunan kashe kwari na omethoate akan shukar da aka gwada akai-akai, A. cepa. A cikin A. cepa, fallasa omethoate ya haifar da jinkirin girma, tasirin kwayoyin halitta, asarar ingancin DNA, damuwa ta oxidative, da lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin tushen meristem. Sakamakon ya nuna mummunan tasirin magungunan kashe kwari na omethoate akan ƙwayoyin cuta marasa manufa. Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna buƙatar yin taka tsantsan wajen amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na omethoate, ƙarin allurai daidai, ƙara wayar da kan manoma, da kuma tsauraran ƙa'idodi. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan sakamakon za su samar da wuri mai mahimmanci don binciken da ke bincika tasirin magungunan kashe kwari na omethoate akan nau'ikan da ba na manufa ba.
An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da nazarin fannoni na tsirrai da sassansu (ƙwanƙolin albasa), gami da tattara kayan shuka, bisa ga ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi na cibiyoyi, na ƙasa da na duniya.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuni-04-2025