Kula da kwari da cututtuka na da matukar muhimmanci ga noman noma, da kare amfanin gona daga kwari da cututtuka masu illa. Shirye-shiryen sarrafa bakin kofa, waɗanda ke amfani da magungunan kashe qwari kawai lokacin da ƙwari da yawan cututtuka suka wuce ƙayyadaddun ƙofa, na iya rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. Koyaya, tasirin waɗannan shirye-shiryen ba a bayyana ba kuma ya bambanta sosai. Don tantance mafi girman tasirin shirye-shiryen sarrafa bakin kofa akan kwari na arthropod na aikin gona, mun gudanar da nazarin meta-nazari na 126, gami da gwaje-gwaje 466 akan amfanin gona 34, kwatanta shirye-shiryen tushen kofa tare da tushen kalanda (watau mako-mako ko na musamman) shirye-shiryen sarrafa magungunan kashe qwari da/ko ba a kula da su ba. Idan aka kwatanta da shirye-shiryen tushen kalanda, shirye-shiryen tushen kofa sun rage yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da kashi 44% da kuma farashi masu alaƙa da kashi 40 cikin ɗari, ba tare da cutar da ingancin kwaro da cututtuka ko yawan amfanin gona ba. Shirye-shiryen tushen ƙofa kuma sun ƙara yawan yawan kwari masu fa'ida kuma sun sami irin wannan matakan kula da cututtukan arthropod azaman shirye-shiryen tushen kalanda. Idan aka yi la'akari da fa'ida da daidaiton waɗannan fa'idodin, ana buƙatar ƙarin tallafin siyasa da na kuɗi don ƙarfafa ɗaukar wannan tsarin kulawa a cikin aikin gona.
An gano bayanan ta hanyar bayanan bayanai da sauran bincike na tushe, an tantance su don dacewa, an tantance cancanta, kuma a ƙarshe an taƙaita su zuwa nazarin 126, waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na ƙarshe.
Ba duk binciken da aka ruwaito yana nufin da bambance-bambance ba; don haka, mun ƙididdige ma'anar ƙididdiga na bambancin don kimanta bambancin log ɗinrabo.25Don nazarin da ba a san daidaitattun daidaitattun daidaito ba, mun yi amfani da Equation 4 don ƙididdige rabon log da lissafi na 5 don ƙididdige madaidaicin daidaitattun daidaito. Fa'idar wannan hanyar ita ce, ko da ƙididdige ma'auni na lnRR ya ɓace, har yanzu ana iya haɗa shi a cikin meta-bincike ta hanyar ƙididdige ma'aunin ma'auni da ya ɓace ta amfani da ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'auni na bambancin daga binciken da ke ba da rahoton daidaitattun sabani.
Don nazarin tare da sanannun sabawa daidaitattun ma'auni, ana amfani da ma'auni na 1 da 2 masu zuwa don ƙididdige rabon log da daidaitaccen daidaitattun daidaitattun 25.
Don nazarin da ba a san daidaitattun daidaitattun daidaito ba, ana amfani da hanyoyin 3 da 4 masu zuwa don ƙididdige rabon log da daidaitaccen daidaitaccen daidaitaccen 25.
Tebu 1 yana gabatar da ƙididdigar ma'auni na ma'auni, kurakuran daidaitattun alaƙa, tazarar amincewa, da ƙimar p-darajar kowane ma'auni da kwatanta. An gina filaye na mazugi don tantance kasancewar asymmetry don matakan da ake tambaya (Ƙarin Hoto 1). Ƙarin Figures 2-7 suna gabatar da ƙididdiga don matakan da ake tambaya a cikin kowane binciken.
Ana iya samun ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da ƙirar binciken a cikin taƙaitaccen rahoto na Fayil na yanayi wanda aka haɗa daga wannan labarin.
Abin sha'awa, mun sami kusan babu wani bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin tasirin aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari tsakanin ƙwararru da amfanin gona na yau da kullun don ma'auni masu mahimmanci kamar kwaro da magance cututtuka, yawan amfanin ƙasa, fa'idodin tattalin arziki, da tasiri akan kwari masu fa'ida. Wannan sakamakon ba abin mamaki ba ne ganin cewa, ta fuskar nazarin halittu, shirye-shiryen amfani da magungunan kashe qwari na tushen kofa ba su da bambanci sosai tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan amfanin gona guda biyu. Bambance-bambance tsakanin amfanin gona na al'ada da na musamman ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan tattalin arziki da/ko tsari, maimakon na muhalli. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin nau'ikan amfanin gona sun fi yin tasiri akan ayyukan kula da kwari da cututtuka fiye da tasirin nazarin halittu na aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari. Misali, amfanin gona na musamman yawanci suna da tsadar raka'a a kowace hekta don haka suna buƙatar ƙarin ingantattun matakan inganci, wanda zai iya zaburar da masu noma su yi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari don kare kai saboda damuwa game da ƙananan kwari da cututtuka. Sabanin haka, manyan gonakin amfanin gona na yau da kullun suna sa kwaro da kula da cututtuka su zama masu aiki sosai, suna iyakance yuwuwar aiwatar da shirye-shiryen aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari. Don haka, duka tsarin biyu suna fuskantar matsi na musamman waɗanda zasu iya sauƙaƙe ko hana aiwatar da shirye-shiryen aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari. Tunda kusan duk binciken da aka yi a cikin meta-binciken mu an gudanar da shi a cikin saitunan da aka ɗaga takunkumin magungunan kashe qwari, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa mun lura da ƙayyadaddun ƙimar ƙima a cikin nau'ikan amfanin gona.
Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa shirye-shiryen sarrafa magungunan kashe qwari na tushen kofa na iya rage yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da farashi mai alaƙa, amma har yanzu babu tabbas ko a zahiri masu noma suna amfana da su. Nazarin da aka haɗa a cikin meta-bincike namu ya bambanta sosai a cikin ma'anarsu na shirye-shiryen sarrafa magungunan kashe qwari na “misali”, kama daga ayyukan yanki zuwa sauƙaƙe shirye-shiryen kalanda. Saboda haka, kyakkyawan sakamako da muka bayar a nan na iya zama ba daidai ba ya nuna ainihin abubuwan da masu kera suka samu. Bugu da ƙari, ko da yake mun ƙididdige yawan tanadin farashi saboda rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, binciken farko bai yi la'akari da farashin binciken filin ba. Don haka, fa'idodin tattalin arziƙin gabaɗaya na shirye-shiryen gudanarwa na tushen kofa na iya zama ɗan ƙasa da sakamakon bincikenmu. Duk da haka, duk binciken da ya ba da rahoton farashin duba filin ya rubuta rage farashin samarwa saboda rage farashin magungunan kashe qwari. Sa ido na yau da kullun da dubawar filin na iya zama ƙalubale ga masu samarwa da masu sarrafa gonaki masu aiki (Bufin Ƙididdiga na Ma'aikata na Amurka, 2004).
Matsakaicin tattalin arziƙi na taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ra'ayin haɗaɗɗen sarrafa kwaro (IPM), kuma masu bincike sun daɗe da ba da rahoton fa'idodin fa'idodin shirye-shiryen aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari. Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa sarrafa kwaro na arthropod yana da mahimmanci a yawancin tsarin, kamar yadda 94% na nazarin ya nuna raguwar amfanin gona ba tare da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ba. Duk da haka, yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka ci gaban aikin gona mai dorewa na dogon lokaci. Mun gano cewa aikace-aikacen tushen kofa yana sarrafa lalacewar arthropod yadda ya kamata ba tare da sadaukar da amfanin amfanin gona ba idan aka kwatanta da shirye-shiryen aikace-aikacen maganin kashe kwari na tushen kalanda. Hakanan, aikace-aikacen tushen kofa na iya rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da fiye da 40%.SauranWani babban kima na tsarin aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari a cikin gonakin Faransa da gwaje-gwajen kula da cututtukan shuka sun kuma nuna cewa ana iya rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ta hanyar.40-50% ba tare da shafar yawan amfanin ƙasa ba. Wadannan sakamakon sun nuna bukatar ci gaba da bunkasa sabbin hanyoyin magance kwari da samar da albarkatu don karfafa yaduwar amfani da su. Yayin da ƙarfin amfani da ƙasar noma ke ƙaruwa, amfani da magungunan kashe qwari zai ci gaba da yin barazana ga tsarin halitta, gami da mahimmanci da mahimmanci.wuraren zama. Koyaya, babban tallafi da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ƙofofin magungunan kashe qwari na iya rage waɗannan tasirin, ta yadda hakan zai ƙara ɗorewa da amincin muhalli na aikin gona.
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-04-2025