Dabaru na kula da kwari bisa ga matakin farko na iya rage amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da kashi 44% ba tare da shafar yawan amfanin gona ko kuma yawan amfanin gona ba.

Kula da kwari da cututtuka yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga noman amfanin gona, yana kare amfanin gona daga kwari da cututtuka masu cutarwa. Shirye-shiryen kula da kwari bisa ga tsari, waɗanda ke amfani da magungunan kashe kwari ne kawai lokacin da yawan kwari da cututtuka ya wuce ƙa'idar da aka ƙayyade, na iya rage amfani da magungunan kashe kwari. Duk da haka, ingancin waɗannan shirye-shiryen ba a fayyace shi ba kuma ya bambanta sosai.
Domin tantance yadda ake amfani da ka'idojin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari masu tushen ƙimar iyaka a fannin noma, mun binciki nazarin da ya dace a tsarin da ya dace don kimanta ƙimar iyaka a tsarin amfanin gona.Ta amfani da injunan bincike da yawa, a ƙarshe mun yi nazari kan bincike 126 don tantance tasirin ka'idojin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari masu tushen ƙimar iyaka akan maganin kwari na arthropod, yawan amfanin gona, da kuma yawan arthropod masu amfani.Mun yi hasashen cewa ka'idojin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari bisa ga ƙimar iyaka na iya rage amfani da magungunan kashe kwari ba tare da yin illa ga amfanin gona ba. Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kwatanta da ka'idojin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari bisa ga jadawalin lokaci, ka'idojin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari sun fi tasiri wajen sarrafa cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar arthropod yayin da suke haɓaka rayuwar kwari masu amfani a lokaci guda.
Mun gudanar da bita kan adabi domin tantance tasirin shirye-shiryen hana kwari masu amfani da hanyoyin kariya a fannin noma. An samo littattafan da aka buga daga Web of Science da Google Scholar (Hoto na 1). Mun kuma yi amfani da wata hanyar hadaka, inda muka yi amfani da dabarun da suka dace don inganta wakilci da kuma cikakken bayani game da bayanai.
An gano bayanan ta hanyar bayanai da sauran binciken tushe, an tantance su don dacewa, an tantance cancanta, kuma daga ƙarshe an taƙaita su zuwa bincike 126, waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin nazarin ƙididdiga na ƙarshe.
Ba duk nazarin da aka yi ba sun ba da rahoton hanyoyi da bambance-bambance; saboda haka, mun ƙididdige matsakaicin ma'aunin bambancin don kimanta bambancin log ɗin^rabo.25Don nazarin da ba a san takamaiman bambance-bambancen da aka saba gani ba, mun yi amfani da Lissafi 4 don kimanta rabon log da Lissafi 5 don kimanta bambancin da ya dace. Amfanin wannan hanyar shine ko da an rasa ƙimar bambancin da aka saba gani na lnRR, har yanzu ana iya haɗa shi a cikin nazarin meta ta hanyar ƙididdige bambancin da ya ɓace ta amfani da matsakaicin ma'aunin bambancin da aka auna daga nazarin da ke ba da rahoton bambance-bambancen da aka saba gani.
Tebur 1 ya gabatar da kimanta maki na rabo, kurakuran daidaitattun da ke da alaƙa, tazara amincewa, da ƙimar p don kowane ma'auni da kwatantawa. An gina zane-zanen mazugi don tantance kasancewar rashin daidaituwa ga ma'aunin da ake magana a kai (Hoto na Ƙarin 1). Ƙarin Hotuna 2-7 sun gabatar da kimantawa don ma'aunin da ake magana a kai a kowane bincike.
Ana iya samun ƙarin bayani game da tsarin binciken a cikin taƙaitaccen rahoton Nature Portfolio wanda aka haɗa daga wannan labarin.
Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa shirye-shiryen kula da magungunan kashe kwari masu tushen iyaka na iya rage yawan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da kuma farashin da ke tattare da su sosai, amma har yanzu ba a fayyace ko masu samar da kayan noma sun amfana da su ba. Nazarin da aka haɗa a cikin nazarinmu ya bambanta sosai a cikin ma'anar shirye-shiryen kula da magungunan kashe kwari na "daidai", tun daga ayyukan yanki zuwa shirye-shiryen kalanda masu sauƙi. Saboda haka, sakamakon da muka bayar a nan ba zai iya nuna ainihin abubuwan da masu samarwa suka fuskanta ba. Bugu da ƙari, kodayake mun rubuta adadi mai yawa na tanadin kuɗi saboda rage amfani da magungunan kashe kwari, binciken farko bai yi la'akari da farashin duba filin ba. Saboda haka, fa'idodin tattalin arziki na shirye-shiryen kula da magungunan kashe kwari na iya zama ƙasa da sakamakon bincikenmu. Duk da haka, duk nazarin da suka bayar da rahoton farashin duba filin sun nuna raguwar farashin samarwa saboda raguwar farashin magungunan kashe kwari.
Matakan tattalin arziki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin manufar kula da kwari masu hadewa (IPM), kuma masu bincike sun daɗe suna ba da rahoton fa'idodi masu kyau na shirye-shiryen amfani da magungunan kashe kwari masu tushen iyaka. Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa kula da kwari na arthropod yana da mahimmanci a yawancin tsarin, kamar yadda kashi 94% na binciken suka nuna raguwar yawan amfanin gona ba tare da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari ba.