Masu kula da ci gaban tsirrai (PGRs)hanya ce mai inganci wajen inganta tsaron tsirrai a lokacin da ake cikin mawuyacin hali. Wannan binciken ya binciki iyawar mutane biyuPGRs, thiourea (TU) da arginine (Arg), don rage matsin lamba a cikin alkama. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa TU da Arg, musamman idan aka yi amfani da su tare, na iya daidaita girman shuka a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba a gishiri. Maganin su ya ƙara ayyukan enzymes na antioxidant sosai yayin da yake rage matakan nau'in oxygen mai amsawa (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), da kuma ɗigon electrolyte (REL) a cikin shukar alkama. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan jiyya sun rage yawan Na+ da Ca2+ da rabon Na+/K+ sosai, yayin da suke ƙara yawan K+ sosai, ta haka ne ke kiyaye daidaiton ion-osmotic. Mafi mahimmanci, TU da Arg sun ƙara yawan chlorophyll, ƙimar photosynthetic mai yawa, da kuma canjin iskar gas na shukar alkama a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba a gishiri. TU da Arg da aka yi amfani da su su kaɗai ko a haɗe na iya ƙara yawan tarin busassun abubuwa da kashi 9.03–47.45%, kuma ƙaruwar ta fi girma lokacin da aka yi amfani da su tare. A ƙarshe, wannan binciken ya nuna cewa kiyaye yanayin redox da daidaiton ion yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka juriya ga shuka ga matsin lamba a gishiri. Bugu da ƙari, an ba da shawarar TU da Arg a matsayin yuwuwarmasu kula da ci gaban shuka,musamman idan aka yi amfani da su tare, don haɓaka yawan amfanin gona na alkama.
Sauye-sauye cikin sauri a cikin yanayi da ayyukan noma suna ƙara lalacewar yanayin halittu na noma1. Ɗaya daga cikin mummunan sakamako shine gishirin ƙasa, wanda ke barazana ga tsaron abinci na duniya2. Gishirin ƙasa a halin yanzu yana shafar kusan kashi 20% na ƙasar noma a duk duniya, kuma wannan adadi na iya ƙaruwa zuwa kashi 50% nan da shekarar 20503. Damuwar gishiri-alkali na iya haifar da damuwa ta osmotic a cikin tushen amfanin gona, wanda ke kawo cikas ga daidaiton ionic a cikin shuka4. Irin waɗannan yanayi marasa kyau kuma na iya haifar da saurin rushewar chlorophyll, raguwar yawan photosynthesis, da rikice-rikicen metabolism, wanda a ƙarshe ke haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin gona5,6. Bugu da ƙari, babban tasiri na gama gari shine ƙaruwar samar da nau'ikan iskar oxygen masu amsawa (ROS), wanda zai iya haifar da lalacewar oxidative ga ƙwayoyin halitta daban-daban, gami da DNA, sunadarai, da lipids7.
Alkama (Triticum aestivum) tana ɗaya daga cikin amfanin gona mafi mahimmanci a duniya. Ba wai kawai ita ce amfanin gona mafi yawan amfanin gona ba, har ma da amfanin gona mai mahimmanci na kasuwanci8. Duk da haka, alkama tana da sauƙin kamuwa da gishiri, wanda zai iya hana ci gabanta, ya wargaza tsarin ilimin halittarta da na sinadarai, kuma ya rage yawan amfanin gonarta sosai. Manyan dabarun rage tasirin damuwa na gishiri sun haɗa da gyaran kwayoyin halitta da amfani da masu kula da ci gaban shuka. Halittu masu gyara kwayoyin halitta (GM) sune amfani da gyaran kwayoyin halitta da sauran dabaru don haɓaka nau'ikan alkama masu jure gishiri9,10. A gefe guda kuma, masu kula da ci gaban shuka suna haɓaka haƙurin gishiri a cikin alkama ta hanyar daidaita ayyukan ilimin halittar jiki da matakan abubuwan da suka shafi gishiri, ta haka suna rage lalacewar damuwa11. Waɗannan masu kula da shuka galibi ana karɓuwa kuma ana amfani da su sosai fiye da hanyoyin transgenic. Suna iya haɓaka haƙurin shuka ga matsaloli daban-daban kamar gishiri, fari da ƙarfe masu nauyi, da haɓaka tsiron iri, ɗaukar abinci mai gina jiki da haɓakar haihuwa, ta haka suna ƙara yawan amfanin gona da inganci. 12 Masu kula da ci gaban shuka suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ci gaban amfanin gona da kiyaye yawan amfanin gona da inganci saboda kyawun muhalli, sauƙin amfani, inganci da amfani. 13 Duk da haka, tunda waɗannan masu daidaita suna da irin waɗannan hanyoyin aiki, amfani da ɗaya daga cikinsu kaɗai bazai yi tasiri ba. Nemo haɗin masu daidaita girma wanda zai iya inganta jure gishiri a cikin alkama yana da mahimmanci ga kiwo alkama a cikin mawuyacin yanayi, ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa da tabbatar da tsaron abinci.
Babu wani bincike da ya binciki amfani da TU da Arg a hade. Babu tabbas ko wannan hadakar kirkire-kirkire za ta iya inganta ci gaban alkama a hade ...
An tantance yawan sinadarin MDA na samfuran ta hanyar amfani da hanyar thiobarbituric acid. A auna 0.1 g na sabon foda, a cire shi da 1 ml na 10% trichloroacetic acid na minti 10, a yi centrifuge a 10,000 g na minti 20, sannan a tattara sinadarin. An haɗa sinadarin da daidai girman 0.75% thiobarbituric acid sannan a saka shi a zafin jiki na 100 °C na minti 15. Bayan an saka shi, an tattara sinadarin ta hanyar centrifugation, kuma an auna ƙimar OD a 450 nm, 532 nm, da 600 nm. An ƙididdige yawan sinadarin MDA kamar haka:
Kamar yadda aka yi amfani da maganin na kwana 3, amfani da Arg da Tu shi ma ya ƙara yawan ayyukan enzyme na antioxidant na shukar alkama a ƙarƙashin maganin na kwana 6. Haɗin TU da Arg har yanzu ya fi tasiri. Duk da haka, a kwana 6 bayan maganin, ayyukan enzymes na antioxidant guda huɗu a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban na magani sun nuna raguwar yanayin idan aka kwatanta da kwana 3 bayan maganin (Hoto na 6).
Photosynthesis shine tushen tarin busassun abubuwa a cikin tsire-tsire kuma yana faruwa a cikin chloroplasts, waɗanda ke da matuƙar saurin kamuwa da gishiri. Damuwar gishiri na iya haifar da iskar shaka daga membrane na plasma, rushewar ma'aunin osmotic na ƙwayoyin halitta, lalacewar ultrastructure na chloroplast36, haifar da lalacewar chlorophyll, rage ayyukan enzymes na zagayowar Calvin (gami da Rubisco), da rage canja wurin lantarki daga PS II zuwa PS I37. Bugu da ƙari, damuwar gishiri na iya haifar da rufewar ciki, ta haka rage yawan CO2 na ganye da hana photosynthesis38. Sakamakonmu ya tabbatar da binciken da aka yi a baya cewa damuwar gishiri yana rage kwararar ciki a cikin alkama, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan fitar ganye da yawan CO2 a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, wanda a ƙarshe ke haifar da raguwar ƙarfin photosynthesis da raguwar biomass na alkama (Hoto na 1 da 3). Abin lura, aikace-aikacen TU da Arg na iya haɓaka ingancin photosynthesis na tsire-tsire na alkama a ƙarƙashin matsin gishiri. Inganta ingancin photosynthesis ya kasance mai mahimmanci musamman lokacin da aka yi amfani da TU da Arg a lokaci guda (Hoto na 3). Wannan yana iya faruwa ne saboda gaskiyar cewa TU da Arg suna daidaita buɗewa da rufewa ta ciki, ta haka suna haɓaka ingancin photosynthesis, wanda binciken da aka yi a baya ya goyi bayansa. Misali, Bencarti da abokan aikinsa sun gano cewa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na gishiri, TU ta ƙara yawan kwararar iskar gas, ƙimar narkewar CO2, da kuma mafi girman ingancin PSII photochemistry a cikin Atriplex portulacoides L.39. Duk da cewa babu rahotanni kai tsaye da ke tabbatar da cewa Arg na iya daidaita buɗewa da rufewa ta ciki a cikin tsire-tsire da ke fuskantar matsin lamba na gishiri, Silveira da abokan aikinsa sun nuna cewa Arg na iya haɓaka musayar iskar gas a cikin ganyayyaki a ƙarƙashin yanayin fari22.
A taƙaice, wannan binciken ya nuna cewa duk da bambancin hanyoyin aiki da halayen sinadarai na jiki, TU da Arg na iya samar da juriya iri ɗaya ga damuwa ta NaCl a cikin shukar alkama, musamman idan aka haɗa su tare. Amfani da TU da Arg na iya kunna tsarin kariya daga enzyme na ƙwayoyin alkama, rage yawan ROS, da kuma kiyaye daidaiton lipids na membrane, ta haka ne ke kiyaye photosynthesis da daidaiton Na+/K+ a cikin shuka. Duk da haka, wannan binciken yana da iyakoki; kodayake an tabbatar da tasirin haɗin gwiwa na TU da Arg kuma an yi bayanin tsarin ilimin halittarsa zuwa wani mataki, tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta mafi rikitarwa har yanzu ba a fayyace shi ba. Saboda haka, ƙarin bincike kan tsarin haɗin gwiwa na TU da Arg ta amfani da transcriptomic, metabolomic da sauran hanyoyi ya zama dole.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su da/ko aka yi nazari a kansu a lokacin binciken na yanzu suna samuwa daga marubucin da ya dace bisa ga buƙata mai ma'ana.
Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-19-2025