Sakamakon synergistic na mai mai mahimmanci akan manya yana ƙara yawan guba na permethrin akan Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) |

A cikin aikin da ya gabata na gwada masana'antar sarrafa abinci na gida don sauro a Thailand, an gano mahimman mai (EOs) na Cyperus rotundus, galangal da kirfa suna da kyakkyawan aikin rigakafin sauro akan Aedes aegypti.A kokarin rage amfani da na gargajiyamaganin kashe kwarida kuma inganta kula da yawan sauro masu juriya, wannan binciken ya yi niyya don gano yuwuwar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin tasirin girma na ethylene oxide da gubar permethrin zuwa sauro Aedes.aegypti, ciki har da pyrethroid juriya da m iri.
Don kimanta abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai da ayyukan kashe-kashen EO da aka fitar daga rhizomes na C. rotundus da A. galanga da haushin C. verum a kan nau'in mai saukin kamuwa da Muang Chiang Mai (MCM-S) da nau'in juriya Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R) ).) Adult mai aiki Ae.Aedes a egypti.An kuma yi wani babban bioassay na cakuda EO-permethrin akan waɗannan sauro na Aedes don fahimtar ayyukan haɗin gwiwa.aegypti iri.
Siffar sinadarai ta amfani da hanyar nazarin GC-MS ya nuna cewa an gano mahaɗan 48 daga EOs na C. rotundus, A. galanga da C. verum, suna lissafin 80.22%, 86.75% da 97.24% na jimlar abubuwan da aka haɗa, bi da bi.Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), da cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin man cyperus, man galangal, da man balsamic, bi da bi.A cikin gwaje-gwajen kisa na manya, C. rotundus, A. galanga da C. verum EVs sun yi tasiri wajen kashe Ae.aegypti, MCM-S da PMD-R LD50 dabi'u sun kasance 10.05 da 9.57 μg / MG mace, 7.97 da 7.94 μg / MG mace, da 3.30 da 3.22 μg / MG mace, bi da bi.Ingantaccen MCM-S da PMD-R Ae wajen kashe manya.aegypti a cikin waɗannan EOs yana kusa da piperonyl butoxide (PBO dabi'u, LD50 = 6.30 da 4.79 μg / MG mace, bi da bi), amma ba kamar yadda ake furtawa kamar yadda permethrin (LD50 dabi'u = 0.44 da 3.70 ng/mg mace bi da bi).Koyaya, haɗin bioassays ya sami daidaituwa tsakanin EO da permethrin.Mahimmancin haɗin gwiwa tare da permethrin akan nau'ikan sauro guda biyu na Aedes.An lura da Aedes aegypti a cikin EM na C. rotundus da A. galanga.Bugu da ƙari na C. rotundus da A. galanga mai sun rage darajar LD50 na permethrin akan MCM-S daga 0.44 zuwa 0.07 ng / MG da 0.11 ng / MG a cikin mata, bi da bi, tare da dabi'un haɗin gwiwa (SR). na 6.28 da 4.00 bi da bi.Bugu da kari, C. rotundus da A. galanga EOs kuma sun rage darajar LD50 na permethrin akan PMD-R daga 3.70 zuwa 0.42 ng/mg da 0.003 ng/mg a cikin mata, bi da bi, tare da ƙimar SR na 8.81 da 1233.33 bi da bi..
Tasirin haɗin gwiwa na haɗin EO-permethrin don haɓaka yawan guba na manya akan nau'ikan sauro biyu na Aedes.Aedes aegypti yana nuna rawar gani mai ban sha'awa ga ethylene oxide a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka tasirin sauro, musamman ma inda mahaɗan gargajiya ba su da tasiri ko rashin dacewa.
Aedes aegypti sauro (Diptera: Culicidae) shine babban maganin zazzabin dengue da sauran cututtuka masu yaduwa kamar zazzabin rawaya, chikungunya da cutar Zika, suna haifar da babbar barazana ga mutane[1, 2]..Kwayar cutar Dengue ita ce mafi muni mai cutar zazzabin cizon sauro da ke shafar mutane, tare da kimanin mutane miliyan 5-100 da ke faruwa a shekara kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.5 a duk duniya suna cikin haɗari [3].Barkewar wannan cuta mai saurin yaduwa yana sanya nauyi mai yawa akan yawan jama'a, tsarin kiwon lafiya da tattalin arzikin mafi yawan ƙasashe masu zafi [1].A cewar ma'aikatar lafiya ta kasar Thailand, an samu bullar cutar zazzabin dengue 142,925 da kuma mutuwar mutane 141 a fadin kasar a shekarar 2015, wanda ya ninka adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar a shekarar 2014 da sau uku.Duk da shaidar tarihi, an kawar da zazzabin dengue ko sauro Aedes sosai.Bayan sarrafa Aedes aegypti [5], yawan kamuwa da cuta ya karu sosai kuma cutar ta bazu ko'ina cikin duniya, saboda wani bangare na shekaru da yawa na dumamar yanayi.Kawar da iko da Ae.Aedes aegypti yana da matukar wahala saboda sauro ne na gida wanda yake saduwa da juna, ciyarwa, hutawa da kuma sanya ƙwai a ciki da kewayen mazaunin ɗan adam a cikin rana.Bugu da kari, wannan sauro yana da ikon daidaitawa da sauye-sauyen yanayi ko hargitsi da abubuwan da suka faru na halitta (kamar fari) ko matakan sarrafa mutane, kuma yana iya komawa zuwa ainihin lambobinsa [6, 7].Domin a kwanan nan an amince da allurar rigakafin cutar zazzabin dengue kuma babu takamaiman magani na zazzabin dengue, hanawa da rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar dengue ya dogara kacokan akan sarrafa ƙwayoyin sauro da kuma kawar da hulɗar ɗan adam tare da vectors.
Musamman, amfani da sinadarai don magance sauro a yanzu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a lafiyar jama'a a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta.Shahararrun hanyoyin sinadarai sun haɗa da yin amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu guba waɗanda ke yin maganin tsutsawar sauro (larvicides) da kuma sauro manya (adidocides).Kula da tsutsa ta hanyar rage tushe da kuma yin amfani da magungunan larvicides akai-akai kamar organophosphates da masu kula da ci gaban kwari ana daukar su da mahimmanci.Koyaya, mummunan tasirin muhalli da ke da alaƙa da magungunan kashe qwari na roba da ƙwaƙƙwaran aikinsu da ɗimbin kulawa ya kasance babban damuwa [8, 9].Kula da vector na al'ada, kamar kulawar manya, ya kasance mafi kyawun hanyoyin sarrafawa yayin barkewar ƙwayar cuta saboda yana iya kawar da cututtukan cututtukan da sauri da kuma babban sikeli, gami da rage tsawon rayuwa da tsawon rayuwar al'ummomin vector na gida [3]., 10].Azuzuwan hudu na maganin kashe kwari: organochlorine (wanda ake nufi da DDT kawai), organophosphates, carbamates, da pyrethroids sune tushen shirye-shiryen sarrafa vector, tare da pyrethroids suna ɗaukar aji mafi nasara.Suna da tasiri sosai a kan arthropods daban-daban kuma suna da ƙananan tasiri.guba ga dabbobi masu shayarwa.A halin yanzu, pyrethroids na roba sune mafi yawan magungunan kashe qwari na kasuwanci, suna lissafin kusan kashi 25% na kasuwar magungunan kashe qwari ta duniya [11, 12].Permethrin da deltamethrin sune magungunan kashe kwari na pyrethroid da aka yi amfani da su a duk duniya shekaru da yawa don sarrafa kwari iri-iri na mahimmancin aikin gona da kiwon lafiya [13, 14].A cikin shekarun 1950, an zaɓi DDT a matsayin sinadari na zaɓi don tsarin kula da lafiyar sauro na ƙasa.Bayan yaɗuwar amfani da DDT a yankunan da ke fama da zazzabin cizon sauro, Tailandia a hankali ta daina amfani da DDT tsakanin 1995 zuwa 2000 kuma ta maye gurbinsa da pyrethroids guda biyu: permethrin da deltamethrin [15, 16].An gabatar da waɗannan magungunan kashe qwari na pyrethroid a farkon 1990s don sarrafa zazzabin cizon sauro da zazzabin dengue, da farko ta hanyar jiyya na gidan gado da kuma amfani da hazo mai zafi da feshi mai ƙarancin guba [14, 17].Duk da haka, sun rasa tasiri saboda ƙarfin juriya na sauro da rashin bin jama'a saboda damuwa game da lafiyar jama'a da kuma tasirin muhalli na sinadarai.Wannan yana haifar da ƙalubale masu mahimmanci ga nasarar shirye-shiryen sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta [14, 18, 19].Don yin dabarun da ya fi tasiri, matakan da suka dace da dacewa sun zama dole.Hanyoyin gudanarwa da aka ba da shawarar sun haɗa da maye gurbin abubuwa na halitta, jujjuya sinadarai na azuzuwan daban-daban, ƙari na masu haɗin gwiwa, da cakuɗen sinadarai ko aikace-aikacen sunadarai na azuzuwan daban-daban [14, 20, 21].Sabili da haka, akwai buƙatar gaggawa don nemo da haɓaka ingantaccen yanayin yanayi, dacewa kuma mai tasiri madadin kuma mai haɗin gwiwa kuma wannan binciken yana nufin magance wannan buƙatar.
Kwarin da aka samu ta dabi'a, musamman ma waɗanda suka dogara da abubuwan shuka, sun nuna yuwuwar a cikin kimanta hanyoyin sarrafa sauro na yanzu da na gaba [22, 23, 24].Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a sarrafa mahimman magungunan sauro ta hanyar amfani da kayan shuka, musamman ma mahimmancin mai (EOs), a matsayin masu kisan gilla.An samo kaddarorin manya akan wasu nau'ikan sauro masu mahimmanci a cikin mai da yawa kamar seleri, cumin, zedoaria, anise, barkono bututu, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Chenopodium ambrosioidemu, Ethylchopniis planini, Co. ., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata da Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30].Ethylene oxide yanzu ana amfani da shi ba kawai a kan kansa ba, har ma a hade tare da abubuwan shuka da aka cire ko magungunan kashe qwari da ke wanzuwa, suna haifar da nau'ikan guba daban-daban.Haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin kwari na gargajiya irin su organophosphates, carbamates da pyrethroids tare da ethylene oxide / tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna yin aiki tare da juna ko antagonist a cikin tasirin su mai guba kuma an nuna su da tasiri ga cututtuka da kwari [31,32,33,34,35].Duk da haka, yawancin binciken akan tasirin mai guba na haɗin gwiwar phytochemicals tare da ko ba tare da sinadarai na roba ba an gudanar da su akan ƙwayoyin kwari da kwari na noma maimakon a kan mahimmancin sauro na likitanci.Bugu da ƙari, yawancin ayyukan da ake yi akan tasirin haɗin gwiwa na haɗin gwiwar ƙwayoyin cuta na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a kan magungunan sauro sun mayar da hankali kan tasirin larvicidal.
A cikin binciken da marubutan suka gudanar a baya a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin bincike na ci gaba da nuna tsoro daga tsire-tsire na abinci na asali a Tailandia, an gano ethylene oxides daga Cyperus rotundus, galangal da kirfa suna da yuwuwar aiki akan Aedes babba.Misira [36].Sabili da haka, wannan binciken ya yi niyya don kimanta tasirin EO da ke ware daga waɗannan tsire-tsire na magani akan sauro Aedes.aegypti, ciki har da pyrethroid juriya da m iri.An kuma bincika tasirin haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar binary na ethylene oxide da pyrethroids na roba tare da inganci mai kyau a cikin manya don rage amfani da maganin kwari na gargajiya da haɓaka juriya ga ƙwayoyin sauro, musamman akan Aedes.Aedes a egypti.Wannan labarin ya ba da rahoton sifofin sinadarai na ingantaccen mai mai mahimmanci da yuwuwar su don haɓaka gubar permethrin na roba akan sauro Aedes.aegypti a cikin pyrethroid-sensitive strains (MCM-S) da kuma juriya (PMD-R).
Rhizomes na C. rotundus da A. galanga da haushin C. verum (Fig. 1) da aka yi amfani da su don hakar mai daga masu samar da magunguna na ganye a Lardin Chiang Mai, Thailand.An sami nasarar gano kimiyyar waɗannan tsire-tsire ta hanyar tuntuɓar Mista James Franklin Maxwell, Masanin Botanist na Herbarium, Sashen Ilimin Halitta, Kwalejin Kimiyya, Jami'ar Chiang Mai (CMU), Lardin Chiang Mai, Thailand, da masanin kimiyya Wannari Charoensap;a cikin Sashen Magunguna, Kwalejin Magunguna, Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, Ms. Voucher samfurori na kowane shuka ana adana su a cikin Sashen Parasitology a Makarantar Magungunan Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon don amfani da gaba.
Samfurori na tsire-tsire an bushe su daban-daban don kwanaki 3-5 a cikin sararin samaniya tare da samun iska mai aiki da zafin jiki na yanayi na kusan 30 ± 5 ° C don cire abun ciki na danshi kafin hakar mai mai mahimmanci na halitta (EOs).Jimlar 250 g na kowane busasshen busassun kayan shuka an niƙa shi da injina cikin ƙaƙƙarfan foda kuma an yi amfani da shi don keɓe mahimman mai (EOs) ta hanyar distillation tururi.Na'urar distillation ta ƙunshi alkyabbar dumama wutar lantarki, filastar ƙasa mai nauyin 3000 ml, ginshiƙin cirewa, na'urar bushewa, da na'urar Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) .A zuba ruwa mai narkewa 1600 ml da beads na gilashin 10-15 a cikin flask sannan a zafi shi zuwa kusan 100 ° C ta amfani da injin wutar lantarki na akalla sa'o'i 3 har sai an cika narke kuma ba a samar da EO ba.An raba Layer EO daga yanayin ruwa mai ruwa ta hanyar amfani da mazurari na rabuwa, an bushe a kan anhydrous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) kuma an adana shi a cikin kwalabe mai launin ruwan kasa a 4 ° C har sai an bincika tsarin sinadaran da ayyukan manya.
An gudanar da sinadarai masu mahimmancin mai a lokaci guda tare da bioassay don abu mai girma.An yi nazari mai mahimmanci ta amfani da tsarin GC-MS wanda ya ƙunshi Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, Amurka) 7890A gas chromatograph sanye take da guda quadrupole mass selective detector (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, USA) da MSD 5975C (EI). ).(Agilent Technologies).
Rukunin Chromatographic - DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × kauri na fim 0.25 µm).Jimlar lokacin gudu na GC-MS ya kasance mintuna 20.Sharuɗɗan bincike shine cewa injector da yanayin zafin layin canja wuri sune 250 da 280 ° C, bi da bi;an saita zafin wutar tander don ƙarawa daga 50 ° C zuwa 250 ° C a cikin adadin 10 ° C / min, iskar gas mai ɗaukar helium;yawan gudu 1.0 ml/min;Girman allura shine 0.2 µL (1/10% ta ƙara a cikin CH2Cl2, rabon raba 100: 1);Ana amfani da tsarin ionization na lantarki tare da ƙarfin ionization na 70 eV don gano GC-MS.Iyakar sayan shine 50-550 atomic mass units (amu) kuma saurin dubawa shine 2.91 scans a sakan daya.An bayyana kaso na dangi na abubuwan haɗin gwiwa azaman kashi wanda aka daidaita ta wurin kololuwar yanki.Gano abubuwan sinadaran EO ya dogara ne akan ma'aunin riƙe su (RI).An ƙididdige RI ta amfani da ma'auni na Van den Dool da Kratz [37] don jerin n-alkanes (C8-C40) kuma idan aka kwatanta da alamun riƙewa daga wallafe-wallafen [38] da bayanan ɗakin karatu (NIST 2008 da Wiley 8NO8).An tabbatar da ainihin mahaɗan da aka nuna, kamar tsari da tsarin kwayoyin halitta, ta hanyar kwatanta tare da samfurori na gaske.
Ma'auni na nazari don permethrin na roba da piperonyl butoxide (PBO, ingantaccen iko a cikin nazarin haɗin gwiwa) an saya daga Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, Amurka).Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) na'urorin gwajin balagaggu da alluran bincike na takarda mai ciki (0.75%) an siya ne ta hanyar kasuwanci daga Cibiyar Kula da Vector ta WHO da ke Penang, Malaysia.Duk sauran sinadarai da reagents da aka yi amfani da su sun kasance na ƙididdiga kuma an saya su daga cibiyoyin gida a lardin Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Sauro da aka yi amfani da su azaman gwajin kwayoyin halitta a cikin manya bioassay sun kasance cikin 'yanci na saduwa da sauro Aedes.aegypti, gami da nau'in Muang Chiang Mai mai saukin kamuwa (MCM-S) da mai juriya na Pang Mai Dang (PMD-R).An samo nau'in MCM-S daga samfurori na gida da aka tattara a yankin Muang Chiang Mai, Lardin Chiang Mai, Thailand, kuma an kiyaye shi a cikin dakin ilimin halittu na Sashen Parasitology, CMU School of Medicine, tun 1995 [39].Nau'in PMD-R, wanda aka gano yana da juriya ga permethrin, an keɓe shi daga sauro na filin da aka samo asali daga Ban Pang Mai Dang, gundumar Mae Tang, lardin Chiang Mai, Thailand, kuma ana kiyaye shi a wannan cibiya tun 1997 [40] ].An haɓaka nau'ikan PMD-R a ƙarƙashin zaɓin zaɓi don kiyaye matakan juriya ta hanyar ɗaukar lokaci zuwa 0.75% permethrin ta amfani da kayan gano WHO tare da wasu gyare-gyare [41].Kowane iri na Ae.An yi wa Aedes aegypti mulkin mallaka daban-daban a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje marasa ƙwayoyin cuta a 25 ± 2 ° C da 80 ± 10% zafi dangi da 14:10 h haske/lokaci photoperiod.Kimanin tsutsa 200 an ajiye su a cikin kwandon filastik (tsawon 33 cm, faɗi 28 cm da tsayi 9 cm) cike da ruwan famfo a yawan tsutsa 150-200 a kowace tire kuma ana ciyar da su sau biyu a kullum tare da biskit kare kare.An ajiye tsutsotsi na manya a cikin keji masu ɗanɗano kuma ana ci gaba da ciyar da su tare da maganin sucrose na ruwa 10% da maganin 10% multivitamin syrup.Mace sauro akai-akai suna shan jini don yin kwai.Mata masu kwanaki biyu zuwa biyar waɗanda ba a sha da jini ba za a iya amfani da su akai-akai a cikin gwajin nazarin halittu na manya.
An gudanar da amsawar bioassay na adadin-mutuwa na EO akan ƙwararrun mata Aedes sauro.aegypti, MCM-S da PMD-R ta amfani da hanyar da aka gyara bisa ga daidaitattun ka'idojin WHO don gwajin cutarwa [42].EO daga kowace shuka an diluted serially tare da kaushi mai dacewa (misali ethanol ko acetone) don samun jerin kammala karatun digiri na 4-6.Bayan maganin safiya tare da carbon dioxide (CO2), an auna sauro daban-daban.Sannan an ajiye sauro da aka sawa a cikin busasshiyar takarda tace a kan farantin sanyi na al'ada a ƙarƙashin na'urar sitiriyo don hana sake kunnawa yayin aikin.Ga kowane magani, 0.1 μl na maganin EO an yi amfani da shi a saman pronotum na mace ta amfani da microdispenser na hannu Hamilton (700 Series Microliter ™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, Amurka).An yi wa mata ashirin da biyar magani tare da kowane maida hankali, tare da mace-mace daga 10% zuwa 95% na aƙalla nau'ikan 4 daban-daban.Sauro da aka yi amfani da su da sauran ƙarfi suna aiki azaman sarrafawa.Don hana gurɓatar samfuran gwaji, maye gurbin takarda mai tacewa tare da sabon takardar tacewa ga kowane EO da aka gwada.Ana bayyana allurai da aka yi amfani da su a cikin waɗannan nazarin halittu a cikin micrograms na EO a kowace milligram na nauyin jikin mace mai rai.An kuma kimanta ayyukan PBO na manya a cikin irin wannan hanya zuwa EO, tare da PBO da aka yi amfani da shi azaman iko mai kyau a cikin gwaje-gwajen haɗin gwiwa.An sanya sauro da aka yi wa magani a kowane rukuni a cikin kofuna na filastik kuma an ba su 10% sucrose da 10% multivitamin syrup.An yi duk bioassays a 25 ± 2 ° C da 80 ± 10% zafi dangi kuma an maimaita sau hudu tare da sarrafawa.An bincika mace-mace a lokacin renon sa'o'i 24 kuma an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar rashin mayar da martani ga sauro ga kuzarin injin sannan kuma an yi rikodin bisa matsakaita na maimaitawa huɗu.An maimaita jiyya na gwaji sau hudu ga kowane samfurin gwaji ta amfani da nau'ikan sauro daban-daban.An taƙaita sakamakon kuma an yi amfani da su don ƙididdige adadin yawan mace-mace, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tantance adadin kisa na sa'o'i 24 ta hanyar nazarin riba.
An kimanta tasirin anticidal na synergistic na EO da permethrin ta amfani da hanyar tantance cutar ta gida [42] kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya.Yi amfani da acetone ko ethanol a matsayin mai narkewa don shirya permethrin a cikin abin da ake so, da kuma cakuda binaryar EO da permethrin (EO-permethrin: permethrin gauraye da EO a LD25 maida hankali).An kimanta kayan gwajin (permethrin da EO-permethrin) akan nau'ikan MCM-S da PMD-R na Ae.Aedes a egypti.An ba kowacce sauro mata guda 25 allurai hudu na permethrin domin a gwada ingancinsa wajen kashe manya, tare da maimaita kowacce magani sau hudu.Don gano ɗan takarar EO synergists, 4 zuwa 6 allurai na EO-permethrin an gudanar da su ga kowane sauro mata 25, tare da maimaita kowace aikace-aikacen sau hudu.PBO-permethrin magani (permethrin gauraye da LD25 maida hankali na PBO) kuma yayi aiki a matsayin ingantaccen iko.Ana bayyana allurai da aka yi amfani da su a cikin waɗannan abubuwan nazarin halittu a cikin nanogram na samfurin gwaji a kowace milligram na nauyin jikin mace mai rai.An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na gwaji guda huɗu na kowane nau'in sauro akan batches waɗanda aka reno daban-daban, kuma an tattara bayanan mace-mace tare da bincikar su ta amfani da Probit don tantance adadin kisa na awa 24.
An daidaita adadin mace-mace ta amfani da dabarar Abbott [43].An yi nazarin bayanan da aka daidaita ta hanyar bincike na Regression Probit ta amfani da shirin kididdigar kwamfuta SPSS (Sigar 19.0).An ƙididdige ƙimar kisa na 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% da 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 da LD99, bi da bi) ta amfani da daidaitattun tazarar amincewar 95% (95% CI).An kimanta ma'auni na mahimmanci da bambance-bambance tsakanin samfuran gwaji ta amfani da gwajin chi-square ko gwajin Mann-Whitney U a cikin kowane binciken ilimin halitta.An yi la'akari da sakamakon ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci a P<0.05.Adadin juriya (RR) an kiyasta a matakin LD50 ta amfani da dabara mai zuwa [12]:
RR> 1 yana nuna juriya, kuma RR ≤ 1 yana nuna hankali.Ana ƙididdige ƙimar haɗin gwiwa (SR) ƙimar kowane ɗan takarar haɗin gwiwa kamar haka [34, 35, 44]:
Wannan factor ya raba sakamakon zuwa kashi uku: ƙimar SR na 1 ± 0.05 ana la'akari da cewa ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci, ƙimar SR na> 1.05 ana la'akari da tasirin synergistic, kuma ƙimar SR na mai mai launin rawaya mai haske zai iya zama. samu ta tururi distillation na rhizomes na C. rotundus da A. galanga da haushi na C. verum.Abubuwan da aka lissafta akan nauyin busassun sun kasance 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), da 0.54% (v/v).w) bi da bi (Table 1).Nazarin GC-MS na sinadarai na mai na C. rotundus, A. galanga da C. verum ya nuna kasancewar 19, 17 da 21 mahadi, wanda ya ƙunshi 80.22, 86.75 da 97.24% na duk abubuwan da aka gyara, bi da bi (Table 2). ).C. lucidum rhizome mai mahadi sun ƙunshi cyperonene (14.04%), sannan carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), da α-capsellan (7.53%).Babban bangaren sinadaran galangal rhizome mai shine β-bisabolene (18.27%), sai α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) da piperonol (10.09%).Yayin da aka gano cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) a matsayin babban bangaren C. verum haushi mai, cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) da 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) an dauke su da ƙananan sinadaran.Siffofin sinadarai na cyperne, β-bisabolene da cinnamaldehyde sune manyan mahadi na C. rotundus, A. galanga da C. verum, bi da bi, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 2.
Sakamako daga OO guda uku sun tantance ayyukan manya akan sauro Aedes.Ana nuna sauro aegypti a cikin Tebura 3. Duk EOs an gano cewa suna da tasirin mutuwa akan sauro na MCM-S Aedes a nau'o'i daban-daban da allurai.Aedes a egypti.Mafi tasiri EO shine C. verum, sannan A. galanga da C. rotundus tare da LD50 dabi'u na 3.30, 7.97 da 10.05 μg / mg MCM-S mata bi da bi, dan kadan sama da 3.22 (U = 1), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) da 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg / mg PMD -R a cikin mata.Wannan ya dace da PBO yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri mai girma akan PMD-R fiye da nau'in MSM-S, tare da ƙimar LD50 na 4.79 da 6.30 μg / MG mata, bi da bi (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057) .).Ana iya ƙididdige cewa ƙimar LD50 na C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus da PBO akan PMD-R kusan 0.98, 0.99, 0.95 da 0.76 sau ƙasa da waɗanda ke kan MCM-S, bi da bi.Don haka, wannan yana nuna cewa rashin lafiyar PBO da EO yana da kama da juna tsakanin nau'in Aedes guda biyu.Kodayake PMD-R ya fi MCM-S saukin kamuwa da cutar, hankalin Aedes aegypti ba shi da mahimmanci.Sabanin haka, nau'ikan Aedes guda biyu sun bambanta sosai a cikin hankalinsu ga permethrin.aegypti (Table 4).PMD-R ya nuna mahimmancin juriya ga permethrin (ƙimar LD50 = 0.44 ng / mg a cikin mata) tare da ƙimar LD50 mafi girma na 3.70 idan aka kwatanta da MCM-S (ƙimar LD50 = 0.44 ng / MG a cikin mata) ng / mg a cikin mata (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Kodayake PMD-R ba ta da hankali ga permethrin fiye da MCM-S, hankalinta ga PBO da C. verum, A. galanga, da kuma C. rotundus mai ya ɗan fi MCM-S girma.
Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin babban adadin bioassay na EO-permethrin hade, haɗin binary na permethrin da EO (LD25) ya nuna ko dai haɗin gwiwa (ƙimar SR> 1.05) ko babu tasiri (ƙimar SR = 1 ± 0.05).Hadadden tasirin manya na cakuda EO-permethrin akan sauro na gwaji na zabiya.Ana nuna nau'in Aedes aegypti MCM-S da PMD-R a cikin Teburin 4 da Hoto 3. An gano ƙarin man C. verum don rage LD50 na permethrin kaɗan a kan MCM-S kuma ɗan ƙara LD50 akan PMD-R zuwa 0.44- 0.42 ng / MG a cikin mata kuma daga 3.70 zuwa 3.85 ng / MG a cikin mata, bi da bi.Ya bambanta, ƙari na C. rotundus da A. galanga mai sun rage LD50 na permethrin akan MCM-S daga 0.44 zuwa 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) kuma zuwa 0.11 (U = 0)., Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg mata.Dangane da ƙimar LD50 na MCM-S, ƙimar SR na cakuda EO-permethrin bayan ƙari na mai C. rotundus da A. galanga sun kasance 6.28 da 4.00, bi da bi.Saboda haka, LD50 na permethrin da PMD-R ya ragu sosai daga 3.70 zuwa 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) da kuma zuwa 0.003 tare da ƙari na C. rotundus da A. galanga mai (U = 0). ., Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg mace.Ƙimar SR na permethrin tare da C. rotundus a kan PMD-R shine 8.81, yayin da SR darajar galangal-permethrin cakuda ya kasance 1233.33.Dangane da MCM-S, ƙimar LD50 na ingantaccen iko PBO ya ragu daga 0.44 zuwa 0.26 ng/mg (mata) kuma daga 3.70 ng/mg (mata) zuwa 0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P) = 0.029) da PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029).Ma'aunin SR na cakuda PBO-permethrin don damuwa MCM-S da PMD-R sun kasance 1.69 da 5.69, bi da bi.Wadannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa C. rotundus da A. galanga mai da PBO suna haɓaka gubar permethrin zuwa mafi girma fiye da C. verum mai don damuwa MCM-S da PMD-R.
Ayyukan manya (LD50) na EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) da haɗin gwiwar su akan pyrethroid-sensitive (MCM-S) da resistant (PMD-R) nau'in sauro Aedes.Aedes a egypti
[45]Ana amfani da pyrethroids na roba a duk duniya don sarrafa kusan dukkanin arthropods na aikin gona da kiwon lafiya.To sai dai saboda illar da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari ke haifarwa, musamman ta fuskar ci gaba da ci gaba da juriya da sauro, da kuma illar da ke tattare da lafiya da muhalli na dogon lokaci, yanzu akwai bukatar a rage amfani da su cikin gaggawa. na maganin kwari na roba na gargajiya da kuma haɓaka wasu hanyoyi [35, 46, 47].Baya ga kare muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam, fa'idodin magungunan kwari sun haɗa da zaɓi mai yawa, samuwa a duniya, da sauƙi na samarwa da amfani, yana sa su zama masu kyan gani don sarrafa sauro [32,48, 49].Wannan binciken, baya ga bayyana sifofin sinadarai masu mahimmancin mai ta hanyar bincike na GC-MS, ya kuma tantance ƙarfin manyan man mai da kuma ikon su na haɓaka gubar permethrin na roba.aegypti a cikin pyrethroid-sensitive strains (MCM-S) da kuma juriya (PMD-R).
Halin GC-MS ya nuna cewa cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) da cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin C. rotundus, A. galanga da C. verum mai, bi da bi.Waɗannan sinadarai sun nuna ayyukan nazarin halittu iri-iri.Ahn et al.[50] ya ruwaito cewa 6-acetoxycyperene, wanda aka keɓe daga rhizome na C. rotundus, yana aiki a matsayin fili na antitumor kuma zai iya haifar da apoptosis mai dogara da caspase a cikin kwayoyin ciwon daji na ovarian.β-Bisabolene, wanda aka samo daga mahimman man bishiyar mur, yana nuna takamaiman cytotoxicity akan ƙwayoyin cuta na mammary na ɗan adam da linzamin kwamfuta duka a cikin vitro da in vivo [51].Cinnamaldehyde, wanda aka samo daga tsantsa na halitta ko haɗawa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, an ba da rahoton cewa yana da kwari, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, da ayyukan antiangiogenic [52].
Sakamakon ayyukan da aka dogara da shi nazarin Admingasy ya nuna kyakkyawar damar da aka gwada ta EOS kuma ya nuna cewa alamun sauro sun yi kama da irin hadarin da ke tattare da EO da PBO.Aedes a egypti.Kwatanta tasirin EO da permethrin ya nuna cewa ƙarshen yana da tasirin alerji mai ƙarfi: ƙimar LD50 shine 0.44 da 3.70 ng / MG a cikin mata don damuwa MCM-S da PMD-R, bi da bi.Wadannan binciken suna da goyan bayan binciken da yawa da ke nuna cewa magungunan kashe qwari da ke faruwa a zahiri, musamman samfuran da aka samo daga shuka, gabaɗaya ba su da tasiri fiye da abubuwan da aka haɗa [31, 34, 35, 53, 54].Wannan yana iya zama saboda tsohon haɗaɗɗen haɗaɗɗen abubuwa ne masu aiki ko marasa aiki, yayin da na ƙarshen shine tsarkakakken fili guda ɗaya mai aiki.Koyaya, bambance-bambancen da rikitarwa na abubuwan da ke aiki na halitta tare da hanyoyin aiki daban-daban na iya haɓaka ayyukan ilimin halitta ko hana haɓaka juriya a cikin yawan jama'a [55, 56, 57].Yawancin masu bincike sun ba da rahoton yiwuwar maganin sauro na C. verum, A. galanga da C. rotundus da abubuwan da suka shafi su kamar β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde da 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60,61, 62,63,64].Duk da haka, nazarin wallafe-wallafen ya nuna cewa babu wani rahoto na baya game da tasirinsa na synergistic tare da permethrin ko wasu maganin kwari na roba akan sauro Aedes.Aedes a egypti.
A cikin wannan binciken, an sami bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin rashin lafiyar permethrin tsakanin nau'in Aedes guda biyu.Aedes a egypti.MCM-S yana kula da permethrin, yayin da PMD-R ba shi da hankali sosai da shi, tare da juriya na 8.41.Idan aka kwatanta da hankali na MCM-S, PMD-R ba shi da mahimmanci ga permethrin amma ya fi dacewa da EO, yana ba da tushe don ƙarin nazarin da ake nufi don haɓaka tasirin permethrin ta hanyar haɗa shi tare da EO.Haɗin haɗin gwiwa na tushen bioassay don tasirin manya ya nuna cewa gaurayawan binary na EO da permethrin sun rage ko ƙara yawan mace-mace na Aedes babba.Aedes a egypti.Ƙara man C. verum ya ɗan rage LD50 na permethrin akan MCM-S amma ɗan ƙara LD50 akan PMD-R tare da ƙimar SR na 1.05 da 0.96, bi da bi.Wannan yana nuna cewa man C. verum ba shi da wani tasiri ko tasiri akan permethrin lokacin da aka gwada shi akan MCM-S da PMD-R.Sabanin haka, mai C. rotundus da A. galanga sun nuna tasiri mai mahimmanci ta hanyar rage ƙimar LD50 na permethrin akan MCM-S ko PMD-R.Lokacin da aka haɗa permethrin tare da EO na C. rotundus da A. galanga, ƙimar SR na cakuda EO-permethrin na MCM-S sune 6.28 da 4.00, bi da bi.Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka kimanta permethrin akan PMD-R a hade tare da C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) ko A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), ƙimar SR ya karu sosai.Yana da kyau a lura cewa duka C. rotundus da A. galanga sun haɓaka gubar permethrin akan PMD-R Ae.egypti muhimmanci.Hakanan, an gano PBO don ƙara yawan guba na permethrin tare da ƙimar SR na 1.69 da 5.69 don damuwa MCM-S da PMD-R, bi da bi.Tun da C. rotundus da A. galanga suna da mafi girman ƙimar SR, an ɗauke su a matsayin mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka gubar permethrin akan MCM-S da PMD-R, bi da bi.
Yawancin binciken da suka gabata sun ba da rahoton tasirin haɗin gwiwa na haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin kwari na roba da kuma tsantsa shuka akan nau'ikan sauro daban-daban.Wani larvicidal bioassay akan Anopheles Stephensi wanda Kalayanasundaram da Das suka yi nazari [65] ya nuna cewa fenthion, organophosphate mai faɗi, yana da alaƙa da Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax da Parthenium hysterophorus.An lura da haɗin kai mai mahimmanci tsakanin tsantsa tare da tasirin haɗin gwiwa (SF) na 1.31., 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 da 2.23, bi da bi.A cikin gwajin larvicidal na nau'in mangrove na 15, an gano petroleum ether tsantsa tushen tushen mangrove ya fi tasiri a kan Culex quinquefasciatus tare da ƙimar LC50 na 25.7 mg / L [66].Sakamakon synergistic na wannan tsantsa da kuma pyrethrum na kwari na botanical an kuma bayar da rahoton rage LC50 na pyrethrum a kan C. quinquefasciatus larvae daga 0.132 mg / L zuwa 0.107 mg / L, Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da lissafin SF na 1.23 a cikin wannan binciken.34,35,44].Haɗewar tasirin Solanum citron tushen tsantsa da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa (misali, fenthion, cypermethrin (na roba pyrethroid) da timethphos (an organophosphorus larvicide)) akan sauro Anopheles an kimanta.Stephensi [54] da C. quinquefasciatus [34].Haɗuwa da amfani da cypermethrin da ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai launin ruwan 'ya'yan itacen man fetur ether tsantsa ya nuna tasiri mai tasiri akan cypermethrin a cikin dukkanin rabo.Matsakaicin mafi inganci shine haɗin binary 1: 1 tare da ƙimar LC50 da SF na 0.0054 ppm da 6.83, bi da bi, dangane da An.Stephen West[54].Yayin da 1: 1 cakuda binary S. xanthocarpum da temephos sun kasance masu adawa (SF = 0.6406), haɗin S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1: 1) ya nuna aikin haɗin gwiwa akan C. quinquefasciatus tare da SF na 1.3125 [34]].Tong da Blomquist [35] sunyi nazarin tasirin ethylene oxide na shuka akan gubar carbaryl (carbamate mai fadi) da permethrin zuwa sauro Aedes.Aedes a egypti.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ethylene oxide daga agar, barkono baƙar fata, juniper, helichrysum, sandalwood da sesame sun ƙara yawan gubar carbaryl zuwa sauro Aedes.Aegypti larvae SR dabi'u sun bambanta daga 1.0 zuwa 7.0.Sabanin haka, babu ɗayan EO da ya kasance mai guba ga sauro Aedes na manya.A wannan mataki, ba a ba da rahoton tasirin haɗin kai don haɗuwa da Aedes aegypti da EO-carbaryl ba.An yi amfani da PBO azaman ingantaccen sarrafawa don haɓaka gubar carbaryl akan sauro Aedes.Ma'aunin SR na Aedes aegypti larvae da manya sune 4.9-9.5 da 2.3, bi da bi.Haɗin binary na permethrin da EO ko PBO ne kawai aka gwada don ayyukan larvicidal.Cakuda na EO-permethrin yana da tasirin adawa, yayin da cakuda PBO-permethrin yana da tasirin daidaitawa akan sauro Aedes.Larvae na Aedes aegypti.Koyaya, gwaje-gwajen amsa kashi da kimantawar SR don gaurayawan PBO-permethrin ba a riga an yi su ba.Kodayake an sami sakamako kaɗan game da tasirin haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar phytosynthetic akan magungunan sauro, waɗannan bayanan suna goyan bayan sakamakon da ake samu, wanda ke buɗe tsammanin ƙara masu haɗin gwiwa ba kawai don rage adadin da aka yi amfani da shi ba, har ma don ƙara tasirin kisa.Ingancin kwari.Bugu da ƙari, sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna a karon farko cewa mai C. rotundus da A. galanga suna aiki tare da juna suna yin tasiri mafi girma a kan pyrethroid-mai saukin kamuwa da pyrethroid-resistant nau'in sauro na Aedes idan aka kwatanta da PBO lokacin da aka hade tare da permethrin toxicity.Aedes a egypti.Duk da haka, sakamakon da ba zato ba tsammani daga nazarin synergistic ya nuna cewa C. verum man fetur yana da mafi girman aikin anti-adult akan duka nau'in Aedes.Abin mamaki, sakamakon guba na permethrin akan Aedes aegypti bai gamsu ba.Bambance-bambance a cikin tasirin mai guba da tasirin haɗin gwiwa na iya kasancewa a wani ɓangare na fallasa ga nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu daban-daban a cikin waɗannan mai.
Duk da ƙoƙarin fahimtar yadda ake inganta ingantaccen aiki, hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba su da tabbas.Dalilai masu yuwuwa na tasiri daban-daban da yuwuwar haɗin kai na iya haɗawa da bambance-bambance a cikin sinadarai na samfuran da aka gwada da bambance-bambancen kamuwa da sauro mai alaƙa da matsayin juriya da haɓakawa.Akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin manya da ƙananan abubuwan ethylene oxide da aka gwada a cikin wannan binciken, kuma an nuna wasu daga cikin waɗannan mahadi suna da tasiri mai guba da ƙwayoyin cuta iri-iri da ƙwayoyin cuta [61,62,64,67,68].Duk da haka, manyan mahadi da aka kwatanta a cikin C. rotundus, A. galanga da C. verum mai, irin su cypern, β-bisabolene da cinnamaldehyde, ba a gwada su a cikin wannan takarda ba don ayyukan anti-adult da synergistic akan Ae, bi da bi.Aedes a egypti.Sabili da haka, ana buƙatar karatun nan gaba don ware abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin kowane mai mahimmanci da kuma bayyana tasirin kwari da hulɗar haɗin gwiwa akan wannan ƙwayar sauro.Gabaɗaya, aikin kwari ya dogara ne akan aiki da amsawa tsakanin guba da ƙwayoyin kwari, waɗanda za'a iya sauƙaƙe kuma a raba su zuwa matakai uku: shiga cikin fata na jikin kwari da membranes na gabobin da aka yi niyya, kunnawa (= hulɗa tare da manufa) da detoxification.abubuwa masu guba [57, 69].Sabili da haka, haɗin gwiwar maganin kwari wanda ke haifar da ƙara tasiri na haɗuwa mai guba yana buƙatar akalla ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan nau'o'in, kamar ƙara yawan shiga, ƙara yawan kunna mahadi, ko žasa da rage detoxification na magungunan kashe qwari.Misali, juriya na makamashi yana jinkirta shigar cuticle ta hanyar kauri mai kauri da juriya na biochemical, kamar haɓakar ƙwayoyin kwari da aka lura a cikin wasu nau'ikan kwari masu juriya [70, 71].Mahimmancin tasiri na EO a cikin ƙara yawan guba na permethrin, musamman a kan PMD-R, na iya nuna mafita ga matsalar maganin kwari ta hanyar yin hulɗa tare da hanyoyin juriya [57, 69, 70, 71].Tong da Blomquist [35] sun goyi bayan sakamakon wannan binciken ta hanyar nuna haɗin kai tsakanin EOs da magungunan kashe qwari.aegypti, akwai shaidar ayyukan hanawa akan detoxifying enzymes, ciki har da cytochrome P450 monooxygenases da carboxylesterases, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɓaka juriya ga magungunan kashe qwari na gargajiya.PBO ba wai kawai an ce ya zama mai hanawa na rayuwa na cytochrome P450 monooxygenase ba amma kuma yana inganta shigar da maganin kwari, kamar yadda aka nuna ta amfani da shi azaman ingantaccen iko a cikin nazarin synergistic [35, 72].Abin sha'awa, 1,8-cineole, ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da aka samo a cikin man galangal, an san shi saboda tasirinsa mai guba akan nau'in kwari [22, 63, 73] kuma an ba da rahoton cewa yana da tasirin synergistic a wurare da yawa na binciken ayyukan nazarin halittu [22, 63, 73] 74]..,75,76,77].Bugu da ƙari, 1,8-cineole a hade tare da kwayoyi daban-daban ciki har da curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] da zidovudine [81] kuma yana da tasiri mai haɓakawa.in vitro.Don haka, yuwuwar rawar 1,8-cineole a cikin aikin maganin kashe kwari ba wai kawai azaman kayan aiki bane amma kuma azaman haɓakar shigar ciki.Saboda babban haɗin gwiwa tare da permethrin, musamman a kan PMD-R, tasirin haɗin gwiwa na man galangal da man trichosanthes da aka lura a cikin wannan binciken na iya haifar da hulɗa tare da hanyoyin juriya, watau ƙara haɓakawa zuwa chlorine.Pyrethroids suna ƙara kunna abubuwan da aka tara kuma suna hana enzymes masu lalata kamar cytochrome P450 monooxygenases da carboxylesterases.Duk da haka, waɗannan abubuwan suna buƙatar ƙarin bincike don bayyana takamaiman rawar EO da keɓaɓɓen mahadi (kaɗai ko a hade) a cikin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa.
A cikin 1977, an ba da rahoton karuwar juriya na permethrin a cikin manyan al'ummomin vector a Thailand, kuma a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an maye gurbin amfani da permethrin da sauran sinadarai na pyrethroid, musamman waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da deltamethrin [82].Koyaya, juriya na vector ga deltamethrin da sauran nau'ikan maganin kwari ya zama ruwan dare a duk faɗin ƙasar saboda wuce gona da iri da amfani [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86].Don magance wannan matsala, ana ba da shawarar yin juyawa ko sake amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da aka jefar da su a baya kuma basu da guba ga dabbobi masu shayarwa, irin su permethrin.A halin yanzu, kodayake an rage amfani da permethrin a cikin shirye-shiryen magance sauro na gwamnatin ƙasa na baya-bayan nan, ana iya samun juriyar permethrin a cikin yawan sauro.Wannan na iya zama saboda fallasa sauro ga samfuran sarrafa kwari na gida, wanda galibi ya ƙunshi permethrin da sauran pyrethroids [14, 17].Don haka, nasarar sake fasalin permethrin yana buƙatar haɓakawa da aiwatar da dabarun rage juriya na vector.Ko da yake babu wani muhimmin mai da aka gwada daban-daban a cikin wannan binciken da ya yi tasiri kamar permethrin, yin aiki tare da permethrin ya haifar da tasiri mai ban sha'awa.Wannan alama ce mai ban sha'awa cewa hulɗar EO tare da hanyoyin juriya yana haifar da haɗuwa da permethrin tare da EO wanda ya fi tasiri fiye da maganin kwari ko EO kadai, musamman a kan PMD-R Ae.Aedes a egypti.Fa'idodin haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa a cikin haɓaka inganci, duk da amfani da ƙananan allurai don sarrafa vector, na iya haifar da ingantaccen sarrafa juriya da rage farashi [33, 87].Daga waɗannan sakamakon, yana da kyau a lura cewa A. galanga da C. rotundus EOs sun fi tasiri fiye da PBO a cikin haɗakar da gubar permethrin a cikin nau'in MCM-S da PMD-R kuma suna da yiwuwar madadin magungunan ergogenic na gargajiya.
EOs ɗin da aka zaɓa yana da tasirin haɗin gwiwa mai mahimmanci a cikin haɓaka yawan guba na manya akan PMD-R Ae.aegypti, musamman man galangal, yana da ƙimar SR har zuwa 1233.33, yana nuna cewa EO yana da alƙawarin alƙawarin a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka tasirin permethrin.Wannan na iya tayar da amfani da sabon samfurin halitta mai aiki, wanda tare zai iya ƙara yawan amfani da samfuran sarrafa sauro masu tasiri sosai.Hakanan yana bayyana yuwuwar ethylene oxide a matsayin madadin haɗin gwiwa don inganta yadda yakamata akan tsofaffi ko magungunan kwari na gargajiya don magance matsalolin juriya da ake dasu a cikin yawan sauro.Yin amfani da tsire-tsire masu sauƙi a cikin shirye-shiryen magance sauro ba kawai yana rage dogaro ga kayan da ake shigowa da su da tsada ba, har ma yana ƙarfafa ƙoƙarin gida don ƙarfafa tsarin kiwon lafiyar jama'a.
Wadannan sakamakon suna nuna a fili gagarumin tasirin haɗin gwiwar da aka samar ta hanyar haɗin ethylene oxide da permethrin.Sakamakon yana nuna yuwuwar ethylene oxide a matsayin mai sarrafa tsire-tsire a cikin sarrafa sauro, yana haɓaka tasirin permethrin akan sauro, musamman a cikin yawan jama'a masu juriya.Ci gaba da bincike na gaba zai buƙaci nazarin halittu masu rai na galangal da man alpinia da keɓaɓɓen mahadi, haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin kwari na asali ko asalin roba akan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sauro da matakan sauro, da gwajin guba akan ƙwayoyin da ba su da manufa.Amfani mai amfani na ethylene oxide a matsayin madaidaicin madadin synergist.
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