A wani aikin da aka yi a baya na gwada wuraren sarrafa abinci na gida don sauro a Thailand, an gano cewa man fetur (EOs) na Cyperus rotundus, galangal da kirfa suna da kyakkyawan aikin hana sauro a kan Aedes aegypti. A yunƙurin rage amfani da maganin gargajiyamagungunan kashe kwarida kuma inganta sarrafa yawan sauro masu juriya, wannan binciken ya yi nufin gano yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin tasirin kashe kwari na ethylene oxide na manya da kuma gubar permethrin ga sauro na Aedes. aegypti, gami da nau'ikan da ke jure wa pyrethroid da kuma masu saurin kamuwa da cuta.
Domin tantance sinadaran da kuma aikin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na EO da aka samo daga ƙwayoyin C. rotundus da A. galanga da kuma bawon C. verum akan nau'in Muang Chiang Mai mai saurin kamuwa da cuta (MCM-S) da nau'in Pang Mai Dang mai juriya (PMD-R).) Ae. Aedes aegypti mai aiki a manya. An kuma yi gwajin biosaay na cakuda EO-permethrin a kan waɗannan sauro na Aedes don fahimtar aikin haɗin gwiwa. nau'in aegypti.
Bayanin sinadarai ta amfani da hanyar nazarin GC-MS ya nuna cewa an gano mahaɗan 48 daga cikin EOs na C. rotundus, A. galanga da C. verum, waɗanda suka kai kashi 80.22%, 86.75% da 97.24% na jimillar abubuwan da aka haɗa, bi da bi. Cyperene (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%), da cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) su ne manyan abubuwan da ke cikin man cyperus, man galangal, da man balsamic, bi da bi. A cikin gwaje-gwajen kisan gillar manya, ƙimar C. rotundus, A. galanga da C. verum EVs sun yi tasiri wajen kashe Ae. aegypti, MCM-S da PMD-R LD50 sune 10.05 da 9.57 μg/mg mace, 7.97 da 7.94 μg/mg mace, da 3.30 da 3.22 μg/mg mace, bi da bi. Ingancin MCM-S da PMD-R Ae wajen kashe manya. aegypti a cikin waɗannan EOs ya kasance kusa da piperonyl butoxide (ƙimar PBO, LD50 = 6.30 da 4.79 μg/mg mace, bi da bi), amma ba kamar yadda permethrin ya bayyana ba (ƙimar LD50 = 0.44 da 3.70 ng/mg mace bi da bi). Duk da haka, gwaje-gwajen bio da aka haɗa sun gano haɗin kai tsakanin EO da permethrin. Babban haɗin kai tare da permethrin akan nau'ikan sauro guda biyu na Aedes. An lura da Aedes aegypti a cikin EM na C. rotundus da A. galanga. Ƙara man C. rotundus da A. galanga ya rage ƙimar LD50 na permethrin akan MCM-S daga 0.44 zuwa 0.07 ng/mg da 0.11 ng/mg a cikin mata, bi da bi, tare da ƙimar haɗin gwiwa (SR) na 6.28 da 4.00 bi da bi. Bugu da ƙari, C. rotundus da A. galanga EOs suma sun rage ƙimar LD50 na permethrin akan PMD-R daga 3.70 zuwa 0.42 ng/mg da 0.003 ng/mg a cikin mata, bi da bi, tare da ƙimar SR na 8.81 da 1233.33, bi da bi. .
Tasirin haɗin gwiwa na EO-permethrin don haɓaka gubar manya akan nau'ikan sauro guda biyu na Aedes. Aedes aegypti yana nuna rawar da ethylene oxide ke takawa a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa wajen haɓaka tasirin hana sauro, musamman inda mahaɗan gargajiya ba su da tasiri ko kuma ba su dace ba.
Sauro na Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) shine babban mai yaɗuwar zazzaɓin dengue da sauran cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaɗuwa kamar zazzabin rawaya, chikungunya da ƙwayar cutar Zika, wanda ke haifar da babbar barazana ga mutane[1, 2]. Kwayar cutar Dengue ita ce mafi munin cutar zazzabin zubar jini da ke shafar mutane, inda aka kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 5-100 ke kamuwa da cutar a kowace shekara kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.5 a duk duniya suna cikin haɗari [3]. Barkewar wannan cuta mai yaɗuwa tana sanya babban nauyi ga yawan jama'a, tsarin kiwon lafiya da tattalin arzikin yawancin ƙasashe masu zafi [1]. A cewar Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Thailand, an sami mutane 142,925 da suka kamu da zazzaɓin dengue da kuma mace-mace 141 da aka ruwaito a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin 2015, wanda ya ninka adadin waɗanda suka kamu da cutar da mace-mace a cikin 2014 sau uku [4]. Duk da shaidar tarihi, an kawar da zazzaɓin dengue ko kuma an rage shi sosai ta hanyar sauro na Aedes. Bayan shawo kan cutar Aedes aegypti [5], yawan kamuwa da cutar ya karu sosai kuma cutar ta yaɗu a duk faɗin duniya, saboda wani ɓangare na shekaru da dama na ɗumamar yanayi. Kawar da cutar Ae. Aedes aegypti abu ne mai wahala saboda ƙwayar sauro ce ta cikin gida wadda ke haɗuwa, ciyarwa, hutawa da kuma yin ƙwai a cikin da kewayen mazaunin ɗan adam da rana. Bugu da ƙari, wannan sauro yana da ikon daidaitawa da canje-canjen muhalli ko rikice-rikicen da abubuwan da suka faru na halitta (kamar fari) ko matakan sarrafa ɗan adam suka haifar, kuma yana iya komawa ga adadinsa na asali [6, 7]. Saboda an amince da alluran rigakafi kan zazzabin dengue kwanan nan kuma babu takamaiman magani ga zazzabin dengue, hana da rage haɗarin yaɗuwar cutar dengue ya dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan sarrafa ƙwayoyin sauro da kuma kawar da hulɗar ɗan adam da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Musamman ma, amfani da sinadarai don sarrafa sauro yanzu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a lafiyar jama'a a matsayin muhimmin sashi na cikakken tsarin kula da vector. Shahararrun hanyoyin sinadarai sun haɗa da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari masu ƙarancin guba waɗanda ke aiki akan tsutsotsin sauro (larvicides) da sauro manya (adidocides). Ana ɗaukar sarrafa tsutsotsi ta hanyar rage tushensu da kuma amfani da larvicides na sinadarai akai-akai kamar organophosphates da masu kula da haɓakar kwari a matsayin mahimmanci. Duk da haka, mummunan tasirin muhalli da ke da alaƙa da magungunan kashe kwari na roba da kuma kulawa mai wahala da rikitarwa har yanzu babban abin damuwa ne [8, 9]. Kula da vector na gargajiya, kamar kula da manya, ya kasance mafi inganci hanyar sarrafawa yayin barkewar cutar saboda yana iya kawar da vectors masu kamuwa da cuta cikin sauri da kuma babban sikelin, da kuma rage tsawon rai da tsawon rayuwar al'ummomin vector na gida [3]., 10]. Azuzuwan magungunan kashe kwari guda huɗu: organochlorines (wanda aka fi sani da DDT kawai), organophosphates, carbamates, da pyrethroids sune tushen shirye-shiryen kula da vector, tare da pyrethroids da aka ɗauka a matsayin aji mafi nasara. Suna da tasiri sosai a kan nau'ikan arthropods daban-daban kuma suna da ƙarancin tasiri ga dabbobi masu shayarwa. A halin yanzu, pyrethroids na roba sune mafi yawan magungunan kashe kwari na kasuwanci, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 25% na kasuwar magungunan kashe kwari ta duniya [11, 12]. Permethrin da deltamethrin sune magungunan kashe kwari na pyrethroid masu faɗi-faɗi waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a duk duniya tsawon shekaru da yawa don sarrafa nau'ikan kwari masu mahimmanci na noma da likitanci [13, 14]. A cikin shekarun 1950, an zaɓi DDT a matsayin sinadaran da aka fi so don shirin kula da sauro na lafiyar jama'a na ƙasar Thailand. Bayan amfani da DDT a yankunan da cutar malaria ta fi kamari, Thailand ta dakatar da amfani da DDT a hankali tsakanin 1995 da 2000 kuma ta maye gurbinsa da pyrethroids guda biyu: permethrin da deltamethrin [15, 16]. An gabatar da waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari na pyrethroid a farkon shekarun 1990 don magance zazzabin malaria da dengue, galibi ta hanyar maganin gidan sauro da amfani da hayaki mai zafi da feshi mai ƙarancin guba [14, 17]. Duk da haka, sun rasa tasiri saboda ƙarfin juriyar sauro da rashin bin ƙa'idodin jama'a saboda damuwa game da lafiyar jama'a da tasirin muhalli na sinadarai na roba. Wannan yana haifar da ƙalubale masu yawa ga nasarar shirye-shiryen kula da ƙwayoyin cuta na barazana [14, 18, 19]. Don sa dabarun ya fi tasiri, ya zama dole a ɗauki matakan magancewa cikin lokaci kuma masu dacewa. Shawarwarin gudanarwa sun haɗa da maye gurbin abubuwa na halitta, juyawar sinadarai na azuzuwan daban-daban, ƙara masu haɗin gwiwa, da haɗa sinadarai ko amfani da sinadarai na azuzuwan daban-daban a lokaci guda [14, 20, 21]. Saboda haka, akwai buƙatar gaggawa don nemo da haɓaka madadin da mai haɗin gwiwa mai dacewa da muhalli, mai dacewa kuma mai tasiri kuma wannan binciken yana nufin magance wannan buƙata.
Magungunan kwari da aka samo ta halitta, musamman waɗanda suka dogara da abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin shuka, sun nuna yuwuwar kimanta hanyoyin magance sauro na yanzu da na gaba [22, 23, 24]. Nazari da dama sun nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a sarrafa mahimman ƙwayoyin cuta na sauro ta hanyar amfani da kayayyakin shuka, musamman mayukan mahimmanci (EOs), a matsayin masu kashe manya. An gano kaddarorin kashe kwari ga wasu nau'ikan sauro masu mahimmanci a cikin man kayan lambu da yawa kamar seleri, cumin, zedoaria, anise, barkonon pipe, thyme, Schinus terebinthifolia, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon schoenanthus, Cymbopogon giganteus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cochlospermum planchonii, Eucalyptus ter eticornis., Eucalyptus citriodora, Cananga odorata da Petroselinum Criscum [25,26,27,28,29,30]. Yanzu ana amfani da Ethylene oxide ba wai kawai shi kaɗai ba, har ma tare da abubuwan shuka da aka fitar ko magungunan kashe kwari da ake da su, suna haifar da guba iri-iri. Haɗakar magungunan kwari na gargajiya kamar su organophosphates, carbamates da pyrethroids tare da ethylene oxide/cirewar tsire-tsire suna aiki tare ko kuma suna adawa da tasirinsu mai guba kuma an nuna cewa suna da tasiri akan ƙwayoyin cuta da kwari [31,32,33,34,35]. Duk da haka, yawancin bincike kan tasirin guba na haɗin phytochemicals tare da ko ba tare da sinadarai na roba ba an gudanar da su akan ƙwayoyin kwari na noma da kwari maimakon akan sauro masu mahimmanci a fannin likitanci. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin aikin kan tasirin haɗin gwiwar ƙwayoyin cuta na shuke-shuke da aka yi da ƙwayoyin cuta akan ƙwayoyin sauro ya mayar da hankali kan tasirin tsutsa.
A wani bincike da marubutan suka gudanar a baya a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani aikin bincike da ake ci gaba da yi na tantance masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta daga tsire-tsire na abinci na asali a Thailand, an gano cewa ethylene oxides daga Cyperus rotundus, galangal da kirfa suna da yuwuwar yin aiki akan manyan Aedes. Egypt [36]. Saboda haka, wannan binciken yana da nufin kimanta tasirin EOs da aka ware daga waɗannan tsire-tsire masu magani akan sauro na Aedes. aegypti, gami da nau'ikan da ke jure wa pyrethroid da kuma masu saurin kamuwa. An kuma yi nazarin tasirin haɗin gwiwa na cakuda ethylene oxide da pyrethroids na roba tare da ingantaccen tasiri ga manya don rage amfani da magungunan kwari na gargajiya da kuma ƙara juriya ga ƙwayoyin sauro, musamman akan Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Wannan labarin ya ba da rahoton halayen sinadarai na mai mai mahimmanci masu tasiri da kuma yuwuwar haɓaka gubar permethrin na roba akan sauro na Aedes. aegypti a cikin nau'ikan pyrethroid masu saurin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta (MCM-S) da nau'ikan da ke jure wa ƙwayoyin cuta (PMD-R).
An sayi Rhizomes na C. rotundus da A. galanga da bawon C. verum (Hoto na 1) da ake amfani da su wajen haƙo mai mai mahimmanci daga masu samar da magungunan ganye a Lardin Chiang Mai, Thailand. An sami nasarar gano waɗannan tsire-tsire ta hanyar tattaunawa da Mr. James Franklin Maxwell, ƙwararren masanin tsirrai na herbarium, Sashen Halittu, Kwalejin Kimiyya, Jami'ar Chiang Mai (CMU), Lardin Chiang Mai, Thailand, da masanin kimiyya Wanari Charoensap; a Sashen Magunguna, Kwalejin Magunguna, Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon, samfuran takardar shaidar Ms. na kowace shuka ana adana su a Sashen Parasitology a Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon don amfani a nan gaba.
An busar da samfuran shuka daban-daban ta hanyar inuwa na tsawon kwanaki 3-5 a cikin sarari mai buɗewa tare da iska mai aiki da zafin jiki na kimanin 30 ± 5 °C don cire danshi kafin a cire mai mai mahimmanci na halitta (EOs). Jimillar gram 250 na kowane busasshen kayan shuka an niƙa shi da foda mai kauri ta hanyar injiniya kuma an yi amfani da shi don ware mai mai mahimmanci (EOs) ta hanyar tururi. Na'urar tacewa ta ƙunshi mayafin dumama lantarki, kwalba mai zagaye na ƙasa mai nauyin 3000 mL, ginshiƙin cirewa, mai sanyaya iska, da na'urar Cool ace (Eyela Cool Ace CA-1112 CE, Tokyo Rikakikai Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Ƙara ruwa mai narkewa 1600 ml da ƙwallan gilashi 10-15 a cikin kwalbar sannan a dumama shi zuwa kimanin 100°C ta amfani da hita na lantarki na akalla awanni 3 har sai an gama tacewa kuma ba a samar da ƙarin EO ba. An raba layin EO daga matakin ruwa ta amfani da mazubin rabawa, aka busar da shi a kan sodium sulfate mai hana ruwa (Na2SO4) sannan aka adana shi a cikin kwalba mai launin ruwan kasa da aka rufe a zafin 4°C har sai an duba abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai da kuma ayyukan manya.
An gudanar da nazarin sinadarai na mai mai mahimmanci a lokaci guda tare da nazarin bio na babban abu. An gudanar da nazarin inganci ta amfani da tsarin GC-MS wanda ya ƙunshi Hewlett-Packard (Wilmington, CA, Amurka) 7890A gas chromatograph wanda aka sanye shi da na'urar gano ma'aunin quadrupole guda ɗaya (Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, CA, Amurka) da kuma MSD 5975C (EI). (Agilent Technologies).
Ginshiƙin Chromatographic - DB-5MS (30 m × ID 0.25 mm × kauri na fim 0.25 µm). Jimlar lokacin gudanar da GC-MS shine mintuna 20. Yanayin bincike shine cewa zafin injin allura da layin canja wuri shine 250 da 280 °C, bi da bi; an saita zafin wutar tanderu ya ƙaru daga 50°C zuwa 250°C a ƙimar 10°C/min, iskar gas mai ɗaukar iska shine helium; ƙimar kwarara shine 1.0 ml/min; ƙarar allura shine 0.2 µL (1/10% ta girma a cikin CH2Cl2, rabon rabawa 100:1); Ana amfani da tsarin ionization na lantarki tare da ƙarfin ionization na 70 eV don gano GC-MS. Yankin siyan shine raka'o'in atom 50–550 (amu) kuma saurin scanning shine scan 2.91 a kowace daƙiƙa. Kashi na abubuwan da aka haɗa ana bayyana su azaman kaso na al'ada ta yankin kololuwa. Gano sinadaran EO ya dogara ne akan ma'aunin riƙe su (RI). An ƙididdige RI ta amfani da lissafin Van den Dool da Kratz [37] don jerin n-alkanes (C8-C40) kuma an kwatanta shi da ma'aunin riƙewa daga adabi [38] da bayanan laburare (NIST 2008 da Wiley 8NO8). An tabbatar da asalin mahaɗan da aka nuna, kamar tsari da dabarar kwayoyin halitta, ta hanyar kwatantawa da samfuran sahihai da ake da su.
An sayi ƙa'idodin nazari don permethrin da piperonyl butoxide na roba (PBO, positive control in synergy studies) daga Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, Amurka). An sayi kayan gwajin manya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da allurai na ganewar asali na takardar da aka sanya wa permethrin (0.75%) a kasuwa daga Cibiyar Kula da Vector ta WHO da ke Penang, Malaysia. Duk sauran sinadarai da reagents da aka yi amfani da su suna da inganci na nazari kuma an saya su ne daga cibiyoyi na gida a Lardin Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Sauro da ake amfani da su a matsayin kwayoyin halitta na gwaji a cikin gwajin biosay na manya sun haɗu da sauro Aedes na dakin gwaje-gwaje. aegypti, gami da nau'in Muang Chiang Mai mai saurin kamuwa da cuta (MCM-S) da nau'in Pang Mai Dang mai juriya (PMD-R). An samo nau'in MCM-S daga samfuran gida da aka tattara a yankin Muang Chiang Mai, Lardin Chiang Mai, Thailand, kuma an kula da shi a ɗakin binciken ƙwayoyin cuta na Sashen Parasitology, Makarantar Magunguna ta CMU, tun daga 1995 [39]. Nau'in PMD-R, wanda aka gano yana da juriya ga permethrin, an ware shi daga sauro na fili da aka samo asali daga Ban Pang Mai Dang, Gundumar Mae Tang, Lardin Chiang Mai, Thailand, kuma ana kula da shi a wannan cibiyar tun 1997 [40]. An girma nau'in PMD-R a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba don kiyaye matakan juriya ta hanyar fallasa zuwa permethrin 0.75% lokaci-lokaci ta amfani da kayan aikin gano WHO tare da wasu gyare-gyare [41]. Kowane nau'in Ae. An yi wa Aedes aegypti dashen a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje marasa ƙwayoyin cuta a zafin 25 ± 2 °C da kuma zafi mai kyau na 80 ± 10% da kuma hasken rana/duhu na awanni 14:10. An ajiye kimanin tsutsotsi 200 a cikin tiren filastik (tsawon 33 cm, faɗin 28 cm da tsayi 9 cm) cike da ruwan famfo a yawan tsutsotsi 150-200 a kowace tire kuma an ciyar da su sau biyu a rana da biskit ɗin kare da aka yi wa rigakafi. An ajiye tsutsotsi manya a cikin keji mai danshi kuma an ci gaba da ciyar da sucrose mai ruwa 10% da kuma maganin syrup mai bitamin 10%. Sauro mata akai-akai suna tsotsar jini don yin ƙwai. Mata 'yan kwanaki biyu zuwa biyar waɗanda ba a shayar da su da jini ba za a iya amfani da su akai-akai a cikin gwaje-gwajen halittu na manya.
An yi gwajin amsawar mutuwa na EO ga ƙwayoyin cuta na mace-mace a kan ƙwarƙwarar Aedes, MCM-S da PMD-R ta amfani da hanyar da aka gyara bisa ga ka'idar WHO don gwajin juriya [42]. An narkar da EO daga kowace shuka a jere da wani sinadari mai dacewa (misali ethanol ko acetone) don samun jerin ƙwayoyin cuta na 4-6. Bayan an yi maganin sa barci da carbon dioxide (CO2), an auna sauro daban-daban. Sannan aka bar sauro masu sa barci ba tare da motsi ba a kan takardar tace busasshiyar a kan farantin sanyi na musamman a ƙarƙashin na'urar sitiriyo don hana sake kunnawa yayin aikin. Ga kowane magani, an shafa 0.1 μl na maganin EO a kan babban pronotum na mace ta amfani da na'urar rage zafi ta Hamilton (700 Series Microliter™, Hamilton Company, Reno, NV, Amurka). An yi wa mata ashirin da biyar magani da kowane sinadari, inda mace-mace ke tsakanin 10% zuwa 95% don aƙalla sinadari 4 daban-daban. Sauro da aka yi wa magani da sinadari ya zama abin sarrafawa. Don hana gurɓatar samfuran gwaji, a maye gurbin takardar tacewa da sabon takardar tacewa ga kowane gwajin EO da aka gwada. Ana nuna allurai da aka yi amfani da su a cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen biograms na EO a kowace milligram na nauyin jikin mace mai rai. An kuma tantance ayyukan PBO na manya ta hanyar da ta yi kama da EO, tare da amfani da PBO a matsayin iko mai kyau a cikin gwaje-gwajen haɗin gwiwa. An sanya sauro da aka yi wa magani a cikin dukkan ƙungiyoyi a cikin kofunan filastik kuma an ba su 10% sucrose tare da 10% multivitamin syrup. An yi duk gwaje-gwajen bio a 25 ± 2 °C da 80 ± 10% danshin dangi kuma an maimaita sau huɗu tare da sarrafawa. An duba kuma an tabbatar da mace-mace a lokacin renon sa'o'i 24 ta hanyar rashin amsawar sauro ga motsawar injina sannan aka rubuta shi bisa ga matsakaicin maimaitawa huɗu. An maimaita jiyya na gwaji sau huɗu ga kowane samfurin gwaji ta amfani da rukuni daban-daban na sauro. An taƙaita sakamakon kuma an yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige kashi na mace-mace, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tantance adadin mutuwa na sa'o'i 24 ta hanyar nazarin probit.
An tantance tasirin maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na EO da permethrin ta amfani da hanyar gwajin guba ta gida [42] kamar yadda aka bayyana a baya. Yi amfani da acetone ko ethanol a matsayin mai narkewa don shirya permethrin a yawan da ake so, da kuma cakuda biyu na EO da permethrin (EO-permethrin: permethrin da aka haɗa da EO a yawan LD25). An kimanta kayan gwaji (permethrin da EO-permethrin) akan nau'ikan MCM-S da PMD-R na Ae. Aedes aegypti. An ba kowace sauro mace 25 allurai huɗu na permethrin don gwada ingancinsa wajen kashe manya, tare da maimaita kowace magani sau huɗu. Don gano ƙwararrun masu haɗin gwiwa na EO, an ba wa kowace mace sauro 25 allurai 4 zuwa 6 na EO-permethrin, tare da maimaita kowace shafawa sau huɗu. Maganin PBO-permethrin (permethrin da aka haɗa da yawan LD25 na PBO) shi ma ya yi aiki azaman ingantaccen iko. Ana bayyana alluran da aka yi amfani da su a cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen halittu a cikin nanograms na samfurin gwaji a kowace milligram na nauyin jikin mace mai rai. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje huɗu na kowace nau'in sauro a kan rukunin da aka haifa daban-daban, kuma an tattara bayanan mace-mace kuma an yi nazari ta amfani da Probit don tantance allurar da za a yi amfani da ita wajen kashe mutane na tsawon awanni 24.
An daidaita adadin mace-mace ta amfani da dabarar Abbott [43]. An yi nazarin bayanan da aka gyara ta hanyar nazarin Probit regression ta amfani da shirin kididdigar kwamfuta SPSS (sigar 19.0). An ƙididdige ƙimar mutuwa ta 25%, 50%, 90%, 95% da 99% (LD25, LD50, LD90, LD95 da LD99, bi da bi) ta amfani da tazara na amincewa 95% daidai (95% CI). An kimanta ma'aunin mahimmanci da bambance-bambance tsakanin samfuran gwaji ta amfani da gwajin chi-square ko gwajin Mann-Whitney U a cikin kowane gwajin halittu. An ɗauki sakamakon a matsayin mahimmanci a kididdiga a P<0.05. Ana kiyasta ma'aunin juriya (RR) a matakin LD50 ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa [12]:
RR > 1 yana nuna juriya, kuma RR ≤ 1 yana nuna jin daɗi. An ƙididdige ƙimar haɗin gwiwa (SR) na kowane ɗan takarar haɗin gwiwa kamar haka [34, 35, 44]:
Wannan ma'aunin ya raba sakamakon zuwa rukuni uku: ana ɗaukar ƙimar SR na 1±0.05 a matsayin ba shi da wani tasiri a bayyane, ana ɗaukar ƙimar SR na >1.05 a matsayin tasirin haɗin gwiwa, kuma ana iya samun ƙimar SR na man ruwa mai launin rawaya mai haske ta hanyar tururi na rhizomes na C. rotundus da A. galanga da bawon C. verum. Yawan amfanin da aka ƙididdige akan busasshen nauyi shine 0.15%, 0.27% (w/w), da 0.54% (v/v). w) bi da bi (Tebur 1). Nazarin GC-MS na sinadaran mai na C. rotundus, A. galanga da C. verum ya nuna kasancewar mahaɗan 19, 17 da 21, waɗanda suka kai 80.22, 86.75 da 97.24% na dukkan abubuwan da aka haɗa, bi da bi (Tebur 2). Man rhizome na C. lucidum galibi sun ƙunshi cyperonene (14.04%), sai kuma carralene (9.57%), α-capsellan (7.97%), da α-capsellan (7.53%). Babban sinadarin sinadarai na man rhizome na galangal shine β-bisabolene (18.27%), sai kuma α-bergamotene (16.28%), 1,8-cineole (10.17%) da piperonol (10.09%). Yayin da aka gano cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) a matsayin babban sinadarin man C. verum, cinnamic acetate (6.61%), α-copaene (5.83%) da 3-phenylpropionaldehyde (4.09%) an ɗauke su a matsayin ƙananan sinadarai. Tsarin sinadarai na cyperne, β-bisabolene da cinnamaldehyde sune manyan mahaɗan C. rotundus, A. galanga da C. verum, bi da bi, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 2.
Sakamakon binciken da aka yi kan ayyukan manya guda uku da aka tantance a kan sauro na Aedes. An nuna sauro na aegypti a cikin Jadawali na 3. An gano cewa dukkan EOs suna da mummunan tasiri ga sauro na Aedes na MCM-S a nau'ikan da allurai daban-daban. Aedes aegypti. Mafi inganci EO shine C. verum, sai kuma A. galanga da C. rotundus tare da ƙimar LD50 na mata na 3.30, 7.97 da 10.05 μg/mg MCM-S bi da bi, ɗan fi 3.22 (U = 1), Z = -0.775, P = 0.667), 7.94 (U = 2, Z = 0, P = 1) da 9.57 (U = 0, Z = -1.549, P = 0.333) μg/mg PMD-R a cikin mata. Wannan ya yi daidai da PBO yana da ɗan tasiri mafi girma ga manya akan PMD-R fiye da nau'in MSM-S, tare da ƙimar LD50 na 4.79 da 6.30 μg/mg mata, bi da bi (U = 0, Z = -2.021, P = 0.057). ). Ana iya ƙididdige cewa ƙimar LD50 na C. verum, A. galanga, C. rotundus da PBO akan PMD-R sun yi ƙasa da sau 0.98, 0.99, 0.95 da 0.76 fiye da waɗanda ke kan MCM-S, bi da bi. Don haka, wannan yana nuna cewa sauƙin kamuwa da PBO da EO yana da kama da juna tsakanin nau'ikan Aedes guda biyu. Duk da cewa PMD-R ya fi saurin kamuwa da MCM-S, saurin kamuwa da Aedes aegypti bai yi yawa ba. Akasin haka, nau'ikan Aedes guda biyu sun bambanta sosai a cikin saurin kamuwa da permethrin. aegypti (Tebur 4). PMD-R ya nuna juriya mai yawa ga permethrin (ƙimar LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg a cikin mata) tare da ƙimar LD50 mafi girma na 3.70 idan aka kwatanta da MCM-S (ƙimar LD50 = 0.44 ng/mg a cikin mata) ng/mg a cikin mata (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Duk da cewa PMD-R ba ta da saurin amsawa ga permethrin fiye da MCM-S, saurin amsawa ga PBO da C. verum, A. galanga, da C. rotundus ya ɗan fi MCM-S girma.
Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin nazarin halittu na manya na haɗin EO-permethrin, haɗin biyu na permethrin da EO (LD25) sun nuna ko dai haɗin gwiwa (ƙimar SR > 1.05) ko babu tasiri (ƙimar SR = 1 ± 0.05). Tasirin manya masu rikitarwa na cakuda EO-permethrin akan sauro masu gwaji. An nuna nau'ikan Aedes aegypti MCM-S da PMD-R a cikin Jadawali na 4 da Hoto na 3. An gano cewa ƙarin man C. verum yana rage LD50 na permethrin kaɗan akan MCM-S kuma yana ƙara LD50 kaɗan akan PMD-R zuwa 0.44–0 .42 ng/mg a cikin mata da kuma daga 3.70 zuwa 3.85 ng/mg a cikin mata, bi da bi. Sabanin haka, ƙarin man C. rotundus da A. galanga ya rage LD50 na permethrin akan MCM-S sosai daga 0.44 zuwa 0.07 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) da kuma zuwa 0.11 (U = 0). , Z) = -2.309, P = 0.029) ng/mg na mata. Dangane da ƙimar LD50 na MCM-S, ƙimar SR na cakuda EO-permethrin bayan ƙara man C. rotundus da A. galanga sun kasance 6.28 da 4.00, bi da bi. Saboda haka, LD50 na permethrin akan PMD-R ya ragu sosai daga 3.70 zuwa 0.42 (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) da kuma zuwa 0.003 tare da ƙara man C. rotundus da A. galanga (U = 0). , Z = -2.337, P = 0.029) ng/mg na mace. Ƙimar SR na permethrin da aka haɗa da C. rotundus akan PMD-R shine 8.81, yayin da ƙimar SR na cakuda galangal-permethrin shine 1233.33. Idan aka kwatanta da MCM-S, ƙimar LD50 na PBO mai kyau ta rage daga 0.44 zuwa 0.26 ng/mg (mace) kuma daga 3.70 ng/mg (mace) zuwa 0.65 ng/mg (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029) da PMD-R (U = 0, Z = -2.309, P = 0.029). Ƙimar SR na cakuda PBO-permethrin don nau'ikan MCM-S da PMD-R sun kasance 1.69 da 5.69, bi da bi. Waɗannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa man C. rotundus da A. galanga da PBO suna ƙara yawan gubar permethrin fiye da man C. verum ga nau'ikan MCM-S da PMD-R.
Ayyukan manya (LD50) na EO, PBO, permethrin (PE) da haɗuwarsu akan nau'ikan sauro na Aedes masu saurin amsawa ga pyrethroid (MCM-S) da kuma juriya ga PMD-R.
[45]. Ana amfani da pyrethroids na roba a duk duniya don sarrafa kusan dukkan nau'ikan arthropods masu mahimmanci a fannin noma da kiwon lafiya. Duk da haka, saboda illolin amfani da magungunan kwari na roba, musamman dangane da ci gaba da yaduwar sauro, da kuma tasirin da ke kan lafiya da muhalli na dogon lokaci, yanzu akwai buƙatar gaggawa don rage amfani da magungunan kwari na gargajiya da kuma samar da wasu hanyoyin daban [35, 46, 47]. Baya ga kare muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam, fa'idodin magungunan kwari na shuka sun haɗa da babban zaɓi, wadatar duniya, da sauƙin samarwa da amfani, wanda hakan ya sa su zama masu jan hankali don sarrafa sauro [32, 48, 49]. Wannan binciken, baya ga fayyace halayen sinadarai na man mai mai inganci ta hanyar nazarin GC-MS, ya kuma tantance ƙarfin man mai mai mahimmanci na manya da ikonsu na haɓaka gubar permethrin. aegypti na roba a cikin nau'ikan pyrethroid masu saurin kamuwa da cuta (MCM-S) da nau'ikan da ke jure wa cututtuka (PMD-R).
Bayanin GC-MS ya nuna cewa cypern (14.04%), β-bisabolene (18.27%) da cinnamaldehyde (64.66%) sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin man C. rotundus, A. galanga da C. verum, bi da bi. Waɗannan sinadarai sun nuna ayyukan halittu daban-daban. Ahn et al. [50] sun ba da rahoton cewa 6-acetoxycyperene, wanda aka ware daga rhizome na C. rotundus, yana aiki a matsayin maganin ƙari kuma yana iya haifar da apoptosis mai dogaro da caspase a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansar ovarian. β-Bisabolene, wanda aka cire daga man da ake buƙata na itacen myrrh, yana nuna takamaiman guba ga ƙwayoyin cutar nono na ɗan adam da beraye a cikin vitro da kuma a cikin vivo [51]. An ruwaito cewa Cinnamaldehyde, wanda aka samo daga abubuwan da aka samo daga halitta ko aka haɗa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, yana da ayyukan kashe kwari, maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, maganin fungal, maganin kumburi, immunomodulatory, maganin ciwon daji, da ayyukan hana cutar kansa [52].
Sakamakon binciken bioassay na manya wanda ya dogara da kashi ya nuna kyakkyawan yuwuwar EOs da aka gwada kuma ya nuna cewa nau'in sauro na Aedes MCM-S da PMD-R suna da irin wannan sauƙin kamuwa da EO da PBO. Aedes aegypti. Kwatanta ingancin EO da permethrin ya nuna cewa na ƙarshen yana da ƙarfin tasirin rashin lafiyan: ƙimar LD50 shine 0.44 da 3.70 ng/mg ga mata ga nau'ikan MCM-S da PMD-R, bi da bi. Waɗannan binciken suna samun goyon baya daga bincike da yawa da ke nuna cewa magungunan kashe ƙwari na halitta, musamman samfuran da aka samo daga tsirrai, gabaɗaya ba su da tasiri fiye da abubuwan roba [31, 34, 35, 53, 54]. Wannan yana iya zama saboda na farko haɗakar sinadarai ne masu aiki ko marasa aiki, yayin da na ƙarshen wani abu ne mai aiki guda ɗaya da aka tsarkake. Duk da haka, bambancin da sarkakiyar sinadaran aiki na halitta tare da hanyoyin aiki daban-daban na iya haɓaka aikin halittu ko hana ci gaban juriya a cikin al'ummomin masu masaukin baki [55, 56, 57]. Masu bincike da yawa sun ba da rahoton yuwuwar hana sauro na C. verum, A. galanga da C. rotundus da abubuwan da ke cikinsu kamar β-bisabolene, cinnamaldehyde da 1,8-cineole [22, 36, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64]. Duk da haka, wani bita na wallafe-wallafen ya nuna cewa babu wani rahoto da ya gabata game da tasirinsa na haɗin gwiwa tare da permethrin ko wasu magungunan kashe kwari na roba akan sauro na Aedes. Aedes aegypti.
A cikin wannan binciken, an lura da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin raunin permethrin tsakanin nau'ikan Aedes guda biyu. Aedes aegypti. MCM-S yana da saurin kamuwa da permethrin, yayin da PMD-R ba shi da saurin kamuwa da shi, tare da ƙimar juriya na 8.41. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfin MCM-S, PMD-R ba shi da saurin kamuwa da permethrin amma ya fi saurin kamuwa da EO, wanda ke ba da tushe don ƙarin bincike da nufin ƙara tasirin permethrin ta hanyar haɗa shi da EO. Wani bincike mai haɗin gwiwa wanda ya dogara da tasirin manya ya nuna cewa haɗin EO da permethrin sun rage ko ƙara yawan mace-macen Aedes manya. Aedes aegypti. Ƙarin man C. verum ya ɗan rage LD50 na permethrin akan MCM-S amma ya ɗan ƙara LD50 akan PMD-R tare da ƙimar SR na 1.05 da 0.96, bi da bi. Wannan yana nuna cewa man C. verum ba shi da wani tasiri na synergistic ko antagonist akan permethrin lokacin da aka gwada shi akan MCM-S da PMD-R. Sabanin haka, man C. rotundus da A. galanga sun nuna wani babban tasiri na synergistic ta hanyar rage ƙimar LD50 na permethrin akan MCM-S ko PMD-R. Lokacin da aka haɗa permethrin da EO na C. rotundus da A. galanga, ƙimar SR na cakuda EO-permethrin don MCM-S sun kasance 6.28 da 4.00, bi da bi. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da aka kimanta permethrin akan PMD-R tare da C. rotundus (SR = 8.81) ko A. galanga (SR = 1233.33), ƙimar SR ta ƙaru sosai. Ya kamata a lura cewa duka C. rotundus da A. galanga sun haɓaka gubar permethrin akan PMD-R Ae. aegypti sosai. Hakazalika, an gano cewa PBO yana ƙara yawan gubar permethrin tare da ƙimar SR na 1.69 da 5.69 ga nau'ikan MCM-S da PMD-R, bi da bi. Tunda C. rotundus da A. galanga suna da mafi girman ƙimar SR, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa wajen haɓaka gubar permethrin akan MCM-S da PMD-R, bi da bi.
Nazarce-nazarce da dama da aka yi a baya sun ba da rahoton tasirin haɗin gwiwa na haɗakar magungunan kashe kwari da kuma cizon tsire-tsire ga nau'ikan sauro daban-daban. Wani bincike da aka yi kan ƙwayoyin cuta a kan Anopheles Stephensi wanda Kalayanasundaram da Das suka yi nazari a kai [65] ya nuna cewa fenthion, wani babban organophosphate mai faɗi, yana da alaƙa da Cleodendron inerme, Pedalium murax da Parthenium hysterophorus. An lura da haɗin gwiwa mai mahimmanci tsakanin cizon tare da tasirin synergistic (SF) na 1.31. , 1.38, 1.40, 1.48, 1.61 da 2.23, bi da bi. A cikin gwajin tsutsar ... An kuma ruwaito cewa tasirin haɗin gwiwa na wannan cirewar da kuma pyrethrum na maganin kwari na tsirrai ya rage LC50 na pyrethrum akan tsutsar C. quinquefasciatus daga 0.132 mg/L zuwa 0.107 mg/L, ban da haka, an yi amfani da lissafin SF na 1.23 a cikin wannan binciken. 34,35,44]. An kimanta ingancin haɗin gwiwar cirewar tushen Solanum citron da wasu magungunan kashe kwari na roba (misali, fenthion, cypermethrin (pyrethroid na roba) da timethphos (organophosphorus larvicide)) akan sauro na Anopheles. Stephensi [54] da C. quinquefasciatus [34]. Amfani da cypermethrin da cirewar ether na 'ya'yan itace rawaya ya nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa akan cypermethrin a duk rabo. Mafi ingancin rabo shine haɗin binary na 1:1 tare da ƙimar LC50 da SF na 0.0054 ppm da 6.83, bi da bi, idan aka kwatanta da An. Stephen West[54]. Yayin da haɗin binary na S. xanthocarpum da temephos na 1:1 ya kasance mai adawa da juna (SF = 0.6406), haɗin S. xanthocarpum-fenthion (1:1) ya nuna aikin haɗin gwiwa akan C. quinquefasciatus tare da SF na 1.3125 [34]]. Tong da Blomquist [35] sun yi nazarin tasirin ethylene oxide na shuka akan gubar carbaryl (babban-spectrum carbamate) da permethrin ga sauro na Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ethylene oxide daga agar, barkono baƙi, juniper, helichrysum, sandalwood da sesame sun ƙara gubar carbaryl ga sauro na Aedes. Ƙimar SR ta tsutsotsi aegypti ta bambanta daga 1.0 zuwa 7.0. Sabanin haka, babu ɗaya daga cikin EOs da ya zama mai guba ga sauro na Aedes manya. A wannan matakin, ba a bayar da rahoton tasirin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Aedes aegypti da EO-carbaryl ba. An yi amfani da PBO a matsayin maganin da ke inganta gubar carbaryl akan sauro na Aedes. Ƙimar SR na tsutsotsin Aedes aegypti da manya sune 4.9-9.5 da 2.3, bi da bi. An gwada cakuda biyu na permethrin da EO ko PBO kawai don aikin kashe ƙwari. Haɗin EO-permethrin yana da tasirin adawa, yayin da cakuda PBO-permethrin yana da tasirin haɗin gwiwa akan sauro na Aedes. Tsutsotsin Aedes aegypti. Duk da haka, ba a yi gwaje-gwajen amsawar allurai da kimanta SR don cakuda PBO-permethrin ba tukuna. Duk da cewa an samu sakamako kaɗan game da tasirin haɗin phytosynthetic akan ƙwayoyin sauro, waɗannan bayanan suna tallafawa sakamakon da ake da shi, wanda ke buɗe damar ƙara masu haɗin gwiwa ba wai kawai don rage yawan da aka yi amfani da shi ba, har ma don ƙara tasirin kashewa. Ingancin kwari. Bugu da ƙari, sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna a karon farko cewa man C. rotundus da A. galanga suna yin aiki tare sosai akan nau'ikan sauro na Aedes masu saurin kamuwa da pyrethroid da juriya ga pyrethroid idan aka kwatanta da PBO lokacin da aka haɗa su da gubar permethrin. Aedes aegypti. Duk da haka, sakamakon da ba a zata ba daga binciken synergistic ya nuna cewa man C. verum yana da mafi girman aikin hana manya akan nau'ikan Aedes guda biyu. Abin mamaki, tasirin guba na permethrin akan Aedes aegypti bai gamsar ba. Bambancin tasirin guba da tasirin synergistic na iya zama saboda fallasa nau'ikan da matakan abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin waɗannan mai.
Duk da ƙoƙarin fahimtar yadda za a inganta inganci, hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa ba su da tabbas. Dalilan da za su iya haifar da bambancin tasiri da yuwuwar haɗin gwiwa na iya haɗawa da bambance-bambance a cikin sinadaran samfuran da aka gwada da bambance-bambancen da ke cikin sauƙin kamuwa da sauro da ke da alaƙa da yanayin juriya da ci gaba. Akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin manyan da ƙananan sassan ethylene oxide da aka gwada a cikin wannan binciken, kuma an nuna cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan mahaɗan suna da tasirin kariya da guba akan nau'ikan kwari da ƙwayoyin cuta iri-iri [61,62,64,67,68]. Duk da haka, manyan mahaɗan da aka siffanta a cikin man C. rotundus, A. galanga da C. verum, kamar cypern, β-bisabolene da cinnamaldehyde, ba a gwada su a cikin wannan takarda ba don ayyukan hana manya da haɗin gwiwa akan Ae, bi da bi. Aedes aegypti. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar nazarin gaba don ware sinadaran aiki da ke cikin kowane mai mai mahimmanci da kuma bayyana ingancin maganin kwari da hulɗar haɗin gwiwa akan wannan ƙwayar sauro. Gabaɗaya, aikin kashe kwari ya dogara ne akan aiki da amsawar da ke tsakanin guba da kyallen kwari, wanda za'a iya sauƙaƙewa kuma a raba shi zuwa matakai uku: shiga cikin fatar jikin kwari da membranes na gabobin da ake nufi, kunnawa (= hulɗa da abin da ake nufi) da kuma kawar da guba. abubuwa masu guba [57, 69]. Saboda haka, haɗin gwiwar maganin kwari wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar tasirin haɗakar guba yana buƙatar aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan rukunan, kamar ƙara shiga, ƙara yawan kunna mahaɗan da aka tara, ko ƙarancin rage gubar sinadarin maganin kwari. Misali, haƙurin makamashi yana jinkirta shigar cuticle ta hanyar kauri cuticle da juriyar sinadarai, kamar haɓaka metabolism na kwari da aka lura a cikin wasu nau'ikan kwari masu juriya [70, 71]. Muhimmin tasirin EOs wajen ƙara gubar permethrin, musamman akan PMD-R, na iya nuna mafita ga matsalar juriyar kwari ta hanyar hulɗa da hanyoyin juriya [57, 69, 70, 71]. Tong da Blomquist [35] sun goyi bayan sakamakon wannan binciken ta hanyar nuna hulɗar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin EOs da magungunan kashe kwari na roba. A zahiri, akwai shaidar ayyukan hanawa akan enzymes masu tsarkake jiki, gami da cytochrome P450 monooxygenases da carboxylesterases, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɓakar juriya ga magungunan kashe kwari na gargajiya. Ba wai kawai an ce PBO yana hana cytochrome P450 monooxygenase na rayuwa ba, har ma yana inganta shigar ƙwayoyin kwari cikin jiki, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar amfani da shi azaman iko mai kyau a cikin nazarin haɗin gwiwa [35, 72]. Abin sha'awa, 1,8-cineole, ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ake samu a cikin man galangal, an san shi da tasirinsa mai guba akan nau'in kwari [22, 63, 73] kuma an ruwaito cewa yana da tasirin haɗin gwiwa a fannoni da yawa na binciken ayyukan halittu [74]. , ,75,76,77]. Bugu da ƙari, 1,8-cineole tare da magunguna daban-daban ciki har da curcumin [78], 5-fluorouracil [79], mefenamic acid [80] da zidovudine [81] suma suna da tasirin haɓaka permeation. a cikin vitro. Don haka, yuwuwar rawar da 1,8-cineole ke takawa a cikin aikin kashe kwari na synergistic ba wai kawai a matsayin sinadari mai aiki ba ne har ma a matsayin mai haɓaka shigar ciki. Saboda ƙarin haɗin gwiwa tare da permethrin, musamman akan PMD-R, tasirin haɗin gwiwa na man galangal da man trichosanthes da aka lura a cikin wannan binciken na iya haifar da hulɗa da hanyoyin juriya, watau ƙaruwar shiga cikin chlorine. Pyrethroids suna ƙara kunna abubuwan da aka tara kuma suna hana enzymes masu tsarkake jiki kamar cytochrome P450 monooxygenases da carboxylesterases. Duk da haka, waɗannan fannoni suna buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fayyace takamaiman rawar da EO da mahaɗan da aka keɓe (su kaɗai ko a hade) ke takawa a cikin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa.
A shekarar 1977, an ruwaito karuwar matakan juriya ga permethrin a cikin manyan al'ummomin vector a Thailand, kuma a cikin shekaru da suka biyo baya, an maye gurbin amfani da permethrin da wasu sinadarai na pyrethroid, musamman waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da deltamethrin [82]. Duk da haka, juriya ga deltamethrin da sauran nau'ikan magungunan kwari ya zama ruwan dare a duk faɗin ƙasar saboda yawan amfani da su akai-akai [14, 17, 83, 84, 85, 86]. Don magance wannan matsalar, ana ba da shawarar a juya ko sake amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da aka watsar waɗanda a da suke da tasiri kuma ba su da guba ga dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar permethrin. A halin yanzu, kodayake an rage amfani da permethrin a cikin shirye-shiryen kula da sauro na gwamnatin ƙasa na baya-bayan nan, har yanzu ana iya samun juriyar permethrin a cikin al'ummar sauro. Wannan na iya kasancewa saboda fallasa sauro ga kayayyakin kula da kwari na gida, waɗanda galibi sun ƙunshi permethrin da sauran pyrethroids [14, 17]. Don haka, nasarar sake amfani da permethrin yana buƙatar haɓakawa da aiwatar da dabarun rage juriya ga vector. Ko da yake babu wani daga cikin man fetur da aka gwada daban-daban a cikin wannan binciken da ya yi tasiri kamar permethrin, yin aiki tare da permethrin ya haifar da tasirin haɗin gwiwa mai ban mamaki. Wannan alama ce mai ban sha'awa cewa hulɗar EO da hanyoyin juriya yana haifar da haɗin permethrin tare da EO ya fi tasiri fiye da maganin kwari ko EO kaɗai, musamman akan PMD-R Ae. Aedes aegypti. Amfanin gaurayawan haɗin gwiwa wajen ƙara inganci, duk da amfani da ƙananan allurai don sarrafa vector, na iya haifar da ingantaccen sarrafa juriya da rage farashi [33, 87]. Daga waɗannan sakamakon, abin farin ciki ne a lura cewa A. galanga da C. rotundus EOs sun fi PBO tasiri sosai wajen haɗa gubar permethrin a cikin nau'ikan MCM-S da PMD-R kuma suna iya zama madadin kayan taimako na ergogenic na gargajiya.
EOs ɗin da aka zaɓa suna da tasirin haɗin gwiwa mai mahimmanci wajen haɓaka gubar manya akan PMD-R Ae. aegypti, musamman man galangal, yana da ƙimar SR har zuwa 1233.33, yana nuna cewa EO yana da babban alƙawari a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa wajen haɓaka ingancin permethrin. Wannan na iya ƙarfafa amfani da sabon samfurin halitta mai aiki, wanda tare zai iya ƙara yawan amfani da samfuran sarrafa sauro masu inganci. Hakanan yana bayyana yuwuwar ethylene oxide a matsayin madadin mai haɗin gwiwa don inganta ingantaccen maganin kwari na gargajiya don magance matsalolin juriya da ake da su a cikin yawan sauro. Amfani da tsire-tsire masu sauƙin samu a cikin shirye-shiryen sarrafa sauro ba wai kawai yana rage dogaro da kayan da aka shigo da su da tsada ba, har ma yana ƙarfafa ƙoƙarin gida don ƙarfafa tsarin lafiyar jama'a.
Waɗannan sakamakon sun nuna a sarari cewa tasirin haɗin gwiwa da aka samu ta hanyar haɗakar ethylene oxide da permethrin ya haifar. Sakamakon ya nuna yuwuwar ethylene oxide a matsayin mai haɗakar shuke-shuke a cikin sarrafa sauro, yana ƙara ingancin permethrin akan sauro, musamman a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da juriya. Ci gaba da bincike na gaba za su buƙaci nazarin halittu masu alaƙa na man galangal da alpinia da mahaɗan da aka keɓe, haɗuwa da magungunan kwari na asali na halitta ko na roba akan nau'ikan da matakai na sauro da yawa, da gwajin guba akan ƙwayoyin cuta marasa manufa. Amfani da ethylene oxide a aikace azaman madadin haɗin gwiwa mai yiwuwa.
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