Citrus, shukar da ke cikin dangin Arantioideae na dangin Rutaceae, tana ɗaya daga cikin amfanin gona mafi mahimmanci a duniya, wanda ya kai kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na jimillar amfanin gona na 'ya'yan itace a duniya. Akwai nau'ikan citrus da yawa, ciki har da citrus mai faɗi, lemu, pomelo, innabi, lemun tsami da lemun tsami. A cikin ƙasashe da yankuna sama da 140, ciki har da China, Brazil da Amurka, yankin da aka shuka citrus ya kai miliyan 10.5530 hm2, kuma yawan amfanin gonar ya kai tan miliyan 166.3030. China ita ce ƙasar da ta fi samar da citrus da tallace-tallace a duniya, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yankin da aka shuka da kuma yawan amfanin gonar ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, a cikin 2022, yankin da ya kai kimanin hm2,033,500, yawan amfanin gonar ya kai tan miliyan 6,039. Duk da haka, masana'antar citrus ta China tana da girma amma ba ta da ƙarfi, kuma Amurka da Brazil da sauran ƙasashe suna da babban gibi.
Citrus ita ce bishiyar 'ya'yan itace da ta fi girma a fannin noma kuma mafi muhimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki a kudancin kasar Sin, wadda ke da muhimmanci musamman ga rage talauci a masana'antu da kuma farfado da karkara. Tare da inganta kariyar muhalli da wayar da kan jama'a game da lafiya da kuma ci gaban masana'antar citrus ta duniya da kuma samar da bayanai game da harkokin noma, citrus kore da na halitta yana kara zama abin sha'awa ga mutane, kuma bukatar wadatar kayayyaki masu inganci, iri-iri da kuma daidaitacce a kowace shekara na ci gaba da karuwa. Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana'antar citrus ta kasar Sin tana fuskantar matsaloli sakamakon abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi (zafin jiki, ruwan sama, ingancin ƙasa), fasahar samarwa (iri-iri, fasahar noma, shigar da kayan noma) da kuma yanayin gudanarwa, da sauran abubuwa, akwai matsaloli kamar nau'ikan nagari da marasa kyau, rashin karfin hana cututtuka da kwari, wayar da kan jama'a game da nau'ikan iri ba shi da karfi, yanayin gudanarwa baya ne kuma sayar da 'ya'yan itatuwa na yanayi yana da wahala. Domin inganta ci gaban masana'antar citrus mai kyau da kore, yana da matukar muhimmanci a karfafa bincike kan inganta iri-iri, ka'ida da fasahar rage kiba da rage magunguna, inganci da inganci. Magungunan kashe kwari suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zagayowar samar da citrus kuma suna shafar yawan amfanin gona da ingancin citrus kai tsaye. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, zaɓin magungunan kashe kwari a cikin samar da kore na citrus ya fi wahala saboda yanayi mai tsanani da kwari da ciyawa.
Wani bincike da aka gudanar a cikin rumbun adana bayanai na rajistar magungunan kashe kwari na China Pesticide Information Network ya gano cewa ya zuwa ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2023, akwai kayayyakin kashe kwari 3,243 da aka yi rijista a matsayin masu tasiri a kan citrus a China. Akwai 1515magungunan kashe kwari, wanda ya kai kashi 46.73% na jimillar adadin magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi rijista. Akwai magungunan kashe kwari guda 684, wadanda suka kai kashi 21.09%; magungunan kashe kwari guda 537, wadanda suka kai kashi 16.56%; magungunan kashe kwari guda 475, wadanda suka kai kashi 14.65%; Akwai 132masu kula da haɓakar shuka, wanda ya kai kashi 4.07%. Gubar magungunan kashe kwari a ƙasarmu an raba ta zuwa matakai 5 daga sama zuwa ƙasa: guba mai yawa, guba mai yawa, guba mai matsakaici, guba mai ƙarancin guba da kuma guba mai sauƙi. Akwai samfuran guba mai matsakaicin guba guda 541, waɗanda suka kai kashi 16.68% na jimlar magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi rijista. Akwai samfuran guba mai ƙarancin guba guda 2,494, waɗanda suka kai kashi 76.90% na jimlar adadin magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi rijista. Akwai samfuran guba mai ɗan sauƙi guda 208, waɗanda suka kai kashi 6.41% na jimlar magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi rijista.
1. Matsayin yin rijistar magungunan kashe kwari/maganin kashe kwari na citrus
Akwai nau'ikan sinadarai 189 na maganin kwari da ake amfani da su wajen samar da citrus a kasar Sin, wadanda daga cikinsu akwai sinadaran aiki guda daya, kuma guda 120 na maganin kwari ne. Adadin magungunan kwari da aka yi rijista ya fi sauran nau'ikan magani, jimilla 1,515. Daga cikinsu, an yi rijistar jimillar kayayyaki 994 a allurai daya, kuma manyan magungunan kashe kwari guda 5 sune acetamidine (188), avermectin (100), spiroxylate (58), man ma'adinai (53) da ethozole (51), wadanda suka kai kashi 29.70%. Jimillar kayayyaki 521 aka hada, kuma manyan magungunan kashe kwari guda 5 a cikin adadin da aka yi rijista sune actinospirin (kayayyaki 52), actinospirin (kayayyaki 35), actinospirin (kayayyaki 31), actinospirin (kayayyaki 31) da dihydrazide (kayayyaki 28), wadanda suka kai kashi 11.68%. Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga Tebur na 2, daga cikin samfuran 1515 da aka yi rijista, akwai nau'ikan magunguna 19, waɗanda manyan ukun sune samfuran emulsion (653), samfuran dakatarwa (518) da foda mai laushi (169), wanda ya kai jimillar kashi 88.45%.
Akwai nau'ikan sinadarai masu aiki guda 83 na acaricides da ake amfani da su wajen samar da citrus, wadanda suka hada da nau'ikan sinadarai masu aiki guda 24 da kuma nau'ikan sinadarai masu aiki iri 59. An yi rijistar kayayyakin acaricidal guda 684 (na biyu kawai bayan magungunan kwari), wanda 476 magunguna ne guda daya, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Jadawali na 3. Manyan magungunan kashe kwari guda 4 a cikin adadin magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi rijista sune acetylidene (126), triazoltin (90), chlorfenazoline (63) da phenylbutin (26), wanda ya kai kashi 44.59% a jimilla. Jimillar kayayyaki 208 aka hada, kuma manyan magungunan kashe kwari guda 4 a cikin adadin da aka yi rijista sune aviculin (27), dihydrazide · ethozole (18), aviculin · man fetur (15), da Aviculin · man fetur (13), wanda ya kai kashi 10.67%. Daga cikin samfuran 684 da aka yi rijista, akwai nau'ikan magunguna 11, waɗanda manyan ukun sune samfuran emulsion (330), samfuran dakatarwa (198) da foda mai laushi (124), wanda ya kai kashi 95.32% jimilla.
Nau'ikan da adadin magungunan kashe kwari/acaricidal guda ɗaya (banda maganin dakatarwa, microemulsion, dakatarwar emulsion da ruwa mai ruwa) sun fi na gauraye. Akwai nau'ikan maganin kashe kwari guda 18 da nau'ikan maganin gauraye guda 9. Akwai nau'ikan maganin acaricides guda 11 da nau'ikan maganin gauraye guda 5. Abubuwan da ke hana maganin kwari masu gauraye sune Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (gizo-gizo ja), Gall mite (tsatsa kaska, gizo-gizo mai tsatsa), Whitefly (White whitefly, whitefly black spiny), Aspididae (Aphididae), Aphididae (orange aphid, aphids), practical fly (Orange Macropha), leaf miner moth (ganye mai hakar ganye), weevil (toka weevil) da sauran kwari. Babban abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen sarrafa magani guda ɗaya sune Psyllidae (Psyllidae), Phylloacidae (gizo-gizo ja), Pisolidae (Rusteckidae), Whiteflidae (Farin ƙwari), Aspididae (Aphididae), Ceracidae (Red Ceratidae), Aphididae (Aphids), kwari masu amfani (Tangeridae, Tangeridae), masu haƙa ganye (ganye), masu haƙa ganye (Tangeridae), Papiliidae (citrus papiliidae), da Longicidae (Longicidae). Da sauran kwari. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen sarrafa acaricides sune mites na phyllodidae (ja gizo-gizo gizo-gizo), Aspidococcus (Aracidae), Cerococcus (Red Cerococcus), Psyllidae (Psyllidae), ma'adinan ganye (mai haƙa ganye), Pall mite (tsatsa kaska), aphid (aphids) da sauransu. Daga cikin nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi rijista, magungunan kashe kwari na acaricides galibi suna da sinadarai, nau'ikan 60 da 21, bi da bi. Akwai nau'ikan 9 kacal daga tushen halittu da ma'adanai, ciki har da neem (2) da matrine (3) daga tushen tsirrai da dabbobi, da kuma Bacillus thuringiensis (8), Beauveria bassiana ZJU435 (1), Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 (1) da avermectin (103) daga tushen ƙwayoyin cuta. Ma'adanai sune man ma'adinai (62), cakuda sulfur na dutse (7), da sauran nau'ikan sune sodium rosin (6).
2. Rijistar magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na citrus
Akwai nau'ikan sinadarai 117 masu aiki na samfuran maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, nau'ikan sinadarai guda 61 masu aiki da nau'ikan sinadarai 56 masu aiki da aka haɗa. Akwai samfuran maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta guda 537 masu alaƙa, waɗanda 406 allurai ne guda ɗaya. Manyan magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta guda 4 da aka yi rijista sune imidamine (64), mancozeb (49), jan ƙarfe hydroxide (25) da jan ƙarfe (19), waɗanda suka kai kashi 29.24% a jimilla. Jimillar kayayyaki 131 an haɗa su, kuma manyan magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta guda 4 da aka yi rijista sune Chunlei · Wang jan ƙarfe (17), Chunlei · quinoline jan ƙarfe (9), azole · deisen (8), da azole · imimine (7), waɗanda suka kai kashi 7.64% a jimilla. Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga Tebur na 2, akwai nau'ikan magunguna 18 na samfuran maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta guda 537, daga cikinsu manyan nau'ikan guda 3 waɗanda suka fi yawa sune foda mai laushi (159), samfurin dakatarwa (148) da granule mai narkewa (86), wanda ya kai kashi 73.18% a jimilla. Akwai nau'ikan maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta guda 16 da kuma nau'ikan maganin guda 7 da aka haɗa.
Abubuwan da ke hana fungicides sune powdery mildew, scab, black spot (black tabo), toka mold, canker, resin disease, anthrax da cututtukan lokacin ajiya (ruɓewar tushen, black rot, penicillium, kore mold da acid rot). Fungicides galibi magungunan kashe kwari ne na sinadarai, akwai nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari na sinadarai guda 41, kuma nau'ikan tushen halittu da ma'adanai guda 19 ne kawai aka yi rijista, daga cikinsu akwai berberine (1), carvall (1), sopranoginseng extract (2), allicin (1), D-limonene (1). Tushen ƙwayoyin cuta sune mesomycin (4), priuremycin (4), avermectin (2), Bacillus subtilis (8), Bacillus methylotrophicum LW-6 (1). Tushen ma'adanai sune cuprous oxide (1), king copper (19), stone sulfur cakude (6), copper hydroxide (25), calcium copper sulfate (11), sulfur (6), ma'adinai mai (4), basic copper sulfate (7), Bordeaux liquid (11).
3. Rijistar magungunan kashe kwari na citrus
Akwai nau'ikan sinadarai 20 masu tasiri ga maganin kwari, nau'ikan sinadarai 14 masu tasiri ga jiki da nau'ikan sinadarai 6 masu tasiri ga jiki. An yi rijistar jimillar kayayyakin maganin kwari 475, ciki har da wakilai 467 da wakilai 8 masu hadewa. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Jadawali na 5, manyan magungunan kashe kwari 5 da aka yi rijista sune isopropylamine glyphosate (169), ammonium glyphosate (136), ammonium glyphosate (93), glyphosate (47) da ammonium glyphosate fine glyphosate (6), wanda ya kai kashi 94.95% a jimilla. Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga Jadawali na 2, akwai nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari 7, wadanda daga cikinsu 3 na farko kayayyakin ruwa ne (302), kayayyakin granule masu narkewa (78) da kayayyakin foda masu narkewa (69), wadanda suka kai kashi 94.53% a jimilla. Dangane da nau'ikan, dukkan magungunan kashe kwari 20 an hada su ne ta hanyar sinadarai, kuma babu wani samfurin halittu da aka yi rijista.
4. Rijistar masu kula da citta
Akwai nau'ikan sinadarai 35 masu aiki na masu kula da girmar shuke-shuke, waɗanda suka haɗa da nau'ikan wakilai 19 guda ɗaya da nau'ikan wakilai 16 iri-iri. Akwai samfuran masu kula da girmar shuke-shuke guda 132 a jimilla, waɗanda 100 magani ɗaya ne. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Jadawali na 6, manyan masu kula da girmar citrus guda 5 da aka yi rijista sune gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) da S-inducidin (5), waɗanda suka kai kashi 59.85% a jimilla. Jimillar samfura 32 an haɗa su, kuma manyan samfuran 3 da aka yi rijista sune benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) da 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), waɗanda suka kai kashi 10.61% a jimilla. Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga Jadawali na 2, akwai jimillar nau'ikan magunguna 13 na masu kula da girmar shuka, daga cikinsu manyan samfuran guda 3 sune samfuran da za a iya narkewa (52), samfuran kirim (19) da samfuran foda mai narkewa (13), waɗanda suka kai kashi 63.64% a jimilla. Ayyukan masu kula da girmar shuka sune galibi don daidaita girma, sarrafa harbe-harbe, adana 'ya'yan itace, haɓaka girman 'ya'yan itace, faɗaɗawa, launi, haɓaka samarwa da adanawa. A cewar nau'ikan da aka yi rijista, manyan masu kula da girmar shuka sune haɗakar sinadarai, tare da jimillar nau'ikan 14, da nau'ikan tushen halittu guda 5 kacal, daga cikinsu tushen ƙwayoyin cuta sune S-allantoin (5), kuma samfuran sinadarai sune gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) da brassinolactone (1).
4. Rijistar masu kula da citta
Akwai nau'ikan sinadarai 35 masu aiki na masu kula da girmar shuke-shuke, waɗanda suka haɗa da nau'ikan wakilai 19 guda ɗaya da nau'ikan wakilai 16 iri-iri. Akwai samfuran masu kula da girmar shuke-shuke guda 132 a jimilla, waɗanda 100 magani ɗaya ne. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Jadawali na 6, manyan masu kula da girmar citrus guda 5 da aka yi rijista sune gibberellinic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), flutenidine (9), 14-hydroxybrassicosterol (5) da S-inducidin (5), waɗanda suka kai kashi 59.85% a jimilla. Jimillar samfura 32 an haɗa su, kuma manyan samfuran 3 da aka yi rijista sune benzylamine · gibberellanic acid (7), 24-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (4) da 28-epimeranic acid · gibberellanic acid (3), waɗanda suka kai kashi 10.61% a jimilla. Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga Jadawali na 2, akwai jimillar nau'ikan magunguna 13 na masu kula da girmar shuka, daga cikinsu manyan samfuran guda 3 sune samfuran da za a iya narkewa (52), samfuran kirim (19) da samfuran foda mai narkewa (13), waɗanda suka kai kashi 63.64% a jimilla. Ayyukan masu kula da girmar shuka sune galibi don daidaita girma, sarrafa harbe-harbe, adana 'ya'yan itace, haɓaka girman 'ya'yan itace, faɗaɗawa, launi, haɓaka samarwa da adanawa. A cewar nau'ikan da aka yi rijista, manyan masu kula da girmar shuka sune haɗakar sinadarai, tare da jimillar nau'ikan 14, da nau'ikan tushen halittu guda 5 kacal, daga cikinsu tushen ƙwayoyin cuta sune S-allantoin (5), kuma samfuran sinadarai sune gibberellanic acid (42), benzylaminopurine (18), trimetanol (2) da brassinolactone (1).
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuni-24-2024