Biopesticides na ɗaya daga cikin mahimman kayan aikin don aiwatar da "Tsarin Tsarin Abinci na Green" a Japan.Wannan takarda ta bayyana ma'anar da nau'in magungunan biopesticides a Japan, da kuma rarraba rajistar magungunan biopesticide a Japan, don samar da tunani don haɓakawa da aikace-aikacen biopesticides a wasu ƙasashe.
Saboda ƙayyadaddun yanki na gonakin da ake da su a Japan, ya zama dole a yi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da takin zamani don ƙara yawan amfanin gona a kowane yanki.Duk da haka, yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da yawa ya ƙara wa muhalli nauyi, kuma yana da mahimmanci musamman don kare ƙasa, ruwa, rayayyun halittu, yanayin karkara da samar da abinci don samun ci gaba mai dorewa a fannin noma da muhalli.Tare da yawan ragowar magungunan kashe qwari a cikin amfanin gona wanda ke haifar da haɓaka cututtukan jama'a, manoma da jama'a suna yin amfani da mafi aminci da ƙari na biopesticides.
Hakazalika da shirin noma-to-fork na Turai, gwamnatin Japan a watan Mayu 2021 ta haɓaka "Tsarin Tsarin Abinci na Green" wanda ke da nufin rage haɗarin haɗarin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da kashi 50% nan da 2050 da haɓaka fannin noman ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa 2050. 1 miliyan hm2 (daidai da 25% na yankin noma na Japan).Dabarun na neman haɓaka aiki da dorewar abinci, noma, gandun daji da kamun kifi ta hanyar ingantattun matakan juriya (MeaDRI), gami da haɗaɗɗen sarrafa kwari, ingantattun hanyoyin aikace-aikace da haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin.Daga cikin su, mafi mahimmanci shine haɓakawa, aikace-aikace da haɓaka haɗin gwiwar kula da kwari (IPM), da magungunan biopesticide na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman kayan aiki.
1. Ma'anar da nau'in magungunan biopesticides a Japan
Biopesticides suna da alaƙa da sinadarai ko magungunan kashe qwari, kuma gabaɗaya suna magana ne ga magungunan kashe qwari waɗanda ke da aminci ko abokantaka ga mutane, muhalli da muhalli ta amfani da ko bisa albarkatun halittu.Dangane da tushen kayan aiki masu aiki, ana iya raba biopesticides zuwa nau'ikan masu zuwa: na farko, magungunan kashe qwari na tushen ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta da dabbobin halittu na asali (wanda aka gyara ta hanyar gado) ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai da ƙwayoyin su na ɓoye;Na biyu shine magungunan kashe kwari na tushen shuka, gami da tsire-tsire masu rai da abin da aka samo su, abubuwan da aka haɗa da tsire-tsire (amfanin da aka canza ta asali);Na uku, magungunan kashe qwari na asalin dabba, gami da raye-rayen nematodes na entomopathetic, parasitic da dabbobi masu farauta da tsantsar dabbobi (irin su pheromones).Amurka da sauran ƙasashe kuma suna rarraba magungunan kashe qwari na tushen ma'adinai kamar man ma'adinai a matsayin biopesticides.
SEIJ na Japan ya rarraba biopesticides a cikin magungunan kashe kwayoyin halitta masu rai da magungunan kashe qwari, kuma ya rarraba pheromones, microbial metabolites (maganin rigakafi na aikin gona), kayan shuka, magungunan kashe qwari da aka samu daga ma'adinai, tsantsaran dabba (kamar arthropod venom), nanoantibodies, da tsire-tsire masu kariya masu kariya kamar bilegenic. abubuwa magungunan kashe qwari.Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Aikin Noma ta Japan ta rarraba magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na Jafananci zuwa arthropods na abokan gaba na dabi'a, nematodes na abokan gaba na halitta, kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta, kuma suna rarraba Bacillus thuringiensis da ba a kunna ba a matsayin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma cire maganin rigakafi na noma daga nau'in biopesticides.Duk da haka, a cikin ainihin sarrafa magungunan kashe qwari, magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na Jafananci an taƙaita su a matsayin magungunan kashe qwari masu rai, wato, "magungunan sarrafa kwayoyin halitta irin su microorganisms antagonistic, kwayoyin pathogenic microorganisms, kwari pathogenic microorganisms, kwari parasitic nematodes, parasitic da predatory arthropods da ake amfani da su don sarrafa nama. kwari”.A wasu kalmomi, magungunan kashe qwari na Jafananci sune magungunan kashe qwari waɗanda ke tallata rayayyun halittu irin su microorganisms, nematodes na entomopathetic da halittun abokan gaba a matsayin sinadarai masu aiki, yayin da nau'ikan da nau'ikan abubuwan tushen halittun da aka yiwa rajista a Japan ba sa cikin rukunin biopesticides.Bugu da kari, bisa ga "Ma'auni na Jiyya na Sakamakon Kiwon Lafiyar Gwajin da ke da alaƙa da aikace-aikacen Rajista na magungunan kashe qwari" na Japan, ƙwayoyin cuta da tsire-tsire da aka canza ta hanyar kwayoyin ba sa ƙarƙashin kulawar magungunan kashe qwari a Japan.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Ma'aikatar Noma, Gandun daji da Kamun Kifi ta kuma ƙaddamar da tsarin sake kimantawa don maganin ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma samar da sababbin ka'idoji don rashin yin rajista na biopesticides don rage yiwuwar aikace-aikace da yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga mazaunin. ko girma na dabbobi da tsirrai a cikin muhallin rayuwa.
Sabuwar fitar da "Jerin Abubuwan da aka shuka na Dabbobi" na Ma'aikatar Noma, Gandun Daji da Kamun Kifi na Japan a cikin 2022 ya ƙunshi duk magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da wasu magungunan kashe qwari na asalin halitta.An keɓance magungunan kashe qwari na Jafananci daga kafa Izinin Abincin yau da kullun (ADI) da iyakacin iyaka (MRL), duka biyun ana iya amfani da su wajen samar da samfuran noma a ƙarƙashin ka'idodin Aikin Noma na Jafananci (JAS).
2. Bayanin yin rajistar magungunan kashe qwari a Japan
A matsayinta na jagorar ƙasa a cikin haɓakawa da aikace-aikacen biopesticides, Japan tana da ingantacciyar tsarin kula da rajistar magungunan kashe qwari da kuma yawan rajistar ƙwayoyin cuta iri-iri.Dangane da kididdigar marubucin, ya zuwa 2023, akwai shirye-shiryen magungunan kashe qwari guda 99 da aka yiwa rajista da inganci a cikin Japan, waɗanda suka haɗa da sinadarai masu aiki 47, wanda ke lissafin kusan kashi 8.5% na jimlar kayan aikin magungunan kashe qwari.Daga cikin su, ana amfani da sinadaran 35 don maganin kwari (ciki har da nematocides 2), ana amfani da sinadarai 12 don bakara, kuma babu maganin ciyawa ko wasu amfani (Hoto na 1).Ko da yake pheromones ba sa cikin nau'in magungunan biopesticides a Japan, yawanci ana inganta su kuma ana amfani da su tare da magungunan biopesticides azaman abubuwan shukar kwayoyin halitta.
2.1 Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na maƙiyan halitta
Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu guda 22 da aka yi rajista a cikin Japan, waɗanda za a iya raba su zuwa ƙwararrun ƙwari, ƙwari masu fa'ida da kuma mites masu farauta bisa ga nau'in halittu da yanayin aiki.Daga cikin su, ƙwari masu ƙwari da ƙwari suna farautar ƙwari masu cutarwa don abinci, kuma ƙwari na yin ƙwai a cikin kwari da tsutsotsinsu da suka ƙyanƙyashe suna cin abinci ga mai gida kuma suna tasowa don kashe mai gida.Kwayoyin cututtuka na hymenoptera, irin su aphid kudan zuma, kudan zuma aphid, kudan zuma aphid, kudan zuma aphid, kudan zuma hemiptera da Mylostomus japonicus, wanda aka yiwa rajista a Japan, ana amfani da su musamman don sarrafa aphids, kwari da fararen kwari akan kayan lambu da aka noma a cikin greenhouse. da ganimar chrysoptera, bug bug, ladybug da thrips ana amfani da su musamman don sarrafa aphids, thrips da whiteflies akan kayan lambu da ake noma a cikin greenhouse.An fi amfani da mites masu farauta don kula da gizo-gizo ja, leaf mite, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips da whitefly akan kayan lambu, furanni, itatuwan 'ya'yan itace, wake da dankalin da ake nomawa a cikin greenhouse, da kuma kayan lambu, bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace da shayi da aka dasa a ciki. filayen.Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Ba a sabunta rajistar maƙiyan halitta irin su O. sauteri ba.
2.2 Magungunan Kwayoyin Kwayoyin cuta
Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan magungunan kashe qwari guda 23 da aka yiwa rajista a cikin Japan, waɗanda za a iya raba su zuwa ƙwayoyin cuta / fungicides, ƙwayoyin cuta / fungicides da fungal kwari / fungicides bisa ga nau'ikan da amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta.Daga cikin su, ƙwayoyin ƙwari suna kashe ko sarrafa kwari ta hanyar kamuwa da cuta, haɓakawa da ɓoye guba.Kwayoyin fungicides na ƙwayoyin cuta suna sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar gasa ta mulkin mallaka, ɓoyewar ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu, da shigar da juriya na shuka [1-2, 7-8, 11].Fungi (predation) nematocides Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Microbial fungicides Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, wadanda ba pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum da Pepper m mottle kwayar cutar attenuated iri, Da kuma rajista na microbial magungunan kashe qwari irin su Xanestre pthomon. Drechslera monoceras ba a sabunta su ba.
2.2.1 Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta
Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na granular da makaman nukiliya da aka yiwa rajista a Japan ana amfani da su musamman don sarrafa takamaiman kwari kamar apple ringworm, ringworm na shayi da ringworm na dogon leaf, da kuma Streptococcus aureus akan amfanin gona kamar 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu da wake.A matsayin maganin kwari da aka fi amfani da shi, Bacillus thuringiensis ana amfani da shi ne don sarrafa lepidoptera da kwarorin hemiptera akan amfanin gona kamar kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, shinkafa, dankali da turf.Daga cikin magungunan kwarin da aka yi wa rajista, Beauveria bassiana ana amfani da shi galibi don sarrafa kwari da tauna bakin baki kamar su thrips, ƙwari, farin kwari, mites, beetles, lu'u-lu'u da aphids akan kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, pines da shayi.Ana amfani da Beauveria brucei don sarrafa kwari na coleoptera irin su longiceps da beetles a cikin bishiyar 'ya'yan itace, bishiyoyi, angelica, furen ceri da namomin kaza na shiitake.Metarhizium anisopliae da ake amfani da su don sarrafa thrips a cikin noman greenhouse na kayan lambu da mangoes;An yi amfani da Paecilomyces furosus da Paecilopus pectus don sarrafa whitefly, aphids da ja gizo-gizo a cikin lambun da aka noma kayan lambu da strawberries.Ana amfani da naman gwari don sarrafa farin kwari da thrips a cikin noman greenhouse na kayan lambu, mango, chrysanthemums da lisiflorum.
A matsayin kawai nematocide microbial rajista da tasiri a Japan, Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum ana amfani dashi don sarrafa tushen kullin nematode a cikin kayan lambu, dankali da ɓaure.
2.2.2 Microbiocides
Kwayar cuta mai kama da fungicide zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus attenuated iri da aka yiwa rajista a Japan an yi amfani da ita don sarrafa cutar Musa da fusarium wilt da ke haifar da cutar cucumber.Daga cikin magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta da aka yi wa rajista a Japan, ana amfani da Bacillus amylolitica don kula da cututtukan fungal irin su rot mai launin ruwan kasa, launin toka mai launin toka, baƙar fata, cutar farin tauraro, mildew powdery, baƙar fata, ƙwayar ganye, cutar tabo, tsatsa fari da kumburin ganye. akan kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, furanni, hops da taba.An yi amfani da Bacillus simplex don rigakafi da kuma kula da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da ƙwayar shinkafa.Ana amfani da Bacillus subtilis don kula da cututtuka na kwayan cuta da fungal irin su mold, powdery mildew, black star cuta, shinkafa fashewa, leaf mildew, black blight, leaf blight, farin tabo, speckle, canker cuta, blight, black mold cuta. Cutar tabo mai launin ruwan kasa, baƙar fata baƙar fata da cututtukan tabo na ƙwayoyin cuta na kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, shinkafa, furanni da tsire-tsire na ado, wake, dankali, hops, taba da namomin kaza.Ana amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau‘in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau‘in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i) ana amfani da su ana amfani da su don sarrafa juzu'i mai laushi da cututtukan daji akan kayan lambu, citrus, cycleen da dankalin turawa.Ana amfani da Pseudomonas fluorescens don sarrafa ɓarna, baƙar fata, baƙar fata baƙar fata da ruɓar furen fure akan kayan lambu.Ana amfani da Pseudomonas roseni don kula da ruɓa mai laushi, baƙar fata, rot, rot rot, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, tabo baƙar fata, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayar cuta mai laushi, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta da ƙwayar cuta a kan kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa.Ana amfani da phagocytophage mirabile don kula da tushen kumburi cuta na cruciferous kayan lambu, da rawaya kwando kwayoyin da ake amfani da iko da powdery mildew, black mold, anthrax, leaf mold, launin toka mold, shinkafa fashewa, kwayan cuta blight, na kwayan cuta wilt, launin ruwan kasa tsiri. , mummunar cutar seedling da seedling blight a kan kayan lambu, strawberries da shinkafa, da kuma inganta ci gaban amfanin gona tushen.Ana amfani da Lactobacillus plantarum don sarrafa lalata mai laushi akan kayan lambu da dankali.Daga cikin magungunan kashe qwari da aka yi rajista a Japan, an yi amfani da Scutellaria microscutella don rigakafi da sarrafa rot sclerotium a cikin kayan lambu, baƙar fata rot a cikin scallions da tafarnuwa.Ana amfani da Trichoderma viridis don sarrafa cututtukan kwayan cuta da na fungal irin su ciwon shinkafa, ƙwayar cuta mai launin ruwan ƙwayar cuta, ƙwayar ganye da fashewar shinkafa, da cutar bishiyar bishiyar bishiyar asparagus da cutar farar siliki ta taba.
2.3 Nemopathogenic nematodes
Akwai nau'ikan nematodes guda biyu na entomopathogenic da aka yiwa rajista yadda ya kamata a Japan, kuma hanyoyin kashe kwari [1-2, 11] galibi sun haɗa da lalacewar injin mamayewa, cin abinci mai gina jiki da lalata ƙwayoyin nama, da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɓoyewa.Steinernema carpocapsae da S. glaseri, rajista a Japan, ana amfani da su a kan dankali mai dadi, zaituni, ɓaure, furanni da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, furanni ceri, plums, peaches, ja berries, apples, namomin kaza, kayan lambu, Turf da ginkgo Kula da kwari. irin su Megalophora, zaitun weestro, inabi Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Lepidophora biyu tufted, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Jafananci Cherry Tree Borer, Peach kananan abinci. , aculema Japonica da Jan fungus.Ba a sabunta rijistar entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai ba.
3. Takaitawa da hangen nesa
A Japan, magungunan kashe qwari suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da wadatar abinci, da kare muhalli da rayayyun halittu, da kiyaye ci gaban aikin gona mai ɗorewa.Ba kamar ƙasashe da yankuna irin su Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, China da Vietnam [1, 7-8] ba, an ayyana magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na Jafan a ƙunƙuntu a matsayin waɗanda ba a gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halittu masu rai waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman abubuwan shukar kwayoyin halitta.A halin yanzu, akwai magungunan kashe qwari guda 47 da aka yi rajista kuma masu tasiri a Japan, waɗanda ke cikin abokan gaba na halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta na nematodes, kuma ana amfani da su don rigakafi da sarrafa cututtukan arthropods, shuka parasitic nematodes da ƙwayoyin cuta akan noman greenhouse da amfanin gona irin su gonaki. kamar kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, shinkafa, bishiyar shayi, bishiyoyi, furanni da tsire-tsire na ado da lawns.Ko da yake waɗannan biopesticides suna da fa'idodi na babban aminci, ƙananan haɗarin juriya na miyagun ƙwayoyi, binciken kai ko maimaita kawar da kwari a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, tsawon lokaci mai inganci da ceton aiki, suna kuma da rashin amfani kamar rashin kwanciyar hankali, jinkirin inganci, rashin daidaituwa. , sarrafa bakan da kunkuntar lokacin amfani.A gefe guda, kewayon amfanin gona da abubuwan sarrafawa don rajista da aikace-aikacen biopesticides a Japan shima yana da iyaka, kuma ba zai iya maye gurbin magungunan kashe qwari don cimma cikakkiyar inganci ba.Dangane da kididdigar [3], a cikin 2020, ƙimar biopesticides da aka yi amfani da su a Japan ta kai kashi 0.8% kawai, wanda ya yi ƙasa da adadin adadin abubuwan da aka yi rajista.
A matsayin babban alkiblar ci gaban masana'antar kashe kwari a nan gaba, ana kara yin bincike da haɓaka magungunan kashe qwari tare da yin rijista don noman noma.Haɗe tare da ci gaban kimiyyar halittu da fasaha da kuma shaharar ƙimar fa'idar bincike da haɓaka biopesticide, haɓaka amincin abinci da inganci, nauyin muhalli da buƙatun ci gaba mai dorewa na aikin gona, kasuwar biopesticide ta Japan tana ci gaba da girma cikin sauri.Binciken Inkwood ya yi kiyasin cewa kasuwar biopesticide na Japan za ta yi girma a cikin adadin girma na shekara-shekara na 22.8% daga 2017 zuwa 2025, kuma ana tsammanin ya kai dala miliyan 729 a cikin 2025. Tare da aiwatar da "Tsarin Tsarin Abinci na Green", ana amfani da biopesticides. a cikin manoman Japan
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-14-2024