Magungunan kashe kwari na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman kayan aikin aiwatar da "dabarun Tsarin Abinci Mai Kore" a Japan. Wannan takarda ta bayyana ma'anar da nau'in magungunan kashe kwari na halitta a Japan, kuma ta rarraba rajistar magungunan kashe kwari na halitta a Japan, domin samar da ishara ga ci gaba da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a wasu ƙasashe.
Saboda ƙarancin yankin gonaki da ake da su a Japan, ya zama dole a ƙara amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da takin zamani don ƙara yawan amfanin gona a kowane yanki. Duk da haka, amfani da magungunan kashe kwari masu guba da yawa ya ƙara nauyin muhalli, kuma yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a kare ƙasa, ruwa, bambancin halittu, yanayin karkara da kuma tsaron abinci don cimma ci gaban noma da muhalli mai ɗorewa. Tare da yawan ragowar magungunan kashe kwari a cikin amfanin gona wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar cututtukan jama'a, manoma da jama'a suna amfani da magungunan kashe kwari masu aminci da aminci ga muhalli.
Kamar shirin noma-da-Fork na Turai, gwamnatin Japan a watan Mayu na 2021 ta ƙirƙiro "Dabarar Tsarin Abinci Mai Kore" wanda ke da nufin rage yawan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari masu guba da kashi 50% nan da shekarar 2050 da kuma ƙara yawan noman halittu zuwa miliyan 1 hm2 (daidai da kashi 25% na yankin gonakin Japan). Dabarun suna neman haɓaka yawan aiki da dorewar abinci, noma, gandun daji da kamun kifi ta hanyar sabbin matakan juriya (MeaDRI), gami da haɗakar kula da kwari, ingantattun hanyoyin amfani da su da kuma haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin. Daga cikinsu, mafi mahimmanci shine haɓakawa, aikace-aikace da haɓaka kula da kwari masu haɗaka (IPM), kuma magungunan kashe kwari masu ƙwayoyin cuta suna ɗaya daga cikin mahimman kayan aikin.
1. Ma'anar da nau'in magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a Japan
Magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta suna da alaƙa da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na sinadarai ko na roba, kuma gabaɗaya suna nufin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suke da aminci ko abokantaka ga mutane, muhalli da muhalli ta amfani da ko bisa ga albarkatun halittu. Dangane da tushen sinadaran da ke aiki, ana iya raba magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa rukuni masu zuwa: na farko, magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na asali, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta da dabbobin halitta na asali (wanda aka gyara ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta) halittu masu rai da ƙwayoyin cuta da suka ɓoye; Na biyu shine magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na tushen tsire-tsire, gami da tsire-tsire masu rai da abubuwan da suka cire, magungunan kariya da aka haɗa da tsire-tsire (albarkatun da aka gyara ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta); Na uku, magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na asali na dabbobi, gami da ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai na entomopathetic, dabbobin parasite da masu farauta da kuma abubuwan da aka cire daga dabbobi (kamar pheromones). Amurka da sauran ƙasashe kuma suna rarraba magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na asali na ma'adinai kamar man ma'adinai a matsayin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta.
SEIJ ta Japan ta rarraba magungunan kashe kwari zuwa ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai da magungunan kashe kwari masu rai, kuma ta rarraba pheromones, ƙwayoyin cuta masu narkewa (maganin rigakafi na noma), abubuwan da aka cire daga tsire-tsire, magungunan kashe kwari da aka samo daga ma'adinai, abubuwan da aka cire daga dabbobi (kamar gubar arthropod), nanoantibodies, da kuma abubuwan kariya daga tsire-tsire a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta. Ƙungiyar Haɗin Gwiwa ta Aikin Gona ta Japan ta rarraba magungunan kashe kwari na Japan zuwa ga ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta da abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ta rarraba Bacillus thuringiensis da ba a kunna su ba a matsayin ƙananan halittu kuma ta cire maganin rigakafi na noma daga cikin rukunin magungunan kashe kwari. Duk da haka, a cikin sarrafa magungunan kashe kwari na gaske, magungunan kashe kwari na Japan an ƙayyade su a matsayin magungunan kashe kwari masu rai, wato, "wakilan sarrafa halittu kamar ƙwayoyin cuta masu adawa da su, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka na tsire-tsire, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka na kwari, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka da kuma arthropods da ake amfani da su don magance kwari". A wata ma'anar, magungunan kashe kwari na Japan magungunan kashe kwari ne da ke tallata halittu masu rai kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta masu ɓoyewa da ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta a matsayin sinadarai masu aiki, yayin da nau'ikan da nau'ikan abubuwan da aka yi rijista a Japan ba sa cikin rukunin magungunan kashe kwari masu rai. Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga "Matsakaicin Maganin Sakamakon Gwaje-gwajen Kimanta Tsaro da suka shafi aikace-aikacen Rijistar magungunan kashe kwari masu ƙwayoyin cuta", ƙwayoyin cuta da tsire-tsire da aka gyara ta hanyar halitta ba sa ƙarƙashin kulawar magungunan kashe kwari masu rai a Japan. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Ma'aikatar Noma, Dazuzzuka da Kamun Kifi ta kuma fara tsarin sake kimantawa don magungunan kashe kwari masu rai da kuma haɓaka sabbin ƙa'idodi don rashin yin rijistar magungunan kashe kwari masu rai don rage yuwuwar amfani da magungunan kashe kwari masu rai da kuma yaɗuwar su na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga mazaunin dabbobi da tsire-tsire a cikin yanayin rayuwa.
Sabuwar "Jerin Abubuwan Dasa Dabbobin Halitta" da Ma'aikatar Noma, Dazuzzuka da Kamun Kifi ta Japan ta fitar a shekarar 2022 ta shafi dukkan magungunan kashe kwari da wasu magungunan kashe kwari na asali. An keɓe magungunan kashe kwari na Japan daga kafa Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) da Maximum Residue Limits (MRL), waɗanda duka za a iya amfani da su wajen samar da kayayyakin noma a ƙarƙashin Ma'aunin Noma na Halitta na Japan (JAS).
2. Bayani kan rijistar magungunan kashe kwari masu rai a Japan
A matsayinta na ƙasa mafi girma a fannin haɓaka da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari, Japan tana da cikakken tsarin kula da magungunan kashe kwari da kuma nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari masu yawa. A cewar kididdigar marubucin, tun daga shekarar 2023, akwai shirye-shiryen maganin kashe kwari guda 99 da aka yi rijista kuma suna da tasiri a Japan, waɗanda suka haɗa da sinadarai 47 masu aiki, waɗanda suka kai kusan kashi 8.5% na jimillar sinadaran kashe kwari masu aiki da aka yi rijista. Daga cikinsu, ana amfani da sinadarai 35 don maganin kwari (gami da nematocides 2), ana amfani da sinadarai 12 don tsaftace su, kuma babu maganin kashe kwari ko wasu amfani (Hoto na 1). Duk da cewa pheromones ba sa cikin rukunin magungunan kashe kwari a Japan, yawanci ana tallata su kuma ana amfani da su tare da magungunan kashe kwari a matsayin kayan shuka na halitta.
2.1 Maganin kashe kwari na halitta na maƙiyan halitta
Akwai sinadarai guda 22 masu aiki na magungunan kashe kwari na halitta da aka yi rijista a Japan, waɗanda za a iya raba su zuwa kwari masu cutarwa, kwari masu cutarwa da kwari masu cutarwa bisa ga nau'in halittu da kuma yadda suke aiki. Daga cikinsu, kwari masu cutarwa da kwari masu cutarwa suna farautar kwari masu cutarwa don abinci, kuma kwari masu cutarwa suna yin ƙwai a cikin kwari masu cutarwa kuma tsutsotsin da suka kyankyashe suna ciyar da mai gidan kuma suna haɓaka don kashe mai gidan. Kwari masu cutarwa na hymenoptera, kamar ƙudan zuma mai cutarwa, ƙudan zuma mai cutarwa, ƙudan zuma mai cutarwa, ƙudan zuma mai cutarwa, ƙudan zuma mai cutarwa, ƙudan zuma mai cutarwa, ƙudan zuma mai cutarwa, ƙudan zuma mai cutarwa, ƙudan zuma mai cutarwa, ƙudan zuma mai cutarwa, ƙudan zuma mai cutarwa da Mylostomus japonicus, waɗanda aka yi rijista a Japan, galibi ana amfani da su don magance aphids, ƙudan zuma da ƙudan zuma masu cutarwa akan kayan lambu da aka noma a cikin gidan kore, kuma abincin da aka noma a cikin gidan kore ana amfani da shi ne musamman don magance aphids, thrips da whiteflies akan kayan lambu da aka noma a cikin gidan kore. Ana amfani da ƙwari masu farautar tsuntsayen ne musamman don magance jan gizo-gizo, ƙwari mai ganye, tyrophage, pleurotarsus, thrips da whitefly akan kayan lambu, furanni, bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace, wake da dankali da aka noma a cikin gidan kore, da kuma akan kayan lambu, bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace da shayi da aka shuka a gonaki. Anicetus beneficus, Pseudaphycus mali⁃nus, E. eremicus, Dacnusa Sibirica sibirica, Diglyphus isaea, Bathyplectes anurus, degenerans (A. (=Iphiseius) degenerans, A. cucumeris Ba a sabunta rajistar maƙiyan halitta kamar O. sauteri ba.
2.2 Magungunan Ƙwayoyin Cuta Masu Ƙarfi
Akwai nau'ikan sinadarai 23 na ƙwayoyin cuta masu aiki da magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi rijista a Japan, waɗanda za a iya raba su zuwa magungunan kashe kwari/fungicides na ƙwayoyin cuta, magungunan kashe kwari/fungicides na ƙwayoyin cuta da magungunan kashe kwari/fungicides bisa ga nau'ikan da amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta. Daga cikinsu, magungunan kashe kwari na ƙwayoyin cuta suna kashe ko sarrafa kwari ta hanyar kamuwa da cuta, ninkawa da kuma fitar da gubobi. Magungunan kashe kwari masu ƙwayoyin cuta suna sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa ta hanyar gasa a cikin mulkin mallaka, fitar da magungunan kashe kwari ko metabolites na biyu, da kuma haifar da juriya ga tsirrai [1-2, 7-8, 11]. Nematocides na fungi (masu farauta) Monacrosporium phymatopagum, Kwayoyin fungicides na ƙwayoyin cuta Agrobacterium radiobacter, Pseudomonas sp.CAB-02, Fusarium oxysporum marasa cutarwa da ƙwayar cuta mai laushi ta Pepper, Kuma ba a sabunta rajistar magungunan kashe kwari na ƙwayoyin cuta kamar Xan⁃thomonas campestris pv.retroflexus da Drechslera monoceras ba.
2.2.1 Magungunan kwari masu ƙwayoyin cuta
Ana amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin cuta masu launin granular da nuclear polyhedroid da aka yi rijista a Japan galibi don magance takamaiman kwari kamar su apple ringworm, tea ringworm da tea longeaf ringworm, da kuma Streptococcus aureus akan amfanin gona kamar 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu da wake. A matsayin maganin kwari da aka fi amfani da shi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, Bacillus thuringiensis galibi ana amfani da shi don magance kwari na lepidoptera da hemiptera akan amfanin gona kamar kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, shinkafa, dankali da ciyawa. Daga cikin magungunan kwari masu rijista na fungal, ana amfani da Beauveria bassiana galibi don sarrafa kwari masu taunawa da cizon baki kamar thrips, kwari masu girman gaske, fararen kwari, mites, ƙwari, lu'u-lu'u da aphids akan kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, pines da shayi. Ana amfani da Beauveria brucei don sarrafa kwari na coleoptera kamar longiceps da ƙwari a cikin bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace, bishiyoyi, angelica, furen ceri da namomin kaza na shiitake. Metarhizium anisopliae ana amfani da shi don sarrafa thrips a cikin noman kayan lambu da mangwaro a cikin greenhouse; An yi amfani da Paecilomyces furosus da Paecilopus pectus don magance farin kwari, aphids da gizo-gizo ja a cikin kayan lambu da strawberries da aka noma a cikin gidan kore. Ana amfani da naman gwari don magance farin kwari da thrips a cikin noman kayan lambu, mangwaro, chrysanthemums da lisiflorum.
A matsayinsa na ɗaya tilo da aka yi rijista kuma mai tasiri a Japan, ana amfani da Bacillus Pasteurensis punctum don sarrafa tushen nematode a cikin kayan lambu, dankali da figs.
2.2.2 Kwayoyin cuta masu rai
An yi amfani da nau'in ƙwayar cuta mai kama da ƙwayar fungicides zucchini yellowing Mosaic virus da aka yi rijista a Japan don magance cutar Mosaic da fusarium wilt da ƙwayar cuta mai alaƙa da kokwamba ke haifarwa. Daga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da aka yi rijista a Japan, ana amfani da Bacillus amylolitica don magance cututtukan fungal kamar launin ruwan kasa, launin toka, launin baƙi, launin toka, launin fari, launin toka, launin toka, launin baƙi, launin ganye, launin tabo, launin fari da launin ganye a kan kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, furanni, hops da taba. An yi amfani da Bacillus simplex don rigakafi da maganin wilt na ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma launin shinkafa. Ana amfani da Bacillus subtilis don magance cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da fungal kamar launin toka, launin toka, launin toka, launin black star, launin shinkafa, launin ganye, launin baƙi, launin ganye, launin fari, launin speckle, ciwon canker, launin toka, launin baki, launin ruwan kasa, launin ganye baƙi da kuma launin ƙwayoyin cuta na kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, shinkafa, furanni da tsire-tsire masu ado, wake, dankali, hops, taba da namomin kaza. Ana amfani da nau'ikan karas masu laushi na Erwenella waɗanda ba sa haifar da cututtuka don magance rot mai laushi da cutar canker a kan kayan lambu, citrus, cycleen da dankali. Ana amfani da Pseudomonas fluorescens don magance rot, black rot, bacterial black rot da flower flower rot a kan kayan lambu. Ana amfani da Pseudomonas roseni don magance rot mai laushi, black rot, rot, flower roseni rot, bacterial black spot, bacterial break, bacterial soft rot, bacterial rot, bacterial stretch blight, bacterial reshe canker on vegetables and bacterial canker on vegetables and fruits. Ana amfani da Phagocytophage mirabile don magance trouble cut na tushen vegetables, kuma ana amfani da rawaya basket bacteria don magance powdery mildew, black mold, anthrax, leaf mold, toka mold, rice blast, bacterial blast, bacterial wilt, brown streak, bad seedling disease and seedling blight on vegetables, strawberries and rice, and advantage the green roots. Ana amfani da Lactobacillus plantarum don magance rot mai laushi akan kayan lambu da dankali. Daga cikin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da aka yi rijista a Japan, an yi amfani da Scutellaria microscutella don rigakafi da kuma magance ruɓewar sclerotium a cikin kayan lambu, ruɓewar baƙar fata a cikin scallions da tafarnuwa. Ana amfani da Trichoderma viridis don magance cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da fungal kamar su ruɓewar shinkafa, cutar streak brown bacterial, ruɓewar ganye da busasshen shinkafa, da kuma cutar asparagus purple streak da cutar siliki ta taba.
2.3 Nematodes masu cutarwa a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta
Akwai nau'ikan nematodes guda biyu na entomopathogenic da aka yi rijistar su yadda ya kamata a Japan, kuma hanyoyin kashe kwari [1-2, 11] sun haɗa da lalacewar injina, cin abinci mai gina jiki da wargajewar lalacewar ƙwayoyin nama, da kuma ƙwayoyin cuta masu alaƙa da ke fitar da guba. Steinernema carpocapsae da S. glaseri, waɗanda aka yi rijista a Japan, galibi ana amfani da su akan dankali mai zaki, zaitun, figs, furanni da tsire-tsire masu ganye, furanni ceri, plums, peaches, ja berries, apples, namomin kaza, kayan lambu, turf da ginkgo. Sarrafa kwari kamar Megalophora, olive weestro, Grape Black Weestro, Red Palm Weestro, Yellow Star Longicornis, Peach Neck-neck Weestro, Udon Nematophora, Double tufted Lepidophora, Zoysia Oryzae, Scirpus oryzae, Dipteryx japonica, Japanese Cherry Tree Borer, Peach small food worm, aculema Japonica da Red fungus. Ba a sabunta rajistar entomopathogenic nematode S. kushidai ba.
3. Takaitawa da hangen nesa
A Japan, magungunan kashe kwari suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da tsaron abinci, kare muhalli da bambancin halittu, da kuma ci gaba da ci gaban noma mai dorewa. Ba kamar ƙasashe da yankuna kamar Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, China da Vietnam ba [1, 7-8], magungunan kashe kwari na Japan an bayyana su a matsayin magungunan kashe kwari masu rai waɗanda ba a canza su ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta ba waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman kayan shuka na halitta. A halin yanzu, akwai magungunan kashe kwari guda 47 da aka yi rijista kuma suna da tasiri a Japan, waɗanda suka kasance na maƙiyan halitta, ƙananan halittu da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa na kwari, kuma ana amfani da su don rigakafi da sarrafa cututtukan arthropods masu cutarwa, ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa na tsire-tsire da ƙwayoyin cuta akan noman kore da amfanin gona na gona kamar kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, shinkafa, bishiyoyin shayi, bishiyoyi, furanni da tsire-tsire masu ado da ciyawa. Duk da cewa waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari suna da fa'idodin aminci mai girma, ƙarancin haɗarin juriya ga magunguna, bincike kai ko maimaita kawar da kwari a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, tsawon lokacin inganci da adana aiki, suna kuma da rashin amfani kamar rashin kwanciyar hankali, jinkirin inganci, rashin jituwa, ikon sarrafawa da kuma lokacin amfani da kunkuntar. A gefe guda kuma, yawan amfanin gona da abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen yin rijista da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a Japan shi ma yana da iyaka, kuma ba zai iya maye gurbin magungunan kashe kwari masu guba don cimma cikakken inganci ba. A cewar kididdiga [3], a shekarar 2020, darajar magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi amfani da su a Japan ta kai kashi 0.8% kawai, wanda ya yi kasa da adadin sinadaran da aka yi rijista.
A matsayin babban alkiblar ci gaban masana'antar magungunan kashe kwari a nan gaba, ana ƙara bincike da haɓaka da kuma rijistar magungunan kashe kwari don samar da amfanin gona. Tare da ci gaban kimiyyar halittu da fasaha da kuma shaharar da fa'idar farashi na bincike da haɓaka magungunan kashe kwari, inganta amincin abinci da inganci, nauyin muhalli da buƙatun ci gaba mai ɗorewa na noma, kasuwar kashe kwari ta Japan tana ci gaba da bunƙasa cikin sauri. Inkwood Research ta yi kiyasin cewa kasuwar kashe kwari ta Japan za ta bunƙasa a yawan ci gaban shekara-shekara na kashi 22.8% daga 2017 zuwa 2025, kuma ana sa ran zai kai dala miliyan 729 a 2025. Tare da aiwatar da "Dabarun Tsarin Abinci Mai Kore", ana amfani da magungunan kashe kwari ga manoman Japan.
Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-14-2024