Beauveriabassiana da Metarhizium anisopliae su ne biyu daga cikin mafi mahimmanci kuma ana amfani da su sosai don maganin kwari. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa suna iya haɓaka haɓakar shuka bayan allurar roba. Don kimanta tasirin mamayewa da haɓaka girma daidaiBeauveria bassianada kuma Metarhizium anisopliae akan amfanin gona na noma, a cikin wannan binciken, an yi wa shukar masara magani da nau'ikan Beauveria bassiana guda 13 da nau'ikan Metarhizium anisopliae guda 73, bi da bi, a matsayin fungi na rhizosphere a cikin tsarin hydroponic. An sa ido kan sigogin girma na shuka, gami da tsayin shuka, tsawon tushen sa, da sabon nauyi, kuma an yi rikodin su na tsawon kwanaki 35 a jere don tabbatar da tasirin haɓaka girma na allurar fungal ta entomopathogenic. Sakamakon kimantawar ƙimar murmurewa na fungal (FRR) ya nuna cewa duka Beauveria bassiana da Metarhizium anisopliae suna iya mamaye kyallen masara ta endophytic. A rana ta 7, ƙimar gano Beauveria bassiana ya kasance 100% a cikin tushe da ganye, amma zuwa rana ta 28, ƙimar gano a cikin tushe ya ragu zuwa 11.1% kuma a cikin ganye zuwa 22.2%. Duk da haka, ba a gano *Beauveria bassiana* a cikin tushen ba har sai rana ta 28, tare da ƙimar ganowa na 33.3%. A tsawon lokacin lura, an ware nau'ikan *Metarhizium anisopliae* daga tushen shuka, tushe, da ganyen shuka tare da babban saurin ganowa. Haɓaka PCR na ƙwayoyin DNA na musamman na fungal ya ƙara tabbatar da tsarin mulkin mallaka na *Beauveria bassiana* da *Metarhizium anisopliae* a cikin kyallen takarda daban-daban; wannan hanyar ta nuna babban ƙarfin ganowa da kuma amsawar 100% mai kyau. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙimar farko a cikin maganin hydroponic, a rana ta 21, yawan fungal ya ragu zuwa ƙasa da 1%. Don haka, nau'ikan fungi guda biyu da aka zaɓa na entomopathogenic sun sami nasarar kafa mulkin mallaka na endophytic, maimakon mulkin mallaka, na masarar rhizosphere kuma sun haɓaka ci gabanta sosai a cikin tsarin hydroponic. Fungi na entomopathogenic suna da babban yuwuwar amfani da su a cikin noma na halitta, gami da azaman maganin kashe kwari da takin zamani.
Fungi masu cutar entomopathogenic (EPFs) sun tabbatar da mahimmancin su a matsayin masu kula da halittu (BCAs) don magance kwari daban-daban saboda yawan wuraren da suke da su, sauƙin samarwa, kwanciyar hankali, da kuma yawan cututtuka.1, 2, 3A ƙasar Sin, ana amfani da *Beauveria bassiana* da *Metarhizium anisopliae* a fannin kasuwanci don dawwama wajen shawo kan manyan kwari na masara (kamar su masarar da ke hura hanci da ƙura) don guje wa amfani da magungunan kashe kwari masu guba fiye da kima.4A fannin kula da kwari da fungi, dangantakar da ke tsakanin tsirrai, kwari, da fungi ta fi rikitarwa fiye da dangantakar da ke tsakanin kwari da cututtukan fungal.
Tsire-tsire da yawa suna rayuwa cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da fungi na endophytic5, wanda ke zaune a cikin kyallen tsirrai ba tare da haifar musu da wata babbar illa ba6Namomin kaza na Endophytic sune halittu da ke samuwa bayan kafa dangantaka mai alaƙa da juna da mai masaukinsu7Suna iya haɓaka ci gaban tsirrai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice kuma suna haɓaka daidaitawarsu ga yanayi mara kyau, gami da damuwa ta biotic da abiotic8, 9, 10Fungi na Endophytic suna da muhimman halaye na kwayoyin halitta da siffofin salon rayuwa, kamar su mamaye ƙasa, warwatsewa, takamaiman tsire-tsire masu masaukin baki, da kuma mamaye ƙwayoyin tsirrai daban-daban11Amfani da fungi na endophytic a matsayin kwayoyin halitta na endophytic ya jawo hankalin masu bincike sosai kuma ya nuna fa'idodi da yawa na musamman akan kwayoyin halitta na gargajiya na endophytic.
Beauveria bassiana da Metarhizium anisopliae na iya kamuwa da nau'ikan shuke-shuke iri-iri, ciki har da alkama, waken soya, shinkafa, wake, albasa, tumatir, dabino, innabi, dankali, da auduga.12Kamuwa da cuta ta gida ko ta tsarin jiki galibi tana faruwa ne a cikin tushen, tushe, ganye, da kyallen tsirrai na ciki.11Kamuwa da cuta ta wucin gadi ta hanyar maganin iri, shafa ganye, da ban ruwa a ƙasa na iya haɓaka haɓakar shuka ta hanyar kamuwa da cuta ta endophytic ta hanyar fungi.13, 14, 15, 16Maganin iri na amfanin gona da aka yi amfani da Beauveria bassiana da Metarhizium anisopliae sun yi nasarar haifar da kamuwa da cuta a cikin kyallen shuka kuma sun haɓaka girman shuka ta hanyar ƙara tsayin tushe, tsawon tushen, sabon nauyin tushen, da sabon nauyin tushen.17,18,19Allurar ƙasa da kumaganyen ganyeFeshin Beauveria bassiana kuma su ne hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su, wanda zai iya inganta girman shukar masara sosai.20
Manufar wannan binciken ita ce a tantance tasirin haɓaka girma da halayen mulkin mallaka na shukar masara ta Beauveria bassiana da Metarhizium anisopliae da kuma tasirinsu ga ci gaban shuke-shuke a cikin tsarin hydroponic.
A cikin wani gwaji na kwanaki 35, maganin fungi Beauveria bassiana da Metarhizium anisopliae ya inganta girman masara sosai. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 1, tasirin fungi akan gabobin masara daban-daban ya dogara ne akan matakin girmansu.
Girman shukar masara a ƙarƙashin magunguna daban-daban akan lokaci. Daga hagu zuwa dama, layukan da ke da launuka daban-daban suna wakiltar shukar masara a cikin rukunin kulawa, ƙungiyar da aka yi wa magani da Beauveria bassiana, da kuma ƙungiyar da aka yi wa magani da Metarhizium anisopliae, bi da bi.
An ƙara bincika yadda *Beauveria bassiana* da *Metarhizium anisopliae* suka mamaye ƙwayoyin masara ta hanyar amfani da ƙara girman PCR. Tebur na 5 ya nuna cewa *Beauveria bassiana* ta mamaye kashi 100% na dukkan ƙwayoyin masara a kowane wuri na ɗaukar samfurin (kwanaki 7-35). An lura da irin wannan sakamakon ga *Metarhizium anisopliae* a cikin ƙwayoyin ganye, amma wannan naman gwari bai kasance koyaushe yana kasancewa 100% a cikin tushen masara da ganye ba.
Hanyoyin yin allurar rigakafi suna da mahimmanci ga tsarin mamaye fungal.28Parsa da sauransu.29sun gano cewa *Beauveria bassiana* na iya mamaye shuke-shuke ta hanyar amfani da endophyt lokacin da aka fesa ko aka shayar da su, yayin da mamaye tushen ba zai yiwu ba sai da ruwa. A cikin dawa, Tefera da Vidal sun ba da rahoton cewa allurar ganye ta ƙara yawan mamaye *Beauveria bassiana* a cikin tushe, yayin da allurar iri ta ƙara yawan mamaye a cikin tushe da tushe. A cikin wannan binciken, mun yi wa tushen allurar fungi biyu ta hanyar ƙara dakatarwar conidial kai tsaye zuwa tsarin hydroponic. Wannan hanyar na iya inganta ingancin yaduwar fungi, saboda ruwan da ke gudana zai iya sauƙaƙe motsi na fungi conidia zuwa tushen masara. Baya ga hanyoyin allurar, wasu abubuwa kamar ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa, zafin jiki, ɗanɗanon dangi, matsakaicin abinci mai gina jiki, shekarun shuka da nau'in, yawan allurar, da nau'in fungi na iya yin tasiri ga nasarar mamaye ƙwayoyin shuka daban-daban ta hanyar fungi.28
Bugu da ƙari, haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar DNA na musamman na fungal yana wakiltar sabuwar hanya mai mahimmanci don gano endophytes na fungal. Misali, bayan haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar shuka akan hanyoyin fungal na zaɓi, an gano ƙarancin adadin masu karɓar na'urar gano kyauta (FRR) don *Beauveria bassiana*, amma binciken PCR ya haifar da gano kashi 100%. Ƙananan yawan fungal na endophytic a cikin kyallen tsirrai ko hana ƙwayoyin shuka na halitta na iya zama sanadin ci gaban fungal mara nasara akan hanyoyin zaɓaɓɓu. Ana iya amfani da haɓaka PCR a cikin binciken fungal na endophytic bisa dogaro.
Nazarin da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na endophytic na iya aiki a matsayin takin zamani ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar shuka. Jaber et al. [16]sun bayar da rahoton cewa irin alkama da aka yi wa allurar Beauveria bassiana na tsawon kwanaki 14 yana da tsayin tushe mafi girma, tsawon tushen, nauyin tushen sabo, da nauyin tushe fiye da shuke-shuken da ba a yi musu allurar ba. Russo da sauransu.[30]ya ruwaito cewa feshin ganyen masara da Beauveria bassiana ya ƙara tsayin shuka, adadin ganye, da kuma adadin ƙusoshin kunne na farko.
A cikin bincikenmu, wasu nau'ikan fungi guda biyu da aka zaɓa a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, Beauveria bassiana da Metarhizium anisopliae, sun kuma inganta haɓakar masara a cikin tsarin shukar hydroponic kuma sun kafa tsarin mamaye ƙwayoyin shukar masara daban-daban, wanda ake sa ran zai haɓaka girma a cikin dogon lokaci.
Sabanin haka, Moloignane da abokan aikinsa sun gano cewa ko da makonni 4 bayan ban ruwa a ƙasa, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a tsayin shuka, adadin tushen sa, adadin ganye, nauyin sabo, da nauyin busasshiyar ƙasa tsakanin inabin inabi da aka yi wa magani da kuma wanda ba a yi masa magani da shi ba da *Beauveria bassiana*. Wannan ba abin mamaki ba ne, domin ƙarfin endophytic na takamaiman nau'ikan fungal na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da nau'in shukar da ke karɓar baƙi, nau'in shuka, yanayin abinci mai gina jiki, da tasirin muhalli. Tull da Meying sun binciki tasirin maganin iri na *Beauveria bassiana* (GHA) akan girman masara. Sun gano cewa *Beauveria bassiana* ya yi aiki a matsayin mai haɓaka girma a cikin masara kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, kuma ba a lura da wani tasirin ƙarfafawa a ƙarƙashin yanayin rashin abinci mai gina jiki ba. Don haka, hanyar amsawar shuka ga tasirin endophytic na fungi ba ta bayyana ba kuma tana buƙatar ƙarin bincike.
Mun yi bincike kan tasirin fungi na entomopathogenic *Beauveria bassiana* da *Metarhizium anisopliae* a matsayin masu haɓaka girma a cikin masara. Duk da haka, ko babban hanyar ita ce rhizosphere ko endophytic har yanzu ba a fayyace ta ba. Mun sa ido kan yanayin yawan jama'a na *Beauveria bassiana* da *Metarhizium anisopliae* a cikin ruwan hydroponic da kyallen shuka don bayyana hanyoyin aikinsu. Ta amfani da rukunin samar da colony-forming (CFU) a matsayin alama, mun gano cewa yawan *Beauveria bassiana* da *Metarhizium anisopliae* a cikin ruwan hydroponic ya ragu da sauri. Bayan mako guda, yawan ragowar *Metarhizium anisopliae* bai kai kashi 10% ba, kuma *Beauveria bassiana* bai kai kashi 1% ba. A cikin ruwan masara na hydroponic, dukkan fungi biyu sun ɓace da rana ta 28. Gwaje-gwajen sarrafawa sun nuna cewa conidia na fungi biyu sun ci gaba da kasancewa mai ƙarfi a cikin tsarin hydroponic bayan mako guda. Saboda haka, fungi na endophytic, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mannewar conidial, gane mai masaukin baki, da hanyoyin ciki, sune babban dalilin raguwar yawan fungi a cikin tsarin hydroponic. Bugu da ƙari, aikin haɓaka girma na fungi galibi yana faruwa ne saboda aikin endophytic ɗinsu, ba aikin rhizosphere ba.
Ayyukan halittu gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da yawan jama'a. Ta hanyar ƙididdige adadin fungi na endophytic a cikin kyallen tsirrai ne kawai za mu iya kafa dangantaka tsakanin ƙarfafa haɓakar shuka da yawan fungi na endophytic. Hanyoyin da ake ƙarfafa haɓakar shuka a cikin hulɗar fungi da shuka na entomopathogenic suna buƙatar ƙarin bincike. Fungi na entomopathogenic ba wai kawai suna da babban ƙarfin sarrafa kwari na halitta ba, har ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka haɓakar shuka, suna buɗe sabbin ra'ayoyi kan hulɗar muhalli tsakanin tsire-tsire, kwari, da fungi na entomopathogenic.
An zaɓi shuke-shuken masara guda 90 masu girma iri ɗaya kuma masu lafiya ba zato ba tsammani daga kowace ƙungiyar gwaji. An wanke tushen da ke kewaye da tushen kowace shuka da ruwa mai narkewa a hankali don guje wa lalata tushen. Daga nan aka dasa shuke-shuken masarar da aka yi wa magani, waɗanda ke da girma iri ɗaya a sassan sama da ƙasa, a cikin tsarin noman masarar hydroponic.
An yi nazarin dukkan bayanan gwaji ta amfani da nazarin bambancin hanya ɗaya (ANOVA) a cikin IBM SPSS Statistics (sigar 20.0), kuma an tantance mahimmancin bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin jiyya ta amfani da gwajin Tukey's HSD (P ≤ 0.05).
Tunda an sayi kayan shukar ne daga mai rarrabawa na gida mai takardar shaida, ba a buƙatar lasisi ba. Amfani da tsire-tsire ko kayan shuka a cikin wannan binciken ya yi daidai da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa, na ƙasa, da/ko na cibiyoyi masu dacewa.
A ƙarshe, fungi guda biyu masu cutarwa, *Beauveria bassiana* da *Metarhizium anisopliae*, sun taka rawa mai kyau wajen haɓaka haɓakar shukar masara bayan an yi musu allurar rhizosphere da tsarin hydroponic. Waɗannan fungi guda biyu sun sami damar kafa tsarin mamaye dukkan gabobin masara da kyallen ta hanyar tushen cikin mako guda. Tsarin yawan fungi a cikin maganin hydroponic da kuma mamaye ƙwayoyin masara na fungi ya nuna cewa, ban da aikin rhizosphere, aikin endophytic na fungi ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga haɓaka haɓakar shuka da aka lura. Halin endophytic na fungi ya nuna wasu halaye na musamman na nau'ikan. Ƙara yawan DNA na fungi ta amfani da PCR ya tabbatar da cewa ya fi saurin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta ta amfani da hanyoyin gano ƙwayoyin cuta ta amfani da hanyoyin da ba su da zaɓi na fungi. Ana iya amfani da wannan hanyar don bin diddigin yadda ƙwayoyin fungi ke mamaye da kuma rarraba su a cikin kyallen shuka. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fayyace hanyoyin da tsire-tsire da ƙwarin shuka ke amsawa ga tasirin endophytic na fungi (ƙarin bayani).
Ana samun bayanan da aka samar a lokacin wannan binciken daga marubucin da ya dace idan aka buƙata.
Lokacin Saƙo: Janairu-20-2026