Maganin kashe kwarijuriya ga cututtukan arthropods masu ɗauke da cututtuka, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga noma, kimiyyar dabbobi, da lafiyar jama'a, suna haifar da babbar barazana ga shirye-shiryen kula da vector na duniya. Nazarin da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa vectors masu tsotsar jini suna fuskantar yawan mace-mace lokacin da suke cin jini mai ɗauke da inhibitors na 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD, enzyme na biyu a cikin hanyar metabolism na tyrosine). Wannan binciken ya binciki ingancin masu hana HPPD a cikin maganin herbicides na β-triketone akan manyan nau'ikan vector sauro guda uku, gami da waɗanda ke yada cututtuka na gargajiya kamar malaria, cututtukan da ke tasowa kamar zazzabin dengue da kwayar cutar Zika, da barazanar ƙwayoyin cuta kamar kwayar cutar oropuche da kwayar cutar ursutu.Waɗannan nau'ikan sun haɗa da sauro masu saurin kamuwa da cutar pyrethroid da kuma sauro masu jure wa cutar pyrethroid.
Nitisidone (ba mesotrione, sulfadiazine, ko thiamethoxam ba) ne kawai ya nuna gagarumin aikin sarrafa sauro lokacin da sauro masu tsotsar jini suka taɓa wuraren da aka yi wa magani. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin sauƙin kamuwa da nitisidone tsakanin sauro masu saurin kamuwa da kwari na Anopheles gambiae da nau'in sauro masu saurin kamuwa da cuta da kuma nau'in sauro masu saurin kamuwa da cuta da yawa. Maganin ya nuna inganci mai kyau a kan dukkan nau'ikan sauro guda uku da aka gwada, wanda ke nuna aikin da ya shafi manyan masu kamuwa da cuta.
Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa nitisidone yana da sabuwar hanyar aiki, wacce ta bambanta da tsarin Kwamitin Aiki na Jure Wa Masu Kashe Kwari (IRAC), wanda ke mai da hankali kan tsarin narkewar jini. Ingancin Nitisidone akan nau'ikan da ke jure wa kwayoyi masu jure wa kwayoyi da kuma yuwuwar haɗa shi da matakan sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta da ake da su, kamar gidajen sauro da aka yi wa magani da feshin maganin kwari na cikin gida, ya sa ya zama ɗan takara mafi kyau don faɗaɗa dabarun rigakafi da shawo kan cutar malaria, zazzabin dengue, cutar Zika, da sauran cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke tasowa.
Abin sha'awa, gwaje-gwajen halittu na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya na yau da kullun suna amfani da sauro da aka shayar da sukari kawai don gwada yawan magungunan kwari masu ban mamaki waɗanda ƙila ba za su iya kashe sauro masu shan jini ba.[38] Wannan yana nuna mahimmancin la'akari da bambance-bambancen da ke akwai a cikin allurai masu tasiri tsakanin sauro masu tsotsar jini da waɗanda ba sa shan jini, wanda zai iya yin tasiri ga ingancin sauran da kuma ci gaban juriya. Kodayake yawanci ana ƙayyade allurai masu rarrabewa (DDs) bisa ga ƙimar LD99 don sauro masu tsotsar jini, bambance-bambance a cikin ilimin halittar kwari na iya yin tasiri ga saurin kamuwa da su, don haka gwada sauro masu tsotsar jini kawai bazai nuna cikakken kewayon matakan juriya ba.
Wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali kan ingancin nau'ikan sauro guda uku—Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti, da Culex quinquefasciatus—a cikin gwajin tsotsar jini, wanda ke kwaikwayon saukowar sauro a bango kuma yana aiki a matsayin abin da ake so a yi wa magani a cikin gida tare da magungunan kashe kwari masu ɗorewa (IRS). An kashe dukkan sauro mata lokacin da suka taɓa saman da aka shafa da nitisidone, amma ba tare da wasu masu hana HPPD β-triketone ba. Amfani da shan masu hana HPPD ta ƙafafuwan sauro yana wakiltar wata dabara mai kyau don shawo kan juriyar kwari da inganta sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan binciken yana goyon bayan buƙatar ƙarin bincike da haɓaka nitisidone don maganin cikin gida tare da magungunan kashe kwari masu ɗorewa a madadin feshi na kwari da ake da su.
An kwatanta hanyoyi uku na tantance ingancin nitisidone a matsayin maganin kwari na waje. An yi nazarin bambance-bambance tsakanin gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da shafawa a jiki, shafawa a ƙafar kwari, da shafawa a kwalba, da kuma hanyar shafawa, hanyar isar da maganin kwari, da kuma lokacin fallasa su.
Duk da haka, duk da bambancin yawan mace-mace tsakanin New Orleans da Mukhza a mafi girman allurai, duk sauran yawan sun fi tasiri a New Orleans (wanda ake iya kamuwa da shi) fiye da na Mukhza (wanda ake iya jurewa) bayan awanni 24.
Domin gano sabbin dabarun sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta, wata hanya mai kyau ta gano sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta masu kashe kwari ita ce faɗaɗa bincike fiye da manufofin gargajiya na tsarin jijiyoyi da kwayoyin halittar da ke kawar da gubobi don haɗawa da hanyoyin tsotsar jini na kwari. Nazarin da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa nitisidone yana da guba bayan an sha shi ta hanyar kwari masu tsotsar jini ko kuma bayan shan epidermal bayan an shafa shi a jiki (ta amfani da wani abu mai narkewa).
Haɗa bayanai daga hanyoyin gano kwari da yawa na iya inganta ingancin kimanta ingancin kwari. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura cewa daga cikin hanyoyi uku da aka yi la'akari da su, hanyar amfani da su ta jiki ita ce mafi ƙarancin wakilcin yanayin fili na gaske. Aiwatar da magungunan kwari kai tsaye a cikin ƙirjin sauro ta amfani da maganin ruwa ba ya kwaikwayon bayyanar da aka saba gani ga Anopheles gambiae sl. [47], kodayake yana iya bayar da kimanin alamar kamuwa da Anopheles ga wani takamaiman mahaɗi. Kodayake duka hanyoyin farantin gilashi da kwalba suna auna tasirin halittu ta hanyar taɓa ƙafafu, sakamakonsu ba su da kama kai tsaye. Bambance-bambance a cikin lokacin fallasa da rufin saman na iya yin tasiri sosai ga mace-macen da aka lura da kowace hanyar ganowa; saboda haka, zaɓar hanyar ganowa mai dacewa yana da mahimmanci don tantance ingancin maganin kwari daidai.
Feshin maganin kwari da ya rage (RIA) yana amfani da yanayin hutawa na sauro bayan ciyarwa, yana sa su sha maganin kwari idan sun taɓa saman da aka yi wa magani. Rushewar maganin kwari, rashin isasshen feshi, da kuma kula da saman da aka yi wa magani (misali, wanke bango bayan magani) na iya rage tasirin RIA sosai. Waɗannan matsalolin suna haifar da matsaloli guda biyu: (1) sauro na iya rayuwa bayan shan allurai marasa mutuwa; kuma (2) kodayake juriya galibi tana faruwa ne ta hanyar zaɓin mutuwa, maimaita shan allurai marasa mutuwa na iya haɓaka juyin halittar juriya ta hanyar barin wasu mutane masu juriya su rayu da kuma kiyaye ƙwayoyin cuta masu alaƙa da raguwar saurin kamuwa da cuta [54]. Saboda mun yi amfani da sauro masu ciyar da jini maimakon sauro masu ciyar da sukari na masana'antu, kwatanta kai tsaye da bayanan da aka buga a baya ba zai yiwu ba. Duk da haka, kwatanta adadin da aka bambanta (DD) da siffar lanƙwasa na nitisidone tare da bayanai don wasu mahadi [47] abin ƙarfafawa ne. Yawan da aka bambanta ya haɗa da lokacin fallasa da adadin maganin kwari da aka shafa a cikin kwalbar, tare da adadin abin da aka sha ya danganta da ainihin lokacin hulɗa a kan ƙafa. Bisa ga waɗannan sakamakon, nitisidone ya fi ƙarfin thiamethoxam, spinosad, mefenoxam, da dinotefuran [47], wanda hakan ya sa ya zama zaɓi mafi dacewa ga sabbin magungunan kashe kwari na cikin gida waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarin ingantawa. Idan aka yi la'akari da gangaren lanƙwasa amsawar allurai (wanda aka yi kimanin ta hanyar ƙididdige gangaren LC95 da LC50 a Hoto na 3), nitisidone yana da lanƙwasa mafi tsayi, yana nuna babban ingancinsa. Wannan ya yi daidai da binciken da aka yi a baya na nitisidone a cikin gwaje-gwajen ciyar da jini da na saman jiki akan wani vector dipteran, ƙuda tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans) [26]. Mun gwada ingancin nitisidone a takaice (ta amfani da gwajin farantin gilashi) ta hanyar fallasa sauro na Kissou (Hoto na S1A) ko sauro na New Orleans (Hoto na S1B) ga nitisidone kafin ciyarwa. Nitisidone ya kasance mai tasiri a kan ƙafafu, yana kwaikwayon yanayin sauro da ke sauka a bango da aka yi wa nitisidone kafin ciyarwa, wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin bincike. Ingancin nitisidone (da sauran masu hana HPPD) a ƙafafuwa na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar haɗa su da masu taimakawa kamar rapeseed methyl ester (RME), kamar yadda aka bayyana ga sauran magungunan kashe kwari [44, 55]. Ta hanyar gwada tasirin RME akan *Gnaphalium affine* kafin ciyarwa (Hoto na S2), mun gano cewa a yawan 5 mg/m², haɗin tare da masu taimakawa kamar RME ya ƙara yawan mace-macen sauro sosai.
Tsarin kashe sauro ta hanyar nitisidone mara tsari a cikin nau'ikan da ba su da juriya yana da ban sha'awa. Rage mace-macen nau'in VK7 2014 na iya faruwa ne saboda kauriwar fata, raguwar shan jini, ko saurin narkewar jini - abubuwan da ba mu bincika ba. Nitisidone ya nuna ƙarancin guba ga nau'in sauro na Culex muheza mai juriya, yana nuna buƙatar ƙarin bincike a mafi yawan taro (25 zuwa 125 mg/m²). Bugu da ƙari, kamar Culex, sauro na Aedes ba su da saurin kamuwa da nitisidone fiye da Anopheles, wanda zai iya nuna bambance-bambancen jiki tsakanin nau'ikan biyu dangane da shan jini da yawan narkewar abinci [27]. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna nuna mahimmancin fahimtar halaye na musamman na nau'ikan lokacin kimanta magungunan kwari da ke kunna jini. Duk da tasirinsa na dogara da jini da jinkiri, nitisidone na iya samun amfani mai amfani saboda yana iya aiki kafin sauro ya yi ƙwai ko rage yawan haihuwarsu gaba ɗaya. Saboda tsarin aikinsa na musamman, wanda ke nufin hanyar lalata tyrosine ta hanyar hana 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), nitisidone yana da alƙawari a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun sarrafa vector mai cikakken tsari. Duk da haka, dole ne a yi la'akari da yiwuwar haɓaka juriya ga magunguna saboda maye gurbi a wurin da aka nufa ko daidaitawar metabolism, kuma a halin yanzu ana ci gaba da bincike don bincika waɗannan hanyoyin.
Sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa nitisidone yana kashe sauro masu tsotsar jini ta hanyar taɓa ƙafafu, wata hanya da ba a lura da ita da mesotrione, sulfadiazine, da thiamethoxam ba. Wannan tasirin kashewa bai bambanta tsakanin nau'in sauro masu saurin kamuwa da wasu nau'ikan magungunan kwari ba, gami da pyrethroids, organochlorides, da kuma carbamates masu yuwuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ingancin shaƙar epidermal na nitisidone ba'a iyakance ga nau'in Anopheles ba; wannan an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ingancinsa akan Culex pipiens pallens da Aedes aegypti. Bayananmu suna goyon bayan buƙatar ƙarin bincike don inganta shaƙar nitisidone, misali, ta hanyar haɓaka shaƙar epidermal ko amfani da adjuvants ta hanyar sinadarai. Ta hanyar tsarin aikinsa na musamman, nitisidone yana amfani da halayen tsotsar jini na sauro mata yadda ya kamata. Wannan ya sa ya zama ɗan takara mafi kyau ga feshi na kwari na cikin gida da gidajen sauro masu aiki na dogon lokaci, musamman a yankunan da hanyoyin sarrafa sauro na gargajiya suka raunana ta hanyar yaduwar juriyar pyrethroid cikin sauri.
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-23-2025