Duk da cewa ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta na shuka suna cikin haɗarin nematode, ba kwari ne na shuka ba, amma cututtukan tsire-tsire ne.
Nematode mai tushen tushen (Meloidogyne) shine mafi yaɗuwa kuma mai cutarwa ga tsirrai masu cutarwa a duniya. An kiyasta cewa nau'ikan tsire-tsire sama da 2000 a duniya, gami da kusan dukkan amfanin gona da aka noma, suna da matukar saurin kamuwa da cutar nematode mai tushen tushen. Nematodes mai tushen tushen tushen suna shafar ƙwayoyin tushen da ke cikin gida don samar da ƙari, wanda ke shafar shan ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki, wanda ke haifar da raguwar girman shuka, raguwar girma, rawaya, bushewa, lanƙwasa ganye, nakasar 'ya'yan itace, har ma da mutuwar dukkan shukar, wanda ke haifar da raguwar amfanin gona a duniya.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kula da cututtukan nematode ya zama abin da kamfanonin kare shuke-shuke na duniya da cibiyoyin bincike suka mayar da hankali a kai. Nematode na waken soya muhimmin dalili ne na rage yawan samar da waken soya a Brazil, Amurka da sauran muhimman kasashen da ke fitar da waken soya. A halin yanzu, kodayake an yi amfani da wasu hanyoyi na zahiri ko matakan noma don magance cutar nematode, kamar: tantance nau'ikan da ba sa jure wa cututtuka, amfani da tushen da ke jure wa cututtuka, juyawar amfanin gona, inganta ƙasa, da sauransu, mafi mahimmancin hanyoyin magancewa har yanzu suna kula da sinadarai ko kuma kula da halittu.
Tsarin aikin haɗin tushen
Tarihin rayuwar tushen nematode ya ƙunshi ƙwai, na farko tsutsa a cikin tauraro, na biyu a cikin tauraro, na uku a cikin tauraro, na huɗu a cikin tauraro da babba. Tsutsa tana da ƙanƙantar tsutsa, babba tana da heteromorphic, namijin layi ne, mace kuma tana da siffar pear. Tsutsa ta biyu a cikin tauraro za ta iya ƙaura a cikin ruwan ramukan ƙasa, neman tushen shukar mai masaukin baki ta cikin alleles masu laushi na kai, mamaye shukar mai masaukin baki ta hanyar huda epidermis daga yankin tsayin tushen mai masaukin baki, sannan ta yi tafiya ta cikin sararin sel, ta matsa zuwa tip ɗin tushen, kuma ta isa meristem na tushen. Bayan tsutsa ta biyu a cikin tauraro za ta isa meristem na tip ɗin tushen, tsutsa ta koma alkiblar tarin jijiyoyin jini kuma ta isa yankin ci gaban xylem. A nan, tsutsa ta biyu a cikin tauraro za ta huda ƙwayoyin mai masaukin baki da allurar baki ta hanyar allurar fitar da sinadarin gland na esophageal cikin ƙwayoyin tushen mai masaukin baki. Auxin da nau'ikan enzymes daban-daban da ke cikin ruwan da ke fitowa daga glandar esophageal na iya sa ƙwayoyin masu masaukin baki su rikide su zama "ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta" tare da ƙwayoyin nuclei masu yawa, masu wadataccen ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi da kuma metabolism mai ƙarfi. Kwayoyin cortical da ke kewaye da manyan ƙwayoyin halitta suna ƙaruwa da girma da kuma kumbura ƙarƙashin tasirin manyan ƙwayoyin halitta, suna samar da alamun bayyanar ƙwayoyin tushe a saman tushen. Ƙwayoyin halitta na biyu suna amfani da manyan ƙwayoyin halitta a matsayin wuraren ciyarwa don shan abubuwan gina jiki da ruwa kuma ba sa motsawa. A ƙarƙashin yanayi mai dacewa, tsutsar ciki na biyu na iya sa mai masaukin ya samar da manyan ƙwayoyin halitta awanni 24 bayan kamuwa da cuta, kuma ya zama tsutsotsi manya bayan ƙwayoyin halitta uku a cikin kwanaki 20 masu zuwa. Bayan haka mazan suna motsawa su bar tushen, mata suna zama a tsaye kuma suna ci gaba da girma, suna fara yin ƙwai a kimanin kwanaki 28. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya wuce ℃ 10, ƙwai suna ƙyanƙyashewa a cikin tushen ƙwayar, tsutsar ciki na farko a cikin ƙwai, tsutsar ciki na biyu na ƙura daga ƙwai, suna barin mai masaukin zuwa ƙasa kuma kamuwa da cuta.
Nematodes na tushen tushen suna da nau'ikan masu masauki iri-iri, waɗanda za su iya zama masu cutarwa ga nau'ikan masu masauki sama da 3,000, kamar kayan lambu, amfanin gona na abinci, amfanin gona na kuɗi, bishiyoyin 'ya'yan itace, tsire-tsire na ado da ciyayi. Tushen kayan lambu da tushen tushen ya shafa suna fara samar da ƙusoshi masu girma dabam-dabam, waɗanda suke da farin madara a farko kuma suna da launin ruwan kasa mai haske a matakin ƙarshe. Bayan kamuwa da cutar nematode na tushen tushen, tsire-tsire a cikin ƙasa sun yi gajeru, rassan da ganye sun yi rauni ko sun yi rawaya, girman ya ragu, launin ganyen ya yi haske, kuma girman shuke-shuken da ke fama da rashin lafiya ya yi rauni, shuke-shuken sun bushe a lokacin fari, kuma dukkan shukar ta mutu da tsanani. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin martanin kariya, tasirin hanawa da lalacewar nama da ƙwayoyin cuta na tushen tushen ke haifarwa a kan amfanin gona sun taimaka wajen mamaye ƙwayoyin cuta da ke ɗauke da ƙasa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta na fusarium da ƙwayoyin cuta na ruɓewar tushen, don haka suna haifar da cututtuka masu rikitarwa da haifar da asara mai yawa.
Matakan rigakafi da kulawa
Ana iya raba hanyoyin magance cututtuka na gargajiya zuwa masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma waɗanda ba masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ba bisa ga hanyoyi daban-daban na amfani.
Mai Fumigant
Ya haɗa da halogenated hydrocarbons da isothiocyanates, kuma waɗanda ba su da fumigants sun haɗa da organophosphorus da carbamates. A halin yanzu, daga cikin magungunan kwari da aka yi rijista a China, bromomethane (wani abu mai rage ozone, wanda ake hana shi a hankali) da chloropicrin sune mahaɗan hydrocarbon masu halogenated, waɗanda zasu iya hana haɗakar furotin da halayen biochemical yayin numfashin tushen nematodes. Fumigants guda biyu sune methyl isothiocyanate, wanda zai iya lalata da kuma sakin methyl isothiocyanate da sauran ƙananan mahaɗan kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa. Methyl isothiocyanate na iya shiga jikin tushen nematode kuma ya ɗaure ga globulin mai ɗauke da iskar oxygen, don haka yana hana numfashin tushen nematode don cimma mummunan sakamako. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma yi rijistar sulfuryl fluoride da calcium cyanamide a matsayin masu kashe ƙwayoyin cuta don sarrafa tushen nematodes a China.
Akwai kuma wasu na'urorin haƙar hydrogen da ba a yi musu rijista a China ba, kamar 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, da sauransu, waɗanda aka yi musu rijista a wasu ƙasashe a Turai da Amurka a matsayin madadin bromomethane.
Mai hana hayaki
Har da organophosphorus da carbamates. Daga cikin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta marasa fumigated da aka yi rijista a ƙasarmu, phosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos da chlorpyrifos suna cikin organophosphorus, yayin da carboxanil, aldicarb da carboxanil butathiocarb suna cikin carbamate. Nematocides marasa fumigated suna lalata aikin tsarin jijiyoyi na tushen knot nematodes ta hanyar ɗaure su da acetylcholinesterase a cikin synapses na tushen knot nematodes. Yawanci ba sa kashe tushen knot nematodes, amma kawai suna sa tushen knot nematodes su rasa ikon gano mai masaukin baki da kamuwa da cuta, don haka sau da yawa ana kiransu da "nematodes paralyzers". Nematocides na gargajiya marasa fumigated sune magungunan jijiyoyi masu guba sosai, waɗanda ke da irin wannan tsarin aiki akan ƙasusuwa da arthropods kamar nematodes. Saboda haka, a ƙarƙashin ƙa'idojin muhalli da zamantakewa, manyan ƙasashen duniya masu ci gaba sun rage ko dakatar da ci gaban magungunan kwari na organophosphorus da carbamate, kuma sun koma ga haɓaka wasu sabbin magungunan kwari masu inganci da ƙarancin guba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, daga cikin sabbin magungunan kwari marasa carbamate/organophosphorus waɗanda suka sami rijistar EPA sune spiralate ethyl (wanda aka yi rijista a 2010), difluorosulfone (wanda aka yi rijista a 2014) da fluopyramide (wanda aka yi rijista a 2015).
Amma a zahiri, saboda yawan guba, haramcin magungunan kashe kwari na organophosphorus, babu ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa da ake da su a yanzu. An yi rijistar ƙwayoyin cuta 371 a China, waɗanda 161 daga cikinsu sinadaran aiki ne na abamectin, kuma 158 daga cikinsu sinadaran aiki ne na thiazophos. Waɗannan sinadaran aiki guda biyu sune mafi mahimmancin abubuwan da ake buƙata don magance ƙwayoyin cuta a China.
A halin yanzu, babu sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, waɗanda daga cikinsu akwai fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone da fluopyramide. Bugu da ƙari, dangane da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, Penicillium paraclavidum da Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 waɗanda Kono ya yi rijista suma suna da ƙarfin kasuwa mai ƙarfi.
Haƙƙin mallaka na duniya don sarrafa nematode na tushen waken soya
Nematode na tushen waken soya yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ke haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin waken soya a manyan ƙasashen da ke fitar da waken soya, musamman Amurka da Brazil.
An shigar da jimillar takardun mallakar shuke-shuke guda 4287 da suka shafi tushen waken soya a duk duniya a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Nematode na tushen waken soya na duniya galibi ana amfani da shi ne don mallakar shuke-shuke a yankuna da ƙasashe, na farko shine Ofishin Turai, na biyu shine China, da Amurka, yayin da yankin da ya fi tsanani na tushen waken soya, Brazil, yana da aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka guda 145 kacal. Kuma yawancinsu sun fito ne daga kamfanoni na ƙasashen duniya.
A halin yanzu, abamectin da phosphine thiazole sune manyan magungunan hana ƙwayoyin cuta a China. Kuma samfurin da aka yi wa rijista mai suna fluopyramide shi ma ya fara fitowa.
Avermectin
A shekarar 1981, an gabatar da abamectin ga kasuwa a matsayin maganin hana ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, kuma a shekarar 1985 a matsayin maganin kashe kwari. Avermectin yana ɗaya daga cikin magungunan kashe kwari da aka fi amfani da su a yau.
Phosphine thiazate
Phosphine thiazole wani sabon maganin kwari ne mai inganci, mai faɗi, wanda ba a yi masa feshi ba, wanda Kamfanin Ishihara ya ƙirƙiro a Japan, kuma an sanya shi a kasuwa a ƙasashe da yawa kamar Japan. Binciken farko ya nuna cewa phosphine thiazolium yana da endosorption da jigilar kayayyaki a cikin tsire-tsire kuma yana da aikin faɗaɗa ƙwayoyin cuta da kwari masu yaɗuwa. Kwayoyin cuta masu yaɗuwa na shuka suna cutar da amfanin gona da yawa masu mahimmanci, kuma halayen halittu da na zahiri da na sinadarai na phosphine thiazole sun dace sosai don amfani da ƙasa, don haka wakili ne mai kyau don sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaɗuwa na shuka. A halin yanzu, phosphine thiazolium yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaɗuwa da aka yi rijista a cikin kayan lambu a China, kuma yana da kyakkyawan sha a cikin ciki, don haka ba wai kawai ana iya amfani da shi don sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta da kwari a saman ƙasa ba, har ma ana iya amfani da shi don sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaɗuwa da kwari a saman ganye. Babban hanyar aikin phosphine thiazolides shine hana acetylcholinesterase na kwayoyin da ake nema, wanda ke shafar yanayin muhalli na nematode mataki na 2 na tsutsa. Phosphine thiazole na iya hana ayyukan, lalacewa da ƙyanƙyashewar ƙwayoyin nematodes, don haka yana iya hana girma da kuma sake haifuwar ƙwayoyin nematodes.
Fluopyramide
Fluopyramide wani maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ne na pyridyl ethyl benzamide, wanda Bayer Cropscience ta ƙirƙira kuma ta tallata shi, wanda har yanzu yana cikin lokacin mallakar lasisi. Fluopyramide yana da wasu ayyukan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma an yi masa rijista don sarrafa tushen nematode a cikin amfanin gona, kuma a halin yanzu sanannen nematicide ne. Tsarin aikinsa shine hana numfashin mitochondrial ta hanyar toshe canja wurin electron na succinic dehydrogenase a cikin sarkar numfashi, da kuma hana matakai da dama na zagayowar girma na ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa don cimma manufar sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa.
Sinadarin fluropyramide mai aiki a China har yanzu yana cikin lokacin mallakar haƙƙin mallaka. Daga cikin aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka da ake yi a cikin nematodes, 3 daga Bayer ne, 4 kuma daga China ne, waɗanda aka haɗa su da biostimulants ko wasu sinadarai masu aiki don sarrafa nematodes. A zahiri, ana iya amfani da wasu sinadarai masu aiki a cikin lokacin mallakar haƙƙin mallaka don aiwatar da wasu tsare-tsare na haƙƙin mallaka a gaba don kama kasuwa. Kamar kyawawan kwari na lepidoptera da wakilin thrips ethyl polycidin, sama da kashi 70% na haƙƙin mallaka na aikace-aikacen gida ana amfani da su ne ta kamfanonin cikin gida.
magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta don maganin nematode
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, hanyoyin sarrafa halittu waɗanda ke maye gurbin sarrafa sinadarai na ƙwayoyin cuta na tushen ƙulli sun sami kulawa sosai a gida da waje. Warewa da tantance ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfin adawa da ƙwayoyin cuta na tushen ƙulli su ne manyan sharuɗɗan kula da halittu. Manyan nau'ikan da aka ruwaito game da ƙwayoyin cuta masu adawa da ƙwayoyin cuta na tushen ƙulli sune Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus da Rhizobium. Myrothecium, Paecilomyces da Trichoderma, duk da haka, wasu ƙwayoyin cuta sun kasance da wuya su yi tasirin hana su akan ƙwayoyin cuta na tushen ƙulli saboda matsaloli a cikin al'adar wucin gadi ko tasirin sarrafa halittu marasa ƙarfi a fagen.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus wani nau'in ƙwayar cuta ne mai tasiri ga ƙwai na tushen tushen kudanci da kuma Cystocystis albicans. Yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na tushen tushen kudanci yana da yawa har zuwa 60% ~ 70%. Tsarin hana Paecilomyces lavviolaceus akan tushen nematodes shine bayan Paecilomyces lavviolaceus ya taɓa ƙusoshin tsutsotsi na layi, a cikin substrate mai laushi, mycelium na ƙwayoyin cuta na biocontrol yana kewaye da ƙwai gaba ɗaya, kuma ƙarshen mycelium ya zama mai kauri. Saman harsashin ƙwai ya karye saboda ayyukan metabolites na waje da fungal chitinase, sannan fungi ya mamaye ya maye gurbinsa. Hakanan yana iya fitar da gubobi waɗanda ke kashe nematodes. Babban aikinsa shine kashe ƙwai. Akwai rajistar magungunan kashe kwari guda takwas a China. A halin yanzu, Paecilomyces lilaclavi ba shi da nau'in maganin da ake sayarwa, amma tsarin mallakarsa a China yana da haƙƙin mallaka don haɗawa da wasu magungunan kashe kwari don ƙara yawan amfani da su.
Cirewar tsirrai
Ana iya amfani da kayayyakin shuka na halitta cikin aminci don sarrafa tushen nematode, kuma amfani da kayan shuka ko abubuwan nematoid da tsire-tsire ke samarwa don magance cututtukan tushen nematode ya fi dacewa da buƙatun amincin muhalli da amincin abinci.
Sinadaran Nematoidal na tsirrai suna wanzuwa a dukkan gabobin shukar kuma ana iya samun su ta hanyar tururi, cirewa ta halitta, tattara sinadarin tushen da ke fita daga tushen, da sauransu. Dangane da halayen sinadarai, galibi ana raba su zuwa abubuwa marasa canzawa tare da narkewar ruwa ko narkewar halitta da kuma mahaɗan halitta masu canzawa, waɗanda daga cikinsu abubuwa marasa canzawa suna da yawa. Ana iya amfani da sinadaran nematoidal na tsirrai da yawa don sarrafa tushen nematode bayan cirewa mai sauƙi, kuma gano abubuwan da aka cire daga tsire-tsire yana da sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da sabbin mahaɗan aiki. Duk da haka, kodayake yana da tasirin kashe kwari, ainihin sinadaran aiki da ƙa'idar kashe kwari galibi ba a fayyace su ba.
A halin yanzu, neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, shayi saponin da sauransu su ne manyan magungunan kashe kwari na shukar kasuwanci da ke da ayyukan kashe kwari na nematode, waɗanda ba su da yawa, kuma ana iya amfani da su wajen samar da tsire-tsire masu hana ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar dasawa ko rakiyar su.
Duk da cewa haɗakar ruwan da aka samo daga tsirrai don sarrafa tushen nematode zai yi tasiri mafi kyau wajen sarrafa tushen nematode, ba a fara tallata shi gaba ɗaya a wannan matakin ba, amma har yanzu yana ba da sabuwar shawara ga ruwan da aka samo daga tsirrai don sarrafa tushen nematode.
Takin zamani na halitta (bio-organic)
Mabuɗin takin zamani na halitta shine ko ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙwayoyin cuta za su iya yaduwa a cikin ƙasa ko ƙasa mai faɗi. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa amfani da wasu kayan halitta kamar jatan lande da kaguwa da garin mai na iya inganta tasirin sarrafa halittu na nematode na tushen ƙulli kai tsaye ko a kaikaice. Amfani da fasahar fermentation mai ƙarfi don fermentation ƙwayoyin cuta masu adawa da ƙwayoyin cuta da takin zamani don samar da takin zamani na halitta sabuwar hanyar kula da halittu ce don magance cutar tushen ƙulli.
A cikin nazarin sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta na kayan lambu tare da takin bio-organic, an gano cewa ƙwayoyin cuta masu adawa da takin bio-organic suna da kyakkyawan tasirin sarrafawa akan ƙwayoyin cuta masu adawa da tushen, musamman takin organic da aka yi daga fermentation na ƙwayoyin cuta masu adawa da takin organic ta hanyar fasahar fermentation mai ƙarfi.
Duk da haka, tasirin sarrafa takin zamani akan ƙwayoyin cuta masu tushe yana da alaƙa mai kyau da muhalli da lokacin amfani, kuma ingancin sarrafa shi bai kai na magungunan kashe kwari na gargajiya ba, kuma yana da wuya a sayar da shi.
Duk da haka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na sarrafa magunguna da taki, yana yiwuwa a sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar ƙara magungunan kashe kwari masu guba da haɗa ruwa da taki.
Ganin yawan nau'ikan amfanin gona guda ɗaya (kamar dankalin turawa, waken soya, da sauransu) da aka shuka a gida da waje, faruwar nematode yana ƙara tsananta, kuma sarrafa nematode shi ma yana fuskantar babban ƙalubale. A halin yanzu, yawancin nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi rijista a China an ƙirƙiro su ne kafin shekarun 1980, kuma sabbin sinadarai masu aiki ba su isa ba sosai.
Magungunan halittu suna da fa'idodi na musamman a tsarin amfani da su, amma ba su da tasiri kamar sinadarai, kuma amfaninsu yana da iyaka da dalilai daban-daban. Ta hanyar aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka masu dacewa, za a iya ganin cewa ci gaban nematocides a halin yanzu yana kan haɗuwa da tsoffin samfura, haɓaka magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, da haɗa ruwa da taki.
Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-20-2024