Ko da yake nematodes na tsire-tsire na cikin haɗarin nematode, ba kwari ba ne, amma cututtukan shuka.
Tushen-ƙulli nematode (Meloidogyne) shine mafi yaɗuwar shuka da cutarwa nematode mai cutarwa a duniya.An kiyasta cewa fiye da nau'in tsire-tsire 2000 a duniya, ciki har da kusan dukkanin amfanin gona da aka noma, suna da matukar damuwa ga kamuwa da tushen tushen nematode.Tushen-ƙulli nematodes harba rundunar tushen nama Kwayoyin don samar da ciwace-ciwacen daji, yana shafar sha na ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban shuka, dwarfing, yellowing, withering, leaf curl, 'ya'yan itace nakasa, har ma da mutuwar dukan shuka, sakamakon haka. rage amfanin gona a duniya.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kula da cutar nematode ya kasance abin da kamfanonin kare tsire-tsire na duniya da cibiyoyin bincike suka mayar da hankali.nematode waken waken soya muhimmin dalili ne na rage noman waken waken a Brazil, Amurka da sauran muhimman kasashen da ake fitar da waken waken.A halin yanzu, ko da yake an yi amfani da wasu hanyoyi na zahiri ko matakan aikin gona don shawo kan cutar nematode, kamar: tantance nau'ikan da ba su da ƙarfi, yin amfani da tushen tushen juriya, jujjuya amfanin gona, haɓaka ƙasa, da dai sauransu, mafi mahimmancin hanyoyin sarrafawa har yanzu shine sarrafa sinadarai ko nazarin halittu iko.
Hanyar aikin tushen-junction
Tarihin rayuwar tushen nematode ya ƙunshi kwai, tsutsa ta farko, tsutsa ta biyu, tsutsa ta uku, tsutsa ta huɗu da babba.Tsutsa karama ce mai kama da tsutsa, babba kuma heteromorphic ne, namiji na layi ne, mace kuma mai siffar pear.Larvae na biyu na instar na iya yin ƙaura a cikin ruwa na pores na ƙasa, bincika tushen shukar ta hanyar m alleles na kai, mamaye shukar ta hanyar huda epidermis daga yankin elongation na tushen rundunar, sannan ta bi ta hanyar. sararin intercellular, matsawa zuwa tushen tip, kuma isa ga meristem na tushen.Bayan larvae na instar na biyu ya kai ga meristem na tushen tushen, tsutsa ta koma kan hanyar daɗaɗɗen jijiyoyin jini kuma ta isa yankin ci gaban xylem.Anan, larvae na instar na biyu sun huda sel mai masaukin baki tare da allura na baka kuma suna allurar sirrin glandon esophageal cikin sel tushen rundunar.Auxin da daban-daban enzymes kunshe a cikin esophageal gland shine yake na iya haifar da rundunonin sel su canza zuwa cikin "giant Kwayoyin" tare da multinucleated nuclei, arziki a cikin suborganelles da karfi metabolism.Kwayoyin cortical da ke kewaye da manyan sel suna karuwa kuma suna girma kuma suna kumbura a ƙarƙashin rinjayar manyan ƙwayoyin cuta, suna samar da alamun alamun nodules na tushen akan tushen tushe.Larvae na farko na biyu suna amfani da manya-manyan sel a matsayin wuraren ciyarwa don sha abubuwan gina jiki da ruwa kuma ba sa motsawa.A ƙarƙashin yanayin da ya dace, tsutsa na biyu na instar na iya sa mai watsa shiri ya samar da manyan sel sa'o'i 24 bayan kamuwa da cuta, kuma ya zama tsutsotsi na manya bayan moults uku a cikin kwanaki 20 masu zuwa.Bayan haka mazaje suna motsawa suna barin tushen, mata suna tsayawa kuma suna ci gaba da haɓaka, suna fara yin ƙwai a kimanin kwanaki 28.Lokacin da zafin jiki ya wuce 10 ℃, ƙwai suna ƙyanƙyashe a cikin tushen nodule, larvae na farko a cikin ƙwai, na biyu instar larvae rawar jiki daga cikin ƙwai, barin mai gida zuwa ƙasa sake kamuwa da cuta.
Tushen-ƙulli nematodes suna da nau'ikan runduna, waɗanda za su iya zama parasitic akan nau'ikan runduna sama da 3 000, kamar kayan lambu, amfanin gona na abinci, amfanin gona na tsabar kuɗi, itatuwan 'ya'yan itace, tsire-tsire na ado da ciyawa.Tushen kayan lambu wanda tushen kullin nematodes ya shafa ya fara samar da nodules masu girma dabam dabam, waɗanda fararen fata ne a farkon kuma kodadde launin ruwan kasa a mataki na gaba.Bayan kamuwa da cuta tare da tushen tushen nematode, tsire-tsire a cikin ƙasa sun kasance gajere, rassan da ganye sun bushe ko rawaya, ci gaban ya ragu, launin ganye yana da haske, ci gaban tsire-tsire marasa lafiya ya yi rauni, tsire-tsire sun yi rauni. Da fari ya bushe, dukan tsiron ya mutu da tsanani.Bugu da ƙari, ƙa'idar amsawar tsaro, tasirin hanawa da lalacewar injin nama wanda tushen-ƙulli nematodes ke haifarwa akan amfanin gona ya kuma sauƙaƙe mamaye ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke haifar da ƙasa kamar fusarium wilt da tushen rot bakteriya, don haka haifar da hadaddun cututtuka da haifar da asara mafi girma.
Matakan rigakafi da sarrafawa
Za a iya raba layin layi na al'ada zuwa fumigants da wadanda ba su da fumigants bisa ga hanyoyi daban-daban na amfani.
Fumigant
Ya hada da halogenated hydrocarbons da isothiocyanates, kuma wadanda ba fumigants sun hada da organophosphorus da carbamate.A halin yanzu, a cikin magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi wa rajista a kasar Sin, bromomethane (wani abu mai rage ozone, wanda a hankali ake hana shi) da chloropicrin sune halogenated hydrocarbon mahadi, wanda zai iya hana haɓakar furotin da halayen biochemical yayin numfashi na tushen kullin nematodes.Fumigants guda biyu sune methyl isothiocyanate, wanda zai iya ƙasƙanta da sakin methyl isothiocyanate da sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa.Methyl isothiocyanate na iya shiga jikin tushen kullin nematode kuma ya ɗaure ga mai ɗaukar iskar oxygen globulin, don haka hana numfashin tushen kullin nematode don cimma sakamako mai mutuwa.Bugu da kari, sulfuryl fluoride da calcium cyanamide suma an yi musu rijista a matsayin fumigants don sarrafa tushen kullin nematodes a China.
Har ila yau, akwai wasu fumigants na halogenated hydrocarbon da ba a rajista a kasar Sin, irin su 1, 3-dichloropropylene, iodomethane, da dai sauransu, wadanda aka yi wa rajista a wasu kasashe a Turai da Amurka a matsayin maye gurbin bromomethane.
Mai ban sha'awa
Ciki har da organophosphorus da carbamate.Daga cikin layin da ba su da fumigated da aka yi rajista a cikin ƙasarmu, phosphine thiazolium, Methanophos, phoxiphos da chlorpyrifos suna cikin organophosphorus, yayin da carboxanil, aldicarb da carboxanil butathiocarb ke cikin carbamate.Nematocides marasa fumigated suna rushe aikin tsarin juyayi na tushen kullin nematodes ta hanyar ɗaure zuwa acetylcholinesterase a cikin synapses na tushen kullin nematodes.Yawancin lokaci ba sa kashe tushen kullin nematodes, amma kawai suna sanya tushen kullin nematodes su rasa ikon gano wurin da cutar, don haka galibi ana kiran su da “nematodes paralyzers”.Nematocides na gargajiya waɗanda ba su da fumigated sune magungunan jijiyoyi masu guba, waɗanda ke da tsarin aiki iri ɗaya akan vertebrates da arthropods kamar nematodes.Don haka, a ƙarƙashin matsalolin muhalli da zamantakewa, manyan ƙasashen duniya da suka ci gaba sun rage ko dakatar da haɓakar organophosphorus da carbamate kwari, kuma sun juya zuwa ga samar da wasu sababbin magungunan kwari masu inganci da marasa guba.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, daga cikin sababbin ƙwayoyin kwari marasa carbamate / organophosphorus waɗanda suka sami rajistar EPA sune spiralate ethyl (wanda aka yi rajista a cikin 2010), difluorosulfone (wanda aka yi rajista a cikin 2014) da fluopyramide (wanda aka rajista a cikin 2015).
Amma a gaskiya, saboda yawan guba, haramcin magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphorus, babu nematocides da yawa a yanzu.nematocides 371 ne aka yiwa rajista a kasar Sin, daga cikinsu 161 abamectin abu ne mai sinadari da 158 kuma sinadarin thiazophos ne.Wadannan sinadaran guda biyu masu aiki sune mafi mahimmancin abubuwan sarrafa nematode a kasar Sin.
A halin yanzu, babu sababbin nematocides da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai fluorene sulfoxide, spiroxide, difluorosulfone da fluopyramide sune shugabanni.Bugu da kari, dangane da maganin biopesticides, Penicillium paraclavidum da Bacillus thuringiensis HAN055 da Kono ya yi rajista suma suna da karfin kasuwa.
Alamar duniya don sarrafa tushen waken soya nematode
Tushen waken soya nematode na ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ke haifar da raguwar yawan amfanin waken waken a manyan ƙasashe masu fitar da waken suya, musamman Amurka da Brazil.
An shigar da jimillar alamun kariyar shuka 4287 masu alaƙa da tushen tushen waken soya a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.Nematode na tushen waken soya na duniya ya fi nema don neman haƙƙin mallaka a yankuna da ƙasashe, na farko shine Ofishin Turai, na biyu shine China, da Amurka, yayin da mafi girman yanki na tushen waken soya, Brazil, yana da 145 kawai. aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka.Kuma yawancinsu sun fito ne daga kamfanoni na kasa da kasa.
A halin yanzu, abamectin da phosphine thiazole sune manyan abubuwan sarrafa tushen nematodes a China.Kuma samfurin fluopyramide mai haƙƙin mallaka shima ya fara shimfidawa.
Avermectin
A shekara ta 1981, an gabatar da abamectin a kasuwa a matsayin kariya daga cututtukan hanji a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, kuma a cikin 1985 a matsayin maganin kwari.Avermectin yana daya daga cikin magungunan kashe kwari da aka fi amfani dashi a yau.
Phosphine thiazate
Phosphine thiazole labari ne, mai inganci kuma mai fa'ida wanda ba shi da fumigated organophosphorus maganin kwari wanda Kamfanin Ishihara na Japan ya kirkira, kuma an saka shi a kasuwa a kasashe da yawa kamar Japan.Nazarin farko ya nuna cewa phosphine thiazolium yana da endosorption da jigilar kaya a cikin tsire-tsire kuma yana da fa'ida mai fa'ida a kan nematodes da kwari.Nematodes masu tsire-tsire suna cutar da yawancin amfanin gona masu mahimmanci, kuma abubuwan halitta da na zahiri da sinadarai na phosphine thiazole sun dace sosai don aikace-aikacen ƙasa, don haka wakili ne mai kyau don sarrafa nematodes na shuka.A halin yanzu, phosphine thiazolium yana daya daga cikin nematocides daya tilo da aka yiwa rijista akan kayan lambu a kasar Sin, kuma yana da kyakykyawan sha na ciki, don haka ba za a iya amfani da shi kawai wajen sarrafa nematodes da kwaroron saman kasa ba, har ma ana iya amfani da shi wajen sarrafa kwari da ganye. kwari kwari.Babban yanayin aikin phosphine thiazolides shine hana acetylcholinesterase na kwayoyin da aka yi niyya, wanda ke shafar ilimin halittu na nematode 2nd tsutsa matakin.Phosphine thiazole na iya hana ayyukan, lalacewa da ƙyanƙyashe na nematodes, don haka zai iya hana girma da haifuwa na nematodes.
Fluopyramide
Fluopyramide shine pyridyl ethyl benzamide fungicide, wanda Bayer Cropscience ya haɓaka kuma ya tallata shi, wanda har yanzu yana cikin lokacin ikon mallaka.Fluopyramide yana da wasu ayyukan nematicidal, kuma an yi rajista don sarrafa tushen nematode a cikin amfanin gona, kuma a halin yanzu ya fi shahara nematicide.Hanyar aikinta shine hana numfashi na mitochondrial ta hanyar toshe hanyar canja wurin electron na succinic dehydrogenase a cikin sarkar numfashi, da kuma hana matakai da yawa na ci gaban kwayoyin cuta don cimma manufar sarrafa kwayoyin cutar.
Abubuwan da ke aiki na fluropyramide a China har yanzu suna cikin lokacin ikon mallaka.Daga cikin aikace-aikacen sa na haƙƙin mallaka a cikin nematodes, 3 sun fito ne daga Bayer, kuma 4 sun fito ne daga China, waɗanda aka haɗa tare da biostimulants ko nau'ikan kayan aiki daban-daban don sarrafa nematodes.A haƙiƙa, ana iya amfani da wasu sinadarai masu aiki a cikin lokacin haƙƙin mallaka don aiwatar da wasu shimfidar haƙƙin mallaka a gaba don kama kasuwa.Kamar ingantattun kwari na lepidoptera da thrips wakili ethyl polycidin, sama da kashi 70% na samfuran cikin gida ana amfani da su ta kamfanoni na cikin gida.
Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta don sarrafa nematode
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, hanyoyin kula da ilimin halittu waɗanda ke maye gurbin sarrafa sinadarai na tushen kullin nematodes sun sami kulawa sosai a gida da waje.Warewa da tantance ƙwayoyin cuta tare da babban ikon adawa da tushen kullin nematodes sune yanayin farko na sarrafa ilimin halitta.Babban nau'ikan da aka ruwaito akan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na tushen kullin nematodes sune Pasteurella, Streptomyces, Pseudomonas, Bacillus da Rhizobium.Myrothecium, Paecilomyces da Trichoderma, duk da haka, wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun kasance masu wuyar yin tasiri a kan tushen kullin nematodes saboda matsaloli a cikin al'adar wucin gadi ko kuma tasirin kula da ilimin halitta a cikin filin.
Paecilomyces lavviolaceus wani tasiri ne mai tasiri na qwai na tushen tushen nematode na kudu da Cystocystis albicans.Adadin ƙwai na tushen tushen nematode nematode na kudancin ya kai 60% ~ 70%.Hanyar hanawa na Paecilomyces lavviolaceus akan tushen-ƙulli nematodes shine cewa bayan Paecilomyces lavviolaceus tuntuɓar layin tsutsotsin oocysts, a cikin ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, mycelium na ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta suna kewaye da dukan kwai, kuma ƙarshen mycelium ya zama lokacin farin ciki.Fuskar kwandon kwan ya karye saboda ayyukan abubuwan da ke haifar da metabolites na waje da fungal chitinase, sa'an nan fungi ya mamaye su ya maye gurbinsa.Hakanan yana iya ɓoye gubobi waɗanda ke kashe nematodes.Babban aikinsa shine kashe ƙwai.Akwai rajista takwas na maganin kashe kwari a kasar Sin.A halin yanzu, Paecilomyces lilaclavi ba shi da nau'in sinadarai na siyarwa don siyarwa, amma tsarin ƙirar sa a China yana da haƙƙin haɗewa tare da sauran magungunan kashe kwari don haɓaka ayyukan amfani.
Cire shuka
Ana iya amfani da samfuran tsire-tsire na halitta cikin aminci don sarrafa tushen kullin nematode, kuma amfani da kayan shuka ko abubuwan nematoidal da tsire-tsire ke samarwa don sarrafa cututtukan nematode tushen tushen ya fi dacewa da buƙatun amincin muhalli da amincin abinci.
Nematoidal aka gyara na shuke-shuke wanzu a cikin dukkan gabobin na shuka da za a iya samu ta hanyar tururi distillation, Organic hakar, tarin tushen secretions, da dai sauransu A cewar su sinadaran Properties, sun yafi zuwa kashi marasa maras tabbas abubuwa da ruwa solubility ko Organic solubility. da mahaɗar ƙwayoyin cuta masu canzawa, daga cikinsu waɗanda abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfi suna lissafin yawancin.Ana iya amfani da sassan nematoidal na shuke-shuke da yawa don sarrafa tushen kullin nematode bayan cirewa mai sauƙi, kuma gano ƙwayar tsire-tsire yana da sauƙi idan aka kwatanta da sababbin mahadi masu aiki.Duk da haka, ko da yake yana da tasirin maganin kwari, ainihin kayan aiki mai aiki da ka'idar kwari ba su bayyana ba.
A halin yanzu, neem, matrine, veratrine, scopolamine, shayi saponin da sauransu sune manyan magungunan kashe qwari na shuka tare da aikin kashe nematode, waɗanda ba su da yawa, kuma ana iya amfani da su wajen samar da tsire-tsire masu hana nematode ta hanyar shiga ko tare.
Ko da yake haɗuwa da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire don sarrafa tushen tushen nematode zai yi tasiri mai kyau na nematode, ba a yi ciniki sosai ba a halin yanzu, amma har yanzu yana ba da sabon ra'ayi don sarrafa tushen tushen nematode.
Bio-organic taki
Makullin takin halitta shine ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haɓaka a cikin ƙasa ko rhizosphere ƙasa.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa aikace-aikacen wasu kayan halitta irin su shrimp da kaguwa da kuma abincin mai na iya haɓaka tasirin sarrafa tushen tushen nematode kai tsaye ko a kaikaice.Yin amfani da ingantaccen fasaha na fermentation don ƙyale ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da takin zamani don samar da takin mai-kwayoyin halitta sabuwar hanya ce ta sarrafa halittu don sarrafa tushen kullin nematode.
A cikin binciken sarrafa nematodes na kayan lambu tare da takin zamani, an gano cewa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin takin zamani suna da tasiri mai kyau akan tushen kullin nematodes, musamman ma takin da aka yi daga fermentation na ƙwayoyin cuta na gaba da taki. ta m fermentation fasaha.
Koyaya, tasirin sarrafa takin gargajiya akan tushen tushen nematodes yana da alaƙa mai girma tare da yanayi da lokacin amfani, kuma ƙarfin sarrafa shi ya yi ƙasa da na magungunan kashe qwari na gargajiya, kuma yana da wahala a kasuwanci.
Koyaya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na sarrafa magunguna da taki, yana yiwuwa a sarrafa nematodes ta hanyar ƙara magungunan kashe qwari da haɗa ruwa da taki.
Tare da yawan nau'in amfanin gona guda daya (kamar dankalin turawa, waken soya, da dai sauransu) da aka dasa a gida da waje, lamarin nematode yana kara tsananta, kuma kula da nematode yana fuskantar babban kalubale.A halin yanzu, yawancin nau'ikan maganin kashe kwari da aka yiwa rajista a kasar Sin an samar dasu ne kafin shekarun 1980, kuma sabbin sinadarai masu aiki ba su isa ba.
Magungunan halittu suna da fa'idodi na musamman a cikin tsarin amfani, amma ba su da tasiri kamar sinadarai, kuma amfani da su yana iyakance ta hanyoyi daban-daban.Ta hanyar aikace-aikacen patent masu dacewa, ana iya ganin cewa ci gaban nematocides na yanzu yana kewaye da haɗin tsofaffin samfurori, haɓaka ƙwayoyin cuta, da haɗin ruwa da taki.
Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-20-2024