Masu bincike suna haɓaka sabuwar hanyar sake farfaɗo da tsirrai ta hanyar daidaita bayyanar kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke sarrafa bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin shuka.

 Hoto: Hanyoyin gargajiya na sake farfaɗo da tsirrai suna buƙatar amfani da masu kula da ci gaban tsirrai kamar hormones, waɗanda za su iya zama takamaiman nau'ikan halittu kuma suna buƙatar aiki mai yawa. A cikin wani sabon bincike, masana kimiyya sun ƙirƙiro sabon tsarin sake farfaɗo da tsire-tsire ta hanyar daidaita aiki da bayyanar kwayoyin halitta da ke da hannu a cikin rashin bambance-bambance (yaduwar ƙwayoyin halitta) da sake farfaɗo da ƙwayoyin tsirrai (organogenesis). Duba ƙarin
Hanyoyin gargajiya na sake farfaɗo da tsirrai suna buƙatar amfani da sumasu kula da haɓakar shukakamarhormones, wanda zai iya zama takamaiman nau'ikan halittu kuma mai matuƙar aiki. A cikin wani sabon bincike, masana kimiyya sun ƙirƙiro sabon tsarin sake farfaɗo da tsirrai ta hanyar daidaita aiki da bayyanar kwayoyin halitta da ke da hannu a cikin rashin bambance-bambance (yaduwar ƙwayoyin halitta) da sake bambanta (organogenesis) na ƙwayoyin shuka.
Tsire-tsire sun kasance babban tushen abinci ga dabbobi da mutane tsawon shekaru da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da tsire-tsire don cire nau'ikan magunguna da magunguna daban-daban. Duk da haka, rashin amfani da su da kuma ƙaruwar buƙatar abinci yana nuna buƙatar sabbin hanyoyin kiwo na tsire-tsire. Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin fasahar kere-kere na shuka zai iya magance ƙarancin abinci a nan gaba ta hanyar samar da tsire-tsire masu canza yanayin halitta (GM) waɗanda suka fi samar da amfanin gona da juriya ga sauyin yanayi.
A zahiri, tsire-tsire na iya sake farfaɗo da sabbin tsire-tsire gaba ɗaya daga ƙwayar halitta guda ɗaya mai "totipotent" (ƙwayar halitta da za ta iya haifar da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa) ta hanyar cire bambance-bambance da sake bambanta su zuwa ƙwayoyin halitta masu tsari da ayyuka daban-daban. Ana amfani da yanayin wucin gadi na irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi ta hanyar al'adar ƙwayoyin shuka sosai don kare tsirrai, kiwo, samar da nau'ikan halittu masu canzawa da kuma dalilai na bincike na kimiyya. A al'ada, al'adar nama don sake farfaɗo da tsire-tsire yana buƙatar amfani da masu kula da ci gaban tsire-tsire (GGRs), kamar auxins da cytokinins, don sarrafa bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin halitta. Duk da haka, yanayin hormones mafi kyau na iya bambanta sosai dangane da nau'in tsire-tsire, yanayin al'adu da nau'in nama. Saboda haka, ƙirƙirar yanayin bincike mafi kyau na iya zama aiki mai ɗaukar lokaci da aiki.
Domin shawo kan wannan matsala, Mataimakin Farfesa Tomoko Ikawa, tare da Mataimakin Farfesa Mai F. Minamikawa daga Jami'ar Chiba, Farfesa Hitoshi Sakakibara daga Makarantar Digiri ta Kimiyyar Noma ta Jami'ar Nagoya da Mikiko Kojima, ƙwararren masani daga RIKEN CSRS, sun ƙirƙiro wata hanya ta duniya don sarrafa tsire-tsire ta hanyar tsari. Bayyanar kwayoyin halittar "wanda aka tsara don ci gaba" (DR) don cimma nasarar sake farfaɗo da tsire-tsire. An buga a cikin Juzu'i na 15 na Frontiers a Kimiyyar Shuke-shuke a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2024, Dr. Ikawa ya ba da ƙarin bayani game da aikin bincikensu, yana mai cewa: "Tsarinmu ba ya amfani da PGRs na waje, amma maimakon haka yana amfani da kwayoyin halittar transcription factor don sarrafa bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin halitta. kama da ƙwayoyin pluripotent da aka haifar a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa."
Masu binciken sun bayyana kwayoyin halittar DR guda biyu ta hanyar halitta, BABY BOOM (BBM) da WUSCHEL (WUS), daga Arabidopsis thaliana (wanda ake amfani da shi azaman shukar samfuri) kuma sun binciki tasirinsu akan bambance-bambancen al'adun nama na taba, latas da petunia. BBM tana ɓoye wani abu na fassara wanda ke daidaita ci gaban tayi, yayin da WUS ke ɓoye wani abu na fassara wanda ke kiyaye asalin ƙwayoyin tushe a yankin da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin abin da ake kira shooting apical meristem.
Gwaje-gwajen da suka yi sun nuna cewa bayyanar Arabidopsis BBM ko WUS kaɗai bai isa ya haifar da bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin kyallen ganyen taba ba. Sabanin haka, haɗin kai na BBM da aka inganta aiki da kuma WUS da aka gyara aiki yana haifar da saurin bambancin kai tsaye. Ba tare da amfani da PCR ba, ƙwayoyin ganyen transgenic sun bambanta zuwa callus (ba a tsara su ba), tsarin kore-kamar gabobi da kuma buds masu tasowa. Binciken ƙididdigar polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), wata hanya da ake amfani da ita don auna bayanan kwayoyin halitta, ya nuna cewa bayyanar Arabidopsis BBM da WUS suna da alaƙa da samuwar kira da harbe-harbe na transgenic.
Idan aka yi la'akari da muhimmiyar rawar da phytohormones ke takawa wajen rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta da bambance-bambancen su, masu binciken sun ƙididdige matakan phytohormones guda shida, wato auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA) da kuma metabolites ɗinsa a cikin amfanin gonakin shuka masu canzawa. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa matakan auxin mai aiki, cytokinin, ABA, da GA marasa aiki suna ƙaruwa yayin da ƙwayoyin halitta ke bambanta zuwa gaɓoɓi, wanda ke nuna rawar da suke takawa a cikin bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin shuka da kuma organogenesis.
Bugu da ƙari, masu binciken sun yi amfani da jerin RNA transcriptomes, wata hanya ta nazarin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta mai inganci da adadi, don tantance yanayin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta masu canza halitta waɗanda ke nuna bambancin aiki. Sakamakon bincikensu ya nuna cewa kwayoyin halitta da suka shafi yaduwar kwayoyin halitta da auxin sun wadatar a cikin kwayoyin halitta masu tsari daban-daban. Ƙarin bincike ta amfani da qPCR ya nuna cewa ƙwayoyin halitta masu canza halitta sun ƙara ko rage bayyanar kwayoyin halitta guda huɗu, gami da kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke daidaita bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta, metabolism, organogenesis, da amsawar auxin.
Gabaɗaya, waɗannan sakamakon sun bayyana wata sabuwar hanya mai amfani da za a bi wajen sake farfaɗo da tsire-tsire wanda ba ya buƙatar amfani da PCR na waje. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan binciken na iya inganta fahimtarmu game da muhimman hanyoyin bambance ƙwayoyin shuka da kuma inganta zaɓin fasahar halittu na nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu amfani.
Da yake nuna yuwuwar amfani da aikinsa, Dakta Ikawa ya ce, "Tsarin da aka bayar da rahoton zai iya inganta kiwo a tsirrai ta hanyar samar da kayan aiki don haifar da bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin shuka masu canza halitta ba tare da buƙatar PCR ba. Saboda haka, kafin a karɓi tsire-tsire masu canza halitta a matsayin samfura, al'umma za ta hanzarta kiwo a shuka da kuma rage farashin samarwa da ke tattare da shi."
Game da Farfesa Tomoko Igawa Dr. Tomoko Ikawa mataimakiyar farfesa ce a Makarantar Digiri ta Noma, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Shuke-shuke, da Cibiyar Noma ta Sararin Samaniya da Binciken Noma ta Noma, Jami'ar Chiba, Japan. Abubuwan da take sha'awa a binciken sun hada da haifuwar jinsi da ci gaba da fasahar halittu ta tsirrai. Aikinta ya mayar da hankali kan fahimtar hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta na haifuwar jima'i da bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin shuka ta amfani da tsarin transgenic daban-daban. Tana da wallafe-wallafe da dama a waɗannan fannoni kuma memba ce a Ƙungiyar Fasahar Halittu ta Shuke-shuke ta Japan, Ƙungiyar Tsirrai ta Japan, Ƙungiyar Kiwo ta Shuke-shuke ta Japan, Ƙungiyar Masana Kimiyyar Shuke-shuke ta Japan, da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Nazarin Haihuwar Shuke-shuke ta Jima'i.
Bambancin ƙwayoyin transgenic masu zaman kansu ba tare da amfani da hormones na waje ba: bayyanar kwayoyin halitta na ciki da halayen phytohormones
Marubutan sun bayyana cewa an gudanar da binciken ne ba tare da wata alaƙa ta kasuwanci ko ta kuɗi ba wadda za a iya fassara ta a matsayin wata matsala ta sha'awa.
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