Koyaya, ɗaukar sabbin hanyoyin noma, musamman haɗaɗɗen sarrafa kwari, ya kasance a hankali. Wannan binciken yana amfani da na'urar bincike tare da haɓakawa azaman binciken shari'a don fahimtar yadda masu samar da hatsi a kudu maso yammacin Ostiraliya ke samun bayanai da albarkatu don sarrafa juriya na fungicides. Mun gano cewa masu kera suna dogara ga masana aikin gona da ake biya, gwamnati ko hukumomin bincike, ƙungiyoyin masu samarwa na gida da ranakun filin don bayani kan juriya na fungicides. Masu samarwa suna neman bayanai daga amintattun ƙwararrun waɗanda za su iya sauƙaƙe bincike mai rikitarwa, ƙimar sadarwa mai sauƙi kuma bayyananne kuma sun fi son albarkatun waɗanda aka keɓance da yanayin gida. Masu samarwa kuma suna daraja bayanai game da sabbin ci gaban fungicides da samun damar yin ayyukan bincike cikin sauri don juriya na fungicides. Wadannan binciken sun nuna mahimmancin samar da masu samarwa da ingantattun ayyukan fadada aikin gona don sarrafa haɗarin juriya na fungicides.
Masu noman sha'ir suna kula da cututtukan amfanin gona ta hanyar zaɓi na ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta masu daidaitawa, haɗaɗɗun hanyoyin sarrafa cututtuka, da yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, waɗanda galibi matakan rigakafi ne don guje wa barkewar cututtuka1. Fungicides suna hana kamuwa da cuta, girma, da haifuwa na cututtukan fungal a cikin amfanin gona. Koyaya, cututtukan fungal na iya samun hadaddun tsarin yawan jama'a kuma suna da saurin maye gurbi. Dogaro da wuce gona da iri kan mahadi masu aiki na fungicides ko yin amfani da fungicides marasa dacewa na iya haifar da maye gurbi wanda ya zama mai juriya ga waɗannan sinadarai. Tare da maimaita amfani da mahaɗin da ke aiki iri ɗaya, haɓakar al'ummomin pathogens don zama masu juriya yana ƙaruwa, wanda zai iya haifar da raguwa a cikin tasirin abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin sarrafa cututtukan amfanin gona2,3,4.
Fungicidesjuriya yana nufin rashin iyawar magungunan fungicides masu tasiri a baya don sarrafa cututtukan amfanin gona yadda ya kamata, koda lokacin amfani da su daidai. Misali, da yawa karatu sun bayar da rahoton raguwa a cikin tasirin fungicides a cikin zalunta powdery mildew, jere daga rage tasiri a fagen don kammala rashin tasiri a fagen5,6. Idan ba a kula da shi ba, yawan juriya na fungicides zai ci gaba da karuwa, yana rage tasirin hanyoyin magance cututtuka da ke haifar da mummunar asarar amfanin gona7.
A duk duniya, an kiyasta asarar da aka yi kafin girbi saboda cututtukan amfanin gona da kashi 10-23%, tare da asarar bayan girbi daga kashi 10% zuwa 20%8. Waɗannan asarar sun yi daidai da adadin kuzari 2,000 na abinci a kowace rana don kusan mutane miliyan 600 zuwa biliyan 4.2 a duk shekara. Yayin da ake sa ran bukatar abinci a duniya zai karu, kalubalen samar da abinci zai ci gaba da karuwa9. Ana sa ran waɗannan ƙalubalen za su tsananta a nan gaba ta hanyar haɗarin da ke tattare da haɓakar yawan jama'a a duniya da sauyin yanayi10,11,12. Ƙarfin noman abinci mai ɗorewa da inganci don haka yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar ɗan adam, kuma asarar ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin ma'aunin kula da cututtuka na iya yin tasiri mai tsanani da ɓarna fiye da waɗanda ke fama da su na farko.
Don magance juriya na fungicides da rage asarar amfanin gona, ya zama dole a haɓaka sabbin abubuwa da ayyukan haɓaka waɗanda suka dace da ƙarfin masu samarwa don aiwatar da dabarun IPM. Yayin da jagororin IPM ke ƙarfafa mafi dorewa ayyukan kula da kwari na dogon lokaci12,13, ɗaukar sabbin hanyoyin noma da suka yi daidai da mafi kyawun ayyukan IPM ya kasance yana tafiyar hawainiya gabaɗaya, duk da fa'idodinsu14,15. Nazarin da suka gabata sun gano ƙalubalen da ke tattare da ɗaukar dabarun IPM masu dorewa. Waɗannan ƙalubalen sun haɗa da aikace-aikacen dabarun IPM marasa daidaituwa, shawarwarin da ba a bayyana ba, da yuwuwar tattalin arzikin dabarun IPM16. Haɓaka juriya na fungicides sabon ƙalubale ne ga masana'antar. Ko da yake bayanai game da batun suna karuwa, sanin tasirin tattalin arzikinsa yana da iyaka. Bugu da kari, furodusoshi sau da yawa ba su da tallafi kuma suna ganin sarrafa maganin kwari a matsayin mafi sauƙi kuma mafi tsada, koda kuwa sun sami wasu dabarun IPM masu amfani17. Ganin mahimmancin tasirin cututtuka akan yuwuwar samar da abinci, magungunan kashe qwari na iya kasancewa muhimmin zaɓi na IPM a nan gaba. Aiwatar da dabarun IPM, gami da gabatarwar ingantacciyar juriya ta rundunar runduna, ba kawai za ta mai da hankali kan sarrafa cututtuka ba amma kuma za ta kasance mai mahimmanci don kiyaye tasirin abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin fungicides.
gonaki suna ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga samar da abinci, kuma masu bincike da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati dole ne su iya samarwa manoma fasahohi da sabbin abubuwa, gami da ayyukan faɗaɗawa, waɗanda ke haɓaka da kiyaye yawan amfanin gona. Duk da haka, manyan abubuwan da ke hana yin amfani da fasahohi da sabbin abubuwa ta hanyar masu samarwa sun taso ne daga tsarin "tsarin bincike" na sama, wanda ke mai da hankali kan musayar fasahohi daga masana zuwa manoma ba tare da mai da hankali kan gudummawar da masana'antun gida ke bayarwa ba18,19. Wani bincike da Anil et al.19 ya yi ya gano cewa wannan tsarin ya haifar da sauye-sauyen sauye-sauye na karɓar sabbin fasahohi a gonaki. Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya nuna cewa masu samarwa sukan bayyana damuwa yayin da ake amfani da binciken aikin gona don dalilai na kimiyya kawai. Hakazalika, rashin ba da fifiko ga aminci da dacewa da bayanai ga masu samarwa na iya haifar da gibin sadarwa da ke shafar ɗaukar sabbin sabbin fasahohin noma da sauran ayyukan faɗaɗawa20,21. Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa masu bincike ba za su iya fahimtar bukatun masu samarwa da damuwa ba yayin ba da bayanai.
Ci gaban da aka samu a fadada aikin noma ya nuna mahimmancin shigar da masu samar da gida cikin shirye-shiryen bincike da sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa tsakanin cibiyoyin bincike da masana'antu18,22,23. Koyaya, ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki don tantance ingancin samfuran aiwatarwa na IPM da ke akwai da kuma ƙimar karɓar ɗorewar fasahar sarrafa kwari na dogon lokaci. A tarihi, sassan jama'a sun samar da ayyukan tsawaitawa24,25. Duk da haka, yanayin zuwa manyan gonakin kasuwanci, manufofin noma mai dogaro da kasuwa, da tsufa da raguwar yawan mutanen karkara sun rage yawan bukatar tallafin jama'a24,25,26. Sakamakon haka, gwamnatoci a ƙasashe masu arzikin masana'antu da yawa, ciki har da Ostiraliya, sun rage saka hannun jari kai tsaye a faɗaɗawa, wanda ke haifar da dogaro ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don samar da waɗannan ayyuka27,28,29,30. Duk da haka, an soki dogaro kawai kan tsawaita zaman kanta saboda ƙarancin isa ga ƙananan gonaki da rashin isasshen kulawa ga matsalolin muhalli da dorewa. Ana ba da shawarar tsarin haɗin gwiwa wanda ya ƙunshi sabis na faɗaɗa jama'a da masu zaman kansu yanzu31,32. Koyaya, bincike kan hasashe da halayen masu ƙira zuwa ga mafi kyawun albarkatun sarrafa juriya na fungicides yana da iyaka. Bugu da ƙari, akwai gibi a cikin wallafe-wallafen game da irin nau'ikan shirye-shiryen tsawaitawa suna da tasiri wajen taimaka wa masu samarwa magance juriya na fungicides.
Masu ba da shawara na sirri (kamar masana aikin gona) suna ba masu kera tallafin ƙwararru da ƙwarewa33. A Ostiraliya, fiye da rabin masu kera suna amfani da sabis na masanin aikin gona, tare da rabo ya bambanta ta yanki kuma ana tsammanin wannan yanayin zai girma20. Masu samarwa sun ce sun gwammace su ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka cikin sauki, wanda hakan ya sa su dauki masu ba da shawara masu zaman kansu don gudanar da ayyuka masu sarkakiya, kamar ingantattun ayyukan noma kamar taswirar fili, bayanan sararin samaniya don sarrafa kiwo da tallafin kayan aiki20; Don haka masana aikin gona suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen faɗaɗa aikin gona yayin da suke taimakawa masu kera sabbin fasahohi tare da tabbatar da sauƙin aiki.
Babban matakin amfani da masana aikin gona kuma yana tasiri ta hanyar karɓar shawarar 'kuɗaɗen sabis' daga takwarorinsu (misali sauran furodusa 34). Idan aka kwatanta da masu bincike da jami'an fadada gwamnati, masu aikin gona masu zaman kansu sukan kafa karfi, sau da yawa dangantaka na dogon lokaci tare da masu samarwa ta hanyar ziyartar gonaki na yau da kullum 35 . Haka kuma, masana harkar noma sun fi mayar da hankali ne wajen ba da tallafi na zahiri maimakon ƙoƙarin shawo kan manoma su ɗauki sabbin ayyuka ko bin ƙa'idodi, kuma shawararsu ta fi dacewa da muradun masu samarwa 33 . Saboda haka ana ganin masana aikin gona masu zaman kansu a matsayin tushen shawarwari marasa son rai 33, 36 .
Koyaya, binciken 2008 ta Ingram 33 ya yarda da ƙarfin kuzari a cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin masana aikin gona da manoma. Binciken ya yarda cewa tsauraran matakai da masu mulki na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga raba ilimi. Akasin haka, akwai lokuta inda masana aikin gona suka watsar da mafi kyawun ayyuka don guje wa asarar abokan ciniki. Don haka yana da mahimmanci a binciki matsayin masana aikin gona a wurare daban-daban, musamman ta fuskar furodusoshi. Ganin cewa juriya na fungicides yana haifar da ƙalubale ga samar da sha'ir, fahimtar dangantakar da masu samar da sha'ir ke haɓakawa da masana aikin gona yana da mahimmanci don yaɗa sabbin sabbin abubuwa yadda ya kamata.
Yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi masu samarwa kuma muhimmin sashi ne na faɗaɗa aikin gona. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin al'umma masu cin gashin kansu waɗanda suka ƙunshi manoma da membobin al'umma waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi kasuwancin mallakar manoma. Wannan ya haɗa da shiga aiki mai ƙarfi a cikin gwaje-gwajen bincike, haɓaka hanyoyin samar da kayan aikin gona waɗanda aka keɓance ga buƙatun gida, da raba sakamakon bincike da haɓakawa tare da sauran masu samarwa16,37. Nasarar ƙungiyoyin masu samarwa za a iya danganta su da sauyi daga tsarin sama zuwa ƙasa (misali, ƙirar masana kimiyya-manoma) zuwa tsarin faɗaɗa al'umma wanda ke ba da fifikon shigar da furodusa, haɓaka ilmantarwa na kai-da-kai, da ƙarfafa sa hannu sosai16,19,38,39,40.
Anil et al. 19 sun gudanar da hirar da aka tsara tare da ƴan ƙungiyar furodusa don tantance fa'idodin shiga ƙungiyar. Binciken ya gano cewa furodusoshi suna ganin ƙungiyoyin furodusoshi suna da tasiri sosai kan koyan sabbin fasahohi, wanda hakan ya yi tasiri wajen ɗaukar sabbin hanyoyin noma. Ƙungiyoyin masu samarwa sun fi tasiri wajen gudanar da gwaje-gwaje a matakin gida fiye da manyan cibiyoyin bincike na ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, an ɗauke su a matsayin mafi kyawun dandamali don musayar bayanai. Musamman, ana ganin kwanakin filin a matsayin dandamali mai mahimmanci don musayar bayanai da warware matsalolin gama gari, yana ba da damar warware matsalolin haɗin gwiwa.
Matsalolin da manoma ke yin amfani da sabbin fasahohi da ayyuka ya wuce sauƙin fahimtar fasaha41. Maimakon haka, tsarin ɗaukar sabbin abubuwa da ayyuka ya ƙunshi la'akari da ƙima, manufa, da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa waɗanda ke hulɗa tare da matakan yanke shawara na masu samarwa41,42,43,44. Kodayake ɗimbin jagora yana samuwa ga masu samarwa, kawai wasu sabbin abubuwa da ayyuka ne kawai ake karɓa cikin sauri. Yayin da aka samar da sabbin sakamakon bincike, dole ne a tantance amfanin su ga sauye-sauyen ayyukan noma, kuma a yawancin lokuta akwai tazara tsakanin amfanin sakamakon da canje-canjen da ake son yi a aikace. Da kyau, a farkon aikin bincike, amfanin sakamakon bincike da kuma zaɓuɓɓukan da ake samuwa don inganta amfani ana la'akari da su ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da haɗin gwiwar masana'antu.
Don sanin amfanin sakamakon da ke da alaƙa da juriya na fungicides, wannan binciken ya gudanar da tattaunawa mai zurfi ta wayar tarho tare da masu noma a bel ɗin hatsin kudu maso yamma na Yammacin Ostiraliya. Hanyar da aka ɗauka tana da nufin haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu bincike da masu noma, tare da jaddada ƙimar amana, mutunta juna da yanke shawara ɗaya45. Makasudin wannan binciken shine don tantance tunanin manoma game da albarkatun sarrafa magungunan kashe qwari, gano albarkatun da suke da sauƙin amfani da su, da gano albarkatun da masu noman za su so su samu da kuma dalilan da suka fi so. Musamman, wannan binciken yana magance tambayoyin bincike masu zuwa:
RQ3 Wadanne ayyuka na yada juriya na fungicides ke fatan samu a nan gaba kuma menene dalilan da suka fi so?
Wannan binciken ya yi amfani da hanyar nazarin shari'a don gano ra'ayoyin masu shuka da halaye game da albarkatun da suka danganci sarrafa juriya na fungicides. An haɓaka kayan aikin binciken tare da haɗin gwiwar wakilan masana'antu kuma ya haɗa hanyoyin tattara bayanai masu inganci da ƙididdiga. Ta hanyar ɗaukar wannan hanyar, muna da niyyar samun zurfin fahimtar ƙwarewar masana'antu na musamman na sarrafa juriya na fungicides, yana ba mu damar samun haske game da gogewa da hangen nesa mai shuka. An gudanar da binciken ne a lokacin lokacin girma na 2019/2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Haɗin Cutar Barley, shirin bincike na haɗin gwiwa tare da masu noma a cikin bel ɗin hatsin kudu maso yamma na Yammacin Ostiraliya. Shirin yana da nufin tantance yawan juriya na fungicides a yankin ta hanyar nazarin samfuran ganyen sha'ir marasa lafiya da aka samu daga manoma. Mahalarta ƙungiyar Barley Disease Cohort sun fito ne daga tsakiyar zuwa manyan wuraren ruwan sama na yankin noman hatsi na Yammacin Ostiraliya. Ana samar da damammaki don shiga sannan a tallata (ta hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban ciki har da kafofin watsa labarun) kuma ana gayyatar manoma su zabi kansu don shiga. Ana karɓar duk waɗanda aka zaɓa cikin aikin.
Binciken ya sami amincewar ɗabi'a daga Kwamitin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Dan Adam na Jami'ar Curtin (HRE2020-0440) kuma an gudanar da shi daidai da bayanin 2007 na kasa game da dabi'a a cikin Binciken Dan Adam 46. Masu noma da masana aikin gona waɗanda a baya sun yarda a tuntuɓi su game da sarrafa juriya na fungicides yanzu sun sami damar raba bayanai game da ayyukan sarrafa su. An ba wa mahalarta bayanin bayanin da fom na yarda kafin shiga. An sami sanarwar yarda daga duk mahalarta kafin shiga cikin binciken. Hanyoyi na tattara bayanai na farko sune tambayoyin tarho mai zurfi da bincike akan layi. Don tabbatar da daidaito, jeri iri ɗaya na tambayoyin da aka kammala ta hanyar takardar tambayoyin da aka gudanar da kai an karanta su baki ɗaya ga mahalarta da suka kammala binciken wayar. Ba a bayar da ƙarin bayani don tabbatar da adalci na hanyoyin binciken biyu ba.
Binciken ya sami amincewar ɗabi'a daga Kwamitin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Dan Adam na Jami'ar Curtin (HRE2020-0440) kuma an gudanar da shi daidai da bayanin 2007 na kasa game da dabi'a a cikin Binciken Dan Adam 46. An sami sanarwar yarda daga duk mahalarta kafin shiga cikin binciken.
Kimanin furodusoshi 137 ne suka shiga binciken, wanda kashi 82% daga cikinsu sun kammala hira ta wayar tarho kuma 18% sun kammala tambayoyin da kansu. Shekarun mahalarta taron sun kasance daga shekaru 22 zuwa 69, tare da matsakaicin shekaru 44. Kwarewarsu a fannin aikin gona ta kasance daga shekaru 2 zuwa 54, tare da matsakaicin shekaru 25. A matsakaita, manoma sun shuka hectare 1,122 na sha'ir a cikin ciyayi 10. Yawancin masu kera sun girma nau'in sha'ir guda biyu (48%), tare da rarraba iri-iri daga iri ɗaya (33%) zuwa iri biyar (0.7%). Ana nuna rarraba mahalarta binciken a cikin Hoto 1, wanda aka ƙirƙira ta amfani da sigar QGIS 3.28.3-Firenze47.
Taswirar mahalarta binciken ta lambar waya da yankunan ruwan sama: ƙananan, matsakaici, babba. Girman alamar yana nuna adadin mahalarta a Yammacin Ostiraliya hatsi Belt. An ƙirƙiri taswirar ta amfani da sigar software ta QGIS 3.28.3-Firenze.
Sakamakon ingancin bayanan an ƙididdige su da hannu ta amfani da nazarin abun ciki mai ƙima, kuma an fara buɗe martanin48. Yi nazarin abun ta hanyar sake karantawa da lura da kowane jigogi masu tasowa don bayyana ɓangarori na abun ciki49,50,51. Bayan tsarin taƙaitawa, an ƙara rarraba jigogin da aka gano zuwa manyan kanun labarai51,52. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 2, makasudin wannan bincike na tsare-tsare shine don samun fa'ida mai mahimmanci a cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tasiri abubuwan da masu shuka suke so don takamaiman albarkatun sarrafa kayan gwari, ta haka ne ke fayyace hanyoyin yanke shawara masu alaƙa da sarrafa cututtuka. An bincika jigogin da aka gano kuma an tattauna su dalla-dalla a cikin sashe na gaba.
Dangane da Tambaya ta 1, martani ga bayanai masu inganci (n=128) sun bayyana cewa masana aikin gona sune aka fi amfani da albarkatu akai-akai, tare da sama da 84% na masu noman noma suna ambaton masana aikin gona a matsayin tushen tushen bayanan juriya na fungicides (n=108). Abin sha'awa, masana aikin gona ba wai kawai albarkatun da aka fi yawan ambato ba, har ma su ne kawai tushen bayanan juriya na fungicides ga adadi mai yawa na masu noma, tare da sama da kashi 24% (n=31) na masu noman da suka dogara kawai ko kuma suna ambaton masana aikin gona a matsayin keɓaɓɓen hanya. Yawancin masu shuka (watau 72% na martani ko n=93) sun nuna cewa yawanci sun dogara ga masana aikin gona don shawara, karatun bincike, ko tuntuɓar kafofin watsa labarai. Shahararrun kafofin watsa labaru na kan layi da na bugawa galibi ana ambaton su azaman tushen bayanan da aka fi so na juriya na fungicides. Bugu da ƙari, furodusoshi sun dogara da rahotannin masana'antu, wasikun gida, mujallu, kafofin watsa labarai na karkara, ko kafofin bincike waɗanda ba su nuna isarsu ba. Furodusa akai-akai suna ambaton kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki da na bugu da yawa, suna nuna yunƙurinsu na samun da kuma nazarin nazari daban-daban.
Wani muhimmin tushen bayanai shine tattaunawa da shawarwari daga wasu furodusoshi, musamman ta hanyar sadarwa da abokai da makwabta. Misali, P023: “Musanya aikin gona (abokai a arewa sun gano cututtuka a baya)” da P006: “Abokai, makwabta da manoma.” Bugu da kari, masu kera sun dogara da kungiyoyin noma na gida (n = 16), kamar su manoma na gida ko kungiyoyin masu samarwa, kungiyoyin feshi, da kungiyoyin aikin gona. An sha ambaton cewa mutanen yankin sun shiga cikin wannan tattaunawa. Misali, P020: “Rukunin inganta aikin gona na gida da masu magana baki” da P031: “Muna da rukunin feshin gida wanda ke ba ni bayanai masu amfani.”
An ambaci kwanakin filin a matsayin wani tushen bayanai (n = 12), sau da yawa a hade tare da shawarwari daga masana aikin gona, kafofin watsa labaru da tattaunawa tare da abokan aiki (na gida). A gefe guda, albarkatun kan layi irin su Google da Twitter (n = 9), wakilan tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace (n = 3) ba a ambata ba. Waɗannan sakamakon suna nuna buƙatu na albarkatu iri-iri da samun dama don ingantaccen sarrafa juriya na fungicides, la'akari da zaɓin masu shuka da kuma amfani da tushen bayanai da tallafi daban-daban.
Dangane da Tambaya ta 2, an tambayi masu noman dalilin da yasa suka gwammace hanyoyin bayanai masu alaƙa da sarrafa juriya na fungicides. Binciken jigogi ya bayyana mahimman jigogi huɗu waɗanda ke kwatanta dalilin da yasa masu noman suka dogara da takamaiman tushen bayanai.
Lokacin karɓar rahotannin masana'antu da na gwamnati, masu samarwa suna la'akari da tushen bayanan da suka gane a matsayin abin dogaro, amintacce, da kuma na zamani. Alal misali, P115: "Ƙarin halin yanzu, abin dogaro, sahihanci, ingantaccen bayani" da P057: "Saboda kayan an duba gaskiya kuma an tabbatar da su. Sabbin abubuwa ne kuma ana samun su a cikin paddock." Masu samarwa suna ganin bayanai daga masana a matsayin abin dogaro kuma mafi inganci. Masana aikin gona, musamman, ana kallon su a matsayin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masana waɗanda masu samarwa za su iya amincewa don ba da shawara mai inganci da aminci. Wani furodusa ya ce: P131: “[Masanin aikin gona na] ya san dukan batutuwa, ƙwararre ne a fagen, yana ba da hidimar da za a biya, da fatan zai ba da shawarar da ta dace” da kuma wani P107: “Koyaushe yana samuwa, masanin aikin gona shi ne shugaba domin yana da ilimi da basirar bincike.”
Masana aikin gona galibi ana bayyana su a matsayin masu amana kuma masu kera sun amince da su cikin sauƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ana ganin masana aikin gona a matsayin haɗin kai tsakanin masu samarwa da bincike mai zurfi. Ana ganin su suna da mahimmanci wajen daidaita tazarar da ke tsakanin bincike na zahiri wanda ka iya zama kamar ba shi da alaƙa da al'amurran gida da kuma batutuwan 'a ƙasa' ko 'a gona'. Suna gudanar da bincike wanda ƙila furodusa ba su da lokaci ko albarkatu don aiwatarwa da daidaita wannan binciken ta hanyar tattaunawa mai ma'ana. Misali, P010: yayi sharhi, 'Masana aikin gona ne ke da ra'ayin karshe. Su ne hanyar haɗin kai zuwa sabon bincike kuma manoma suna da masaniya saboda sun san batutuwa kuma suna kan lissafin albashi.' Kuma P043: ya kara da cewa, 'Aminta da masana aikin gona da bayanan da suke bayarwa. Na yi farin ciki da aikin sarrafa magungunan kashe qwari yana faruwa - ilimi iko ne kuma ba zan kashe duk kuɗina akan sabbin sinadarai ba.'
Yadawar cututtukan fungal na iya faruwa daga gonaki makwabta ko yankuna ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar iska, ruwan sama da kwari. Don haka ana ɗaukar ilimin gida yana da matukar mahimmanci saboda galibi shine layin farko na kariya daga yuwuwar matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da sarrafa juriya na fungicides. A cikin wani yanayi, ɗan takara P012: yayi sharhi, "Sakamako daga [masanin aikin gona] na gida ne, ya fi sauƙi a gare ni in tuntuɓar su kuma in sami bayani daga gare su." Wani furodusa ya ba da misalin dogaro da dalilan masana aikin gona na cikin gida, yana mai jaddada cewa masu samarwa sun fi son ƙwararrun masana da ke cikin gida kuma suna da tabbataccen tarihin samun sakamakon da ake so. Misali, P022: “Mutane suna kwance a kafafen sada zumunta – suna tayar da tayar da ku (fiye da amincewa da mutanen da kuke mu’amala da su).
Masu samarwa suna daraja shawarar da masana aikin gona suka yi niyya saboda suna da ƙaƙƙarfan kasancewar gida kuma sun saba da yanayin gida. Sun ce masana aikin gona su ne suka fara gano tare da fahimtar matsalolin da za su iya faruwa a gonar kafin su faru. Wannan yana ba su damar ba da shawarwarin da suka dace daidai da bukatun gonar. Bugu da kari, masana harkar noma sukan ziyarci gona, inda suke kara habaka karfinsu na ba da shawarwari da tallafi da suka dace. Alal misali, P044: "Ka amince da masanin aikin gona domin yana ko'ina kuma zai gano matsala kafin in sani game da shi. Sannan masanin aikin gona zai iya ba da shawarar da aka yi niyya. Masanin noma ya san yankin sosai saboda yana yankin. Yawancin lokaci ina noma. Muna da abokan ciniki da yawa a wurare iri ɗaya."
Sakamakon ya nuna shirye-shiryen masana'antar don gwajin juriya na fungicides na kasuwanci ko sabis na bincike, da buƙatar irin waɗannan sabis ɗin don biyan ma'auni na dacewa, fahimta, da daidaita lokaci. Wannan na iya ba da jagora mai mahimmanci yayin da sakamakon binciken juriya na fungicides da gwaji ya zama gaskiyar kasuwanci mai araha.
Wannan binciken ya yi niyya ne don gano hasashe da halayen manoma game da ayyukan tsawaitawa da suka shafi sarrafa juriya na fungicides. Mun yi amfani da ingantaccen tsarin nazarin shari'a don samun ƙarin cikakken fahimta game da gogewa da hangen nesa. Yayin da kasadar da ke tattare da juriya na fungicides da asarar amfanin gona ke ci gaba da karuwa5, yana da matukar muhimmanci a fahimci yadda masu noma ke samun bayanai da kuma gano hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don yada shi, musamman a lokutan da ake fama da cutar.
Mun tambayi masu kera waɗanne sabis na haɓakawa da albarkatun da suka yi amfani da su don samun bayanan da suka shafi sarrafa juriya na fungicides, tare da mai da hankali musamman kan hanyoyin haɓaka da aka fi so a cikin aikin gona. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa yawancin masana'antun suna neman shawara daga masana aikin gona da ake biya, sau da yawa tare da bayanai daga gwamnati ko cibiyoyin bincike. Waɗannan sakamakon sun yi daidai da nazarce-nazarcen da suka gabata waɗanda ke nuna fifiko na gabaɗaya don tsawaita zaman kansu, tare da masu samarwa suna kimanta ƙwarewar masu ba da shawara kan aikin gona da aka biya53,54. Har ila yau, bincikenmu ya gano cewa yawancin masu samarwa suna shiga rayayye a cikin tarurrukan kan layi kamar ƙungiyoyin masu samarwa na gida da kuma kwanakin filin da aka tsara. Waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa kuma sun haɗa da cibiyoyin bincike na jama'a da masu zaman kansu. Waɗannan sakamakon sun yi daidai da binciken da ake ciki wanda ke nuna mahimmancin hanyoyin tushen al'umma19,37,38. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da masu zaman kansu kuma suna ba da damar bayanan da suka dace ga masu samarwa.
Mun kuma bincika dalilin da ya sa masu samarwa suka fi son wasu bayanai, suna neman gano abubuwan da ke sa wasu abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da su. Masu samarwa sun bayyana buƙatar samun dama ga amintattun masana da suka dace da bincike (Jigo na 2.1), wanda ke da alaƙa da amfani da masana aikin gona. Musamman, furodusoshi sun lura cewa hayar masanin aikin gona yana ba su damar yin bincike mai zurfi da ci gaba ba tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran lokaci mai yawa ba, wanda ke taimakawa shawo kan matsalolin kamar ƙayyadaddun lokaci ko rashin horo da sanin takamaiman hanyoyin. Wadannan binciken sun yi daidai da binciken da ya gabata wanda ke nuna cewa masu samarwa sukan dogara ga masana aikin gona don sauƙaƙa matakai masu rikitarwa20.
Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-13-2024