Noman shinkafa yana raguwa saboda sauyin yanayi da bambancin yanayi a Colombia.Masu kula da girma shukaan yi amfani da su azaman dabarun rage zafin zafi a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban. Sabili da haka, makasudin wannan binciken shine don kimanta tasirin ilimin lissafin jiki (haɗin kai na stomatal, haɓakar stomatal, jimlar chlorophyll abun ciki, rabon Fv / Fm na nau'ikan nau'ikan shinkafar kasuwanci guda biyu waɗanda ke fuskantar matsanancin zafi na rana da dare), zazzabi mai zafi da abun ciki na ruwa mai alaƙa) da masu canjin biochemical (malondialdehyde (MDA) da abun ciki na prolinic acid). An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na farko da na biyu ta hanyar amfani da tsire-tsire na nau'ikan genotypes shinkafa Federrose 67 ("F67") da Federrose 2000 ("F2000"), bi da bi. Dukkan gwaje-gwajen biyu an yi nazari tare a matsayin jerin gwaje-gwaje. Magungunan da aka kafa sune kamar haka: cikakken iko (AC) (tsirar shinkafa da aka girma a yanayin zafi mafi kyau (zazzabi na rana / dare 30/25 ° C)), kula da yanayin zafi (SC) [tsiran shinkafa da aka haɗu da haɗin zafi kawai (40/ 25 ° C). 30 ° C)], kuma an damu da tsire-tsire shinkafa kuma an fesa su tare da masu kula da ci gaban shuka (danniya + AUX, damuwa + BR, damuwa + CK ko damuwa + GA) sau biyu (5 kwanaki kafin da 5 kwanaki bayan zafi zafi). Yin fesa tare da SA yana haɓaka jimlar chlorophyll na nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyu (sabon nauyin shukar shinkafa "F67" da "F2000" shine 3.25 da 3.65 mg/g, bi da bi) idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire na SC (sabon nauyin "F67" tsire-tsire shine 2.36 da 2.56 MG,000 mg na shinkafa) g-1. CK kuma gabaɗaya yana haɓaka haɓakar stomatal shinkafa “F2000” tsire-tsire (499.25 vs. 150.60 mmol m-2 s) idan aka kwatanta da sarrafa damuwa na zafi. zafi zafi, zazzabi na shuka kambi yana raguwa da 2-3 ° C, kuma abun ciki na MDA a cikin tsire-tsire yana raguwa. Ma'anar haƙuri na dangi ya nuna cewa aikace-aikacen foliar na CK (97.69%) da BR (60.73%) na iya taimakawa wajen magance matsalar haɗuwa da zafi. damuwa musamman a cikin tsire-tsire na shinkafa F2000. A ƙarshe, ana iya ɗaukar feshin foliar na BR ko CK a matsayin dabarun aikin gona don taimakawa rage mummunan tasirin yanayin damuwa na yanayin zafi akan halayen physiological na shuka shinkafa.
Shinkafa (Oryza sativa) tana cikin dangin Poaceae kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin hatsin da ake nomawa a duniya tare da masara da alkama (Bajaj and Mohanty, 2005). Yankin da ake noman shinkafa ya kai kadada 617,934, kuma abin da aka noma na kasa a shekarar 2020 ya kai tan 2,937,840 tare da matsakaicin yawan amfanin gona na ton 5.02/ha (Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021).
Dumamar yanayi tana shafar amfanin gonakin shinkafa, wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan damuwa iri-iri kamar yanayin zafi da lokacin fari. Sauyin yanayi yana haifar da hauhawar yanayin zafi a duniya; Ana hasashen yanayin zafi zai tashi da 1.0-3.7°C a cikin ƙarni na 21st, wanda zai iya ƙara yawan mita da tsananin zafin zafi. Ƙara yawan zafin jiki ya shafi shinkafa, yana haifar da raguwar amfanin gona da kashi 6-7%. A daya hannun kuma, sauyin yanayi yana haifar da rashin kyawun yanayi ga amfanin gona, kamar lokutan fari mai tsanani ko yanayin zafi a yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi. Bugu da ƙari, al'amuran sauye-sauye irin su El Niño na iya haifar da damuwa mai zafi da kuma kara lalacewar amfanin gona a wasu yankuna masu zafi. A Kolombiya, ana hasashen yanayin zafi a yankunan da ake noman shinkafa zai karu da 2-2.5°C nan da shekara ta 2050, wanda zai rage noman shinkafa da kuma yin tasiri ga jigilar kayayyaki zuwa kasuwanni da sarkar samar da kayayyaki.
Yawancin noman shinkafa ana noman su ne a wuraren da yanayin zafi ke kusa da mafi kyawun kewayo don haɓaka amfanin gona (Shah et al., 2011). An bayar da rahoton cewa mafi kyau duka matsakaicin rana da dare yanayin zafi gabunkasar shinkafa da bunkasuwaGabaɗaya 28°C da 22°C, bi da bi (Kilasi et al., 2018; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021). Yanayin zafi sama da waɗannan ƙofofin na iya haifar da matsakaicin matsakaici zuwa matsanancin matsanancin zafi yayin matakan haɓaka haɓakar shinkafa (tillering, anthesis, flowering, da ciko hatsi), wanda hakan ke haifar da mummunan tasirin amfanin gona. Wannan raguwar yawan amfanin ƙasa ya fi girma saboda dogon lokaci na damuwa mai zafi, wanda ke shafar ilimin halittar shuka. Saboda hulɗar abubuwa daban-daban, irin su tsawon lokacin damuwa da matsakaicin zafin jiki da aka kai, damuwa zafi zai iya haifar da lalacewar da ba za a iya jurewa ba ga tsire-tsire da ci gaba.
Damuwar zafi yana rinjayar nau'o'in tsarin ilimin lissafin jiki da tsarin kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsire-tsire. Leaf photosynthesis yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi saurin kamuwa da zafin zafi a cikin tsire-tsire na shinkafa, yayin da adadin photosynthesis ya ragu da kashi 50% lokacin da zafin rana ya wuce 35 ° C. Amsoshin ilimin halittar jiki na tsire-tsire shinkafa sun bambanta dangane da nau'in damuwa na zafi. Misali, ana hana adadin photosynthesis da tafiyar hawainiya a lokacin da tsire-tsire suka gamu da tsananin zafin rana (33-40°C) ko yawan zafin rana da dare (35-40°C da rana, 28-30°C). C na nufin dare) (Lü et al., 2013; Fahad et al., 2016; Chaturvedi et al., 2017). Babban yanayin zafi na dare (30 ° C) yana haifar da matsakaicin hana photosynthesis amma yana ƙaruwa da numfashi (Fahad et al., 2016; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017). Ba tare da la'akari da lokacin damuwa ba, damuwa mai zafi yana rinjayar abun ciki na chlorophyll ganye, rabon chlorophyll m fluorescence zuwa iyakar chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), da Rubisco kunnawa a cikin tsire-tsire shinkafa (Cao et al. 2009; Yin et al. 2010). ) Sanchez Reynoso et al., 2014).
Canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta wani bangare ne na daidaitawar shuka zuwa damuwa mai zafi (Wahid et al., 2007). An yi amfani da abun ciki na proline azaman alamar sinadarai na ƙwayar cuta (Ahmed and Hassan 2011). Proline yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙwayar shuka yayin da yake aiki a matsayin tushen carbon ko nitrogen kuma a matsayin mai daidaitawar membrane a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai girma (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014). Har ila yau, yanayin zafi yana shafar kwanciyar hankali na membrane ta hanyar lipid peroxidation, wanda ke haifar da samuwar malondialdehyde (MDA) (Wahid et al., 2007). Sabili da haka, an yi amfani da abun ciki na MDA don fahimtar tsarin tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta a karkashin matsanancin zafi (Cao et al., 2009; Chavez-Arias et al., 2018). A ƙarshe, haɗaɗɗun zafin zafi [37/30°C (rana/dare)] ya ƙaru yawan yawan ɗigon electrolyte da abun ciki na malondialdehyde a cikin shinkafa (Liu et al., 2013).
An yi la'akari da yin amfani da masu kula da ci gaban shuka (GRs) don rage mummunan tasirin zafi, kamar yadda waɗannan abubuwa ke da hannu a cikin amsawar tsire-tsire ko hanyoyin kare lafiyar jiki game da irin wannan damuwa (Peleg da Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. et al., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2015). Yin amfani da albarkatun kwayoyin halitta da yawa ya yi tasiri mai kyau akan jurewar zafin zafi a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban. Nazarin ya nuna cewa phytohormones irin su gibberellins (GA), cytokinins (CK), auxins (AUX) ko brassinosteroids (BR) suna haifar da karuwa a cikin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na physiological da biochemical (Peleg da Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. Ren, 2011; Mitler et al., 201 et al., 201). A Kolombiya, ba a yi cikakken fahimtar amfani da albarkatun kwayoyin halitta da tasirinta ga noman shinkafa ba. Duk da haka, wani binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa foliar foliar na BR zai iya inganta haɓakar shinkafa ta hanyar inganta halayen musayar iskar gas, chlorophyll ko proline abun ciki na ganyen seedling shinkafa (Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021).
Cytokinins yana daidaita martanin tsire-tsire ga matsalolin ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da damuwa mai zafi (Ha et al., 2012). Bugu da ƙari, an ba da rahoton cewa aikace-aikacen waje na CK na iya rage lalacewar thermal. Misali, exogenous aikace-aikace na zeatin ƙara photosynthetic kudi, chlorophyll a da b abun ciki, da electron sufuri yadda ya dace a creeping bentgrass (Agrotis estolonifera) a lokacin zafi danniya (Xu da Huang, 2009; Jespersen da Huang, 2015). Exogenous aikace-aikace na zeatin kuma iya inganta antioxidant aiki, inganta kira na daban-daban sunadaran, rage reactive oxygen jinsunan (ROS) lalacewa da malondialdehyde (MDA) samar a shuka kyallen takarda (Chernyadyev, 2009; Yang et al., 2009). , 2016; Kumar et al., 2020).
Yin amfani da gibberellic acid kuma ya nuna kyakkyawar amsa ga damuwa mai zafi. Nazarin ya nuna cewa GA biosynthesis yana ƙaddamar da hanyoyi daban-daban na rayuwa kuma yana ƙara haƙuri a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai zafi (Alonso-Ramirez et al. 2009; Khan et al. 2020). Abdel-Nabi et al. (2020) ya gano cewa fesa foliar na exogenous GA (25 ko 50 mg * L) na iya haɓaka ƙimar photosynthetic da ayyukan antioxidant a cikin tsire-tsire masu zafi na orange idan aka kwatanta da sarrafa tsire-tsire. Hakanan an lura cewa aikace-aikacen exogenous na HA yana ƙara ɗanɗano abun ciki, chlorophyll da abubuwan carotenoid kuma yana rage peroxidation na lipid a cikin dabino (Phoenix dactylifera) a ƙarƙashin damuwa mai zafi (Khan et al., 2020). Har ila yau, Auxin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita martanin haɓakar haɓakawa ga yanayin zafi mai girma (Sun et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016). Wannan mai sarrafa ci gaban yana aiki azaman alamar sinadarai a cikin matakai daban-daban kamar haɓakar proline ko lalata ƙarƙashin damuwa na abiotic (Ali et al. 2007). Bugu da ƙari, AUX kuma yana haɓaka aikin antioxidant, wanda ke haifar da raguwa a cikin MDA a cikin tsire-tsire saboda raguwar lipid peroxidation (Bielach et al., 2017). Sergeev et al. (2018) ya lura cewa a cikin tsire-tsire na fis (Pisum sativum) a ƙarƙashin matsanancin zafi, abun ciki na proline - dimethylaminoethoxycarbonylmethyl) naphthylchloromethyl ether (TA-14) yana ƙaruwa. A cikin gwajin guda ɗaya, sun kuma lura da ƙananan matakan MDA a cikin tsire-tsire da aka kula da su idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire da ba a kula da su da AUX ba.
Brassinosteroids wani nau'i ne na masu kula da girma da ake amfani da su don rage tasirin damuwa mai zafi. Ogweno et al. (2008) ya ruwaito cewa exogenous BR fesa ya karu da net photosynthetic kudi, stomatal conductance da matsakaicin adadin Rubisco carboxylation na tumatir (Solanum lycopersicum) shuke-shuke karkashin zafi danniya na 8 kwanaki. Foliar foliar na epibrassinosteroids na iya ƙara yawan adadin photosynthesis na kokwamba (Cucumis sativus) a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi (Yu et al., 2004). Bugu da ƙari, ƙayyadadden aikace-aikacen BR yana jinkirta lalata chlorophyll kuma yana ƙaruwa da amfani da ruwa da kuma yawan yawan amfanin ruwa na PSII photochemistry a cikin tsire-tsire a ƙarƙashin damuwa mai zafi (Holá et al., 2010; Toussagunpanit et al., 2015).
Saboda sauyin yanayi da sauye-sauye, noman shinkafa na fuskantar lokutan zafi na yau da kullun (Lesk et al., 2016; Garcés, 2020; Federaroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021). A cikin phenotyping na shuka, an yi nazarin amfani da phytonutrients ko biostimulants a matsayin dabarun magance matsalolin zafi a wuraren noman shinkafa (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Bugu da ƙari, yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta da sauye-sauye na jiki (zazzabi na leaf, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence sigogi, chlorophyll da zumunta abun ciki na ruwa, malondialdehyde da proline kira) wani abin dogara kayan aiki don nunawa shuke-shuke shinkafa a karkashin zafi danniya a cikin gida da kuma na duniya (Sánchez -Reynoso et al., Alvard, 2014; Duk da haka, bincike kan amfani da foliar phytohormonal sprays a cikin shinkafa a matakin gida ya rage saboda haka, nazarin ilimin lissafi da kuma biochemical halayen na aikace-aikace na shuka girma regulators yana da matukar muhimmanci ga ba da shawara na m agronomic dabarun ga wannan. sigogi da abun ciki na ruwa na dangi) da kuma tasirin biochemical na aikace-aikacen foliar na masu kula da haɓaka shuka guda huɗu (AUX, CK, GA da BR). (Photosynthetic pigments, malondialdehyde da proline abinda ke ciki) Sauye-sauye a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan shinkafar kasuwanci guda biyu waɗanda ke fuskantar matsalar zafi mai haɗuwa (haɗin zafin rana / dare).
A cikin wannan binciken, an yi gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu guda biyu. An yi amfani da genotypes Federrose 67 (F67: wani nau'in genotype da aka samu a cikin yanayin zafi a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata) da kuma Federrose 2000 (F2000: wani nau'in genotype da aka samu a cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na karni na 20 wanda ke nuna juriya ga kwayar cutar leaf) a karon farko. iri. da gwaji na biyu, bi da bi. Dukkan nau'ikan genotypes manoman Colombia ne ke noma su sosai. An shuka iri a cikin tire 10-L (tsawon 39.6 cm, nisa 28.8 cm, tsayi 16.8 cm) mai ɗauke da ƙasa mai yashi mai yashi tare da kwayoyin halitta 2%. An dasa tsaba biyar da aka riga an shuka su a kowace tire. An sanya pallets a cikin greenhouse na Faculty of Agricultural Sciences na National University of Colombia, Bogotá campus (43°50′56″ N, 74°04′051″ W), a wani tsayin 2556 m sama da matakin teku (asl). m.) kuma an gudanar da su daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba 2019. Gwaji ɗaya (Federroz 67) da gwaji na biyu (Federroz 2000) a cikin wannan kakar na 2020.
Yanayin muhalli a cikin greenhouse a lokacin kowane lokacin shuka sune kamar haka: rana da dare zazzabi 30/25 ° C, dangi zafi 60 ~ 80%, na halitta photoperiod 12 hours (photosynthetically aiki radiation 1500 µmol (photons) m-2 s-). 1 da rana). An takin tsire-tsire bisa ga abun ciki na kowane kashi kwanaki 20 bayan fitowar iri (DAE), a cewar Sánchez-Reinoso et al. (2019): 670 MG nitrogen a kowace shuka, 110 MG phosphorus kowace shuka, 350 MG potassium kowace shuka, 68 MG calcium kowace shuka, 20 MG magnesium kowace shuka, 20 MG sulfur kowace shuka, 17 MG silicon da shuka. Tsire-tsire na dauke da MG 10 boron a kowace shuka, 17 MG na jan karfe kowace shuka, da 44 MG zinc kowace shuka. An kiyaye tsire-tsiren shinkafa har zuwa 47 DAE a cikin kowane gwaji lokacin da suka kai matakin phenological V5 a wannan lokacin. Nazarin da suka gabata sun nuna cewa wannan matakin phenological shine lokacin da ya dace don gudanar da nazarin matsalolin zafi a cikin shinkafa (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017).
A cikin kowane gwaji, an yi aikace-aikace daban-daban guda biyu na mai sarrafa ci gaban ganye. An yi amfani da saitin farko na foliar phytohormone sprays kwanaki 5 kafin maganin damuwa zafi (42 DAE) don shirya tsire-tsire don damuwa na muhalli. An ba da feshin foliar na biyu bayan kwanaki 5 bayan an fallasa tsire-tsire zuwa yanayin damuwa (52 DAE). An yi amfani da phytohormones guda huɗu kuma an jera kaddarorin kowane kayan aiki mai aiki da aka fesa a cikin wannan binciken a cikin ƙarin Teburin 1. Ƙididdigar masu kula da ci gaban ganye da aka yi amfani da su sun kasance kamar haka: (i) Auxin (1-naphthylacetic acid: NAA) a wani taro na 5 × 10−5 M (ii) 5 × 10-5 M gibbere acid; GA3); (iii) Cytokinin (trans-zeatin) 1 × 10-5 M (iv) Brassinosteroids [Spirostan-6-one, 3,5-dihydroxy-, (3b,5a,25R)] 5 × 10-5; M. An zaɓi waɗannan ƙididdiga saboda suna haifar da amsa mai kyau da kuma ƙara yawan juriya na tsire-tsire ga damuwa zafi (Zahir et al., 2001; Wen et al., 2010; El-Bassiony et al., 2012; Salehifar et al., 2017). Shuka shinkafa ba tare da wani feshi mai sarrafa tsiron tsiro ana bi da shi da ruwa mai narkewa kawai. An fesa duk shuke-shuken shinkafa da abin fesa hannu. Aiwatar da 20 ml H2O zuwa shuka don jiƙa saman saman da ƙasa na ganye. Duk foliar sprays sun yi amfani da adjuvant na noma (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Colombia) a 0.1% (v/v). Nisa tsakanin tukunyar da mai fesa shine 30 cm.
An gudanar da jiyya na damuwa na zafi kwanaki 5 bayan fesa foliar na farko (47 DAE) a cikin kowane gwaji. An canza tsire-tsiren shinkafa daga greenhouse zuwa ɗakin girma na 294 L (MLR-351H, Sanyo, IL, Amurka) don kafa matsalolin zafi ko kula da yanayin muhalli iri ɗaya (47 DAE). An gudanar da haɗe-haɗen jiyya na damuwa na zafi ta hanyar saita ɗakin zuwa yanayin zafi na rana/dare mai zuwa: yawan zafin rana na rana [40°C na awa 5 (daga 11:00 zuwa 16:00)] da lokacin dare [30°C na tsawon awanni 5]. Kwanaki 8 a jere (daga 19:00 zuwa 24:00). An zaɓi yanayin zafin damuwa da lokacin bayyanarwa bisa ga binciken da ya gabata (Sánchez-Reynoso et al. 2014; Alvarado-Sanabría et al. 2017). A gefe guda kuma, rukunin tsire-tsire da aka canjawa wuri zuwa ɗakin girma an ajiye su a cikin greenhouse a yanayin zafi ɗaya (30 ° C a rana / 25 ° C da dare) na kwanaki 8 a jere.
A ƙarshen gwajin, an samu ƙungiyoyin jiyya masu zuwa: (i) yanayin yanayin zafi mai girma + aikace-aikacen ruwa mai narkewa [Cikakken kulawa (AC)], (ii) yanayin yanayin zafi + aikace-aikacen ruwa mai narkewa [Mai sarrafa zafi mai zafi (SC)], (iii) yanayin yanayin yanayin zafi + aikace-aikacen auxin (AUX), (iv) yanayin yanayin zafi + aikace-aikacen gibberellin (GA), + CK) yanayin zafi + yanayin zafi Brassinosteroid (BR) Karin Bayani. An yi amfani da waɗannan rukunin jiyya don nau'ikan genotypes guda biyu (F67 da F2000). Dukkanin jiyya an gudanar da su a cikin tsari gaba ɗaya bazuwar tare da kwafi biyar, kowanne ya ƙunshi shuka ɗaya. An yi amfani da kowace shuka don karanta masu canji da aka ƙaddara a ƙarshen gwajin. Gwajin ya kasance 55 DAE.
An auna aikin motsa jiki (gs) ta amfani da porosometer šaukuwa (SC-1, METER Group Inc., Amurka) daga 0 zuwa 1000 mmol m-2 s-1, tare da buɗaɗɗen ɗaki na 6.35 mm. Ana ɗaukar ma'auni ta hanyar haɗa bincike na stomameter zuwa ga balagagge ganye tare da babban harbin shuka gabaɗaya. Ga kowane magani, an ɗauki karatun gs akan ganye guda uku na kowace shuka tsakanin 11:00 zuwa 16:00 kuma matsakaici.
RWC an ƙaddara bisa ga hanyar da Ghoulam et al. (2002). An kuma yi amfani da cikakken faɗaɗa takardar da aka yi amfani da shi don tantance g don auna RWC. An ƙaddara sabon nauyi (FW) nan da nan bayan girbi ta amfani da sikelin dijital. Daga nan sai a zuba ganyen a cikin robar da aka cika da ruwa sannan a bar su a cikin duhu a cikin dakin da zafin jiki (22°C) na tsawon awanni 48. Sa'an nan kuma auna a kan sikelin dijital kuma yi rikodin faɗaɗa nauyi (TW). An bushe ganyen da suka kumbura a cikin tanda a 75 ° C na tsawon sa'o'i 48 kuma an rubuta busassun nauyinsu (DW).
An ƙaddara abun ciki na chlorophyll na dangi ta amfani da mitar chlorophyll (atLeafmeter, FT Green LLC, Amurka) kuma an bayyana a cikin rukunin atLeaf (Dey et al., 2016). An yi rikodin madaidaicin ƙimar ƙimar ƙimar ƙimar PSII (rabo Fv/Fm) ta amfani da ci gaba da haɓaka chlorophyll fluorimeter (Handy PEA, Hansatech Instruments, UK). Ganyayyaki sun yi duhu-daidai ta amfani da matsi na ganye na mintuna 20 kafin auna Fv/Fm (Restrepo-Diaz da Garces-Varon, 2013). Bayan ganyen sun yi duhu, an auna tushen (F0) da matsakaicin haske (Fm). Daga waɗannan bayanan, ƙananan haske mai canzawa (Fv = Fm - F0), rabon hasken wuta mai canzawa zuwa matsakaicin haske (Fv / Fm), matsakaicin yawan adadin adadin PSII photochemistry (Fv / F0) da rabo Fm / F0 an ƙididdige su (Baker, 2008; Lee et al. ., 2017). Dangantakar chlorophyll da chlorophyll fluorescence an ɗauka akan ganye iri ɗaya da aka yi amfani da su don auna gs.
An tattara kusan 800 MG na sabon nauyi na ganye azaman masu canjin sinadarai. Sa'an nan kuma an haɗa samfuran ganye a cikin ruwa na nitrogen kuma an adana su don ƙarin bincike. Hanyar sikirin da aka yi amfani da ita don kimanta ƙwayar chlorophyll a, b da abun ciki na carotenoid sun dogara ne akan hanya da ma'auni da Wellburn (1994) ya bayyana. An tattara samfuran nama na ganye (30 MG) kuma an haɗa su cikin 3 ml na 80% acetone. Samfurin an sa'an nan centrifuged (samfurin 420101, Becton Dickinson Primary Care Diagnostics, Amurka) a 5000 rpm na 10 min don cire barbashi. An diluted supernatant zuwa ƙarar ƙarshe na 6 ml ta ƙara 80% acetone (Sims da Gamon, 2002). An ƙaddara abun ciki na chlorophyll a 663 (chlorophyll a) da 646 (chlorophyll b) nm, da carotenoids a 470 nm ta amfani da spectrophotometer (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-vis, Thermo, USA).
Hanyar thiobarbituric acid (TBA) wanda Hodges et al. (1999) an yi amfani dashi don tantance ƙwayar lipid peroxidation (MDA). Kimanin 0.3 g na nama na ganye kuma an daidaita shi cikin ruwa nitrogen. An yi amfani da samfuran a 5000 rpm kuma an auna ɗaukar hoto akan spectrophotometer a 440, 532 da 600 nm. A ƙarshe, an ƙididdige ƙaddamarwar MDA ta hanyar amfani da ƙididdiga masu lalacewa (157 ML-1).
An ƙaddara abun ciki na proline na duk jiyya ta amfani da hanyar da Bates et al ya bayyana. (1973). Ƙara 10 ml na maganin ruwa na 3% na sulfosalicylic acid zuwa samfurin da aka adana kuma a tace ta takarda ta Whatman (Lamba 2). Sa'an nan 2 ml na wannan tacewa an amsa tare da 2 ml na ninhydric acid da 2 ml na glacial acetic acid. An sanya cakuda a cikin wanka na ruwa a 90 ° C na 1 hour. Dakatar da amsa ta hanyar yin cuba akan kankara. Girgiza bututu da ƙarfi ta yin amfani da girgizar vortex kuma a narkar da sakamakon da aka samu a cikin 4 ml na toluene. An ƙididdige karatun shaye-shaye a 520 nm ta amfani da sikirin spectrophotometer iri ɗaya da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige pigments na hoto (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-Vis, Thermo, Madison, WI, Amurka).
Hanyar da Gerhards et al. (2016) don ƙididdige yawan zafin jiki da kuma CSI. An ɗauki hotuna na thermal tare da kyamarar FLIR 2 (FLIR Systems Inc., Boston, MA, Amurka) tare da daidaito na ± 2 ° C a ƙarshen lokacin damuwa. Sanya farin saman bayan shuka don daukar hoto. Bugu da ƙari, an ɗauki masana'antu biyu a matsayin samfurin tunani. An sanya tsire-tsire a kan farar fata; ɗayan an lulluɓe shi da adjuvant na aikin gona (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Bogotá, Colombia) don yin kwatankwacin buɗe duk stomata [yanayin rigar (Twet)], ɗayan kuma ganye ne ba tare da wani aikace-aikacen ba [Yanayin bushewa (Tdry)] (Castro -Duque et al., 2020). Nisa tsakanin kamara da tukunyar yayin yin fim shine 1 m.
An ƙididdige ma'auni na haƙuri a kaikaice ta amfani da stomatal conductance (gs) na tsire-tsire da aka kula da su idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire masu sarrafawa (tsiri ba tare da maganin damuwa ba kuma tare da masu kula da girma da aka yi amfani da su) don ƙayyade juriya na genotypes da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin wannan binciken. An samo RTI ta amfani da ma'auni wanda aka daidaita daga Chavez-Arias et al. (2020).
A cikin kowane gwaji, duk masu canjin ilimin lissafin jiki da aka ambata a sama an ƙaddara kuma an rubuta su a 55 DAE ta amfani da cikakkiyar ganyen da aka tattara daga saman saman. Bugu da ƙari, an gudanar da ma'auni a cikin ɗakin girma don kauce wa canza yanayin muhallin da tsire-tsire ke girma.
An yi nazarin bayanai daga gwaje-gwaje na farko da na biyu tare a matsayin jerin gwaje-gwaje. Kowace rukunin gwaji ta ƙunshi tsire-tsire 5, kuma kowace shuka ta ƙunshi rukunin gwaji. An yi nazarin bambancin (ANOVA) (P ≤ 0.05). Lokacin da aka gano manyan bambance-bambance, an yi amfani da gwajin kwatankwacin kwatancen Tukey a P ≤ 0.05. Yi amfani da aikin arcsine don canza ƙimar kashi. An yi nazarin bayanai ta amfani da software na Statistix v 9.0 (Software Analytical, Tallahassee, FL, Amurka) da kuma yin amfani da SigmaPlot (sigar 10.0; Systat Software, San Jose, CA, Amurka). An gudanar da nazarin babban ɓangaren ta amfani da software na InfoStat 2016 (Analysis Software, Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Cordoba, Argentina) don gano mafi kyawun masu kula da ci gaban shuka da ake nazari.
Tebu 1 ya taƙaita ANOVA yana nuna gwaje-gwajen, jiyya daban-daban, da hulɗar su tare da launi na photosynthesis na ganye (chlorophyll a, b, duka, da carotenoids), malondialdehyde (MDA) da abun ciki na proline, da kuma tafiyar da stomatal. Tasirin gs, dangi abun ciki na ruwa. (RWC), chlorophyll abun ciki, chlorophyll alpha fluorescence sigogi, kambi zazzabi (PCT) (°C), amfanin gona index damuwa (CSI) da dangi haƙuri index na shinkafa shuka a 55 DAE.
Tebur 1. Takaitaccen bayani na ANOVA akan shinkafa physiological da sauye-sauye na biochemical tsakanin gwaje-gwaje (genotypes) da maganin matsalolin zafi.
Bambance-bambance (P≤0.01) a cikin leaf photosynthetic pigment hulɗar, zumunta chlorophyll abun ciki (Atleaf karatu), da alpha-chlorophyll fluorescence sigogi tsakanin gwaje-gwaje da jiyya an nuna a cikin Table 2. Babban rana da dare yanayin zafi ya karu jimlar chlorophyll da carotenoid abun ciki. Shuka shinkafa ba tare da fesa foliar na phytohormones ba (2.36 mg g-1 na “F67” da 2.56 mg g-1 don “F2000”) idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire da aka girma a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mafi kyau (2.67 mg g -1)) ya nuna ƙarancin jimlar chlorophyll. A cikin gwaje-gwajen guda biyu, "F67" shine 2.80 mg g-1 da "F2000" shine 2.80 mg g-1. Bugu da ƙari, tsire-tsire na shinkafa da aka bi da su tare da haɗin AUX da GA sprays a ƙarƙashin matsanancin zafi kuma sun nuna raguwa a cikin abun ciki na chlorophyll a cikin nau'in genotypes (AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 da GA = 1.45 mg g-1 don "F67"; AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 da GA = 1.45 mg; 2 mg g-AUX) don "F67" g-1 da GA = 1.43 mg g-1 (na "F2000") ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa mai zafi. Ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na zafi, maganin foliar tare da BR ya haifar da karuwa kaɗan a cikin wannan ma'auni a cikin nau'i biyu na genotypes. A ƙarshe, CK foliar SPRAY ya nuna mafi girman ƙimar launi mai launi a cikin duk jiyya (AUX, GA, BR, SC da AC jiyya) a cikin genotypes F67 (3.24 mg g-1) da F2000 (3.65 mg g-1). Abubuwan da ke cikin dangi na chlorophyll (Atleaf Unit) shima an rage shi ta haɗuwar zafin zafi. An kuma rubuta mafi girman ƙimar a cikin tsire-tsire da aka fesa da CC a cikin nau'ikan genotypes (41.66 don "F67" da 49.30 don "F2000"). Matsakaicin Fv da Fv/Fm sun nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin jiyya da cultivars (Table 2). Gabaɗaya, a cikin waɗannan sauye-sauye, cultivar F67 ya kasance ƙasa da sauƙi ga damuwa mai zafi fiye da cultivar F2000. Matsakaicin Fv da Fv/Fm sun sha wahala sosai a gwaji na biyu. Matsalolin 'F2000' waɗanda ba a fesa su da kowane phytohormones suna da mafi ƙarancin ƙimar Fv (2120.15) da ƙimar Fv/Fm (0.59), amma fesa foliar tare da CK ya taimaka wajen dawo da waɗannan ƙimar (Fv: 2591, 89, Fv/Fm rabo: 0.73). , karɓar karatu mai kama da waɗanda aka rubuta akan tsire-tsire "F2000" da aka girma a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mafi kyau (Fv: 2955.35, Fv / Fm rabo: 0.73: 0.72). Babu wasu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin hasken farko (F0), matsakaicin haske mai haske (Fm), matsakaicin yawan amfanin gona na photochemical na PSII (Fv/F0) da Fm/F0 rabo. A ƙarshe, BR ya nuna irin wannan yanayin kamar yadda aka gani tare da CK (Fv 2545.06, Fv/Fm rabo 0.73).
Tebur 2. Tasirin haɗuwa da damuwa mai zafi (40 ° / 30 ° C rana / dare) a kan leaf photosynthetic pigments [ jimlar chlorophyll (Chl Total), chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) da kuma carotenoids Cx + c] sakamako ], zumunta chlorophyll abun ciki (Atliphyll fluoride sigogi), chlorophyll sigogi (Atliphyll Flu). (F0), matsakaicin haske mai haske (Fm), m haske (Fv), matsakaicin ingancin PSII (Fv/Fm), yawan amfanin gona na photochemical na PSII (Fv/F0) da Fm/F0 a cikin tsire-tsire na nau'in shinkafa guda biyu [Federrose 67 (F67) da Federrose 2000 bayan kwanaki 5000) (FDA)
Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa na dangi (RWC) na tsire-tsire na shinkafa daban-daban sun nuna bambance-bambance (P ≤ 0.05) a cikin hulɗar tsakanin gwaji da jiyya na foliar (Fig. 1A). Lokacin da aka bi da SA, an rubuta mafi ƙanƙanta ƙimar ga duka genotypes (74.01% don F67 da 76.6% don F2000). A ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na zafi, RWC na tsire-tsire na shinkafa na nau'ikan genotypes da aka yi da su tare da phytohormones daban-daban sun ƙaru sosai. Gabaɗaya, aikace-aikacen foliar na CK, GA, AUX, ko BR sun ƙaru RWC zuwa ƙima iri ɗaya da na tsire-tsire da aka girma ƙarƙashin ingantattun yanayi yayin gwaji. Cikakken iko da tsire-tsire masu fesa foliar sun yi rikodin ƙimar kusan 83% don duka genotypes. A gefe guda, gs kuma ya nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci (P ≤ 0.01) a cikin hulɗar gwaji-jiyya (Fig. 1B). Cikakkar sarrafawa (AC) shuka kuma ya rubuta mafi girman ƙimar kowane genotype (440.65 mmol m-2s-1 don F67 da 511.02 mmol m-2s-1 don F2000). Tsire-tsiren shinkafa waɗanda ke fuskantar haɗewar matsanancin zafi kaɗai sun nuna mafi ƙarancin ƙimar gs ga duka genotypes (150.60 mmol m-2s-1 don F67 da 171.32 mmol m-2s-1 don F2000). Maganin foliar tare da duk masu kula da ci gaban shuka shima ya ƙaru g. A kan shuke-shuken shinkafa F2000 da aka fesa da CC, tasirin fesa foliar tare da phytohormones ya fi fitowa fili. Wannan rukuni na tsire-tsire ba su nuna bambance-bambance ba idan aka kwatanta da cikakkun tsire-tsire masu sarrafawa (AC 511.02 da CC 499.25 mmol m-2s-1).
Hoto 1. Sakamakon haɗuwa da zafi mai zafi (40 ° / 30 ° C rana / dare) akan abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa (RWC) (A), stomatal conductance (gs) (B), malondialdehyde (MDA) samar (C), da proline abun ciki. (D) a cikin tsire-tsire na nau'in nau'in shinkafa guda biyu (F67 da F2000) a cikin kwanaki 55 bayan fitowar (DAE). Jiyya da aka tantance don kowane nau'in genotype sun haɗa da: cikakken iko (AC), kula da yanayin zafi (SC), damuwa mai zafi + auxin (AUX), damuwa mai zafi + gibberellin (GA), damuwa mai zafi + cell mitogen (CK), da damuwa mai zafi + brassinosteroid. (BR). Kowane shafi yana wakiltar kuskuren ma'auni na ± daidaitattun maki biyar (n = 5). Rukunin da haruffa daban-daban ke biye suna nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci bisa ga gwajin Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Haruffa masu alamar daidai gwargwado suna nuna cewa ma'anar ba ta da mahimmanci a ƙididdiga (≤ 0.05).
MDA (P ≤ 0.01) da kuma proline (P ≤ 0.01) abubuwan da ke ciki sun nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin hulɗar gwaji da jiyya na phytohormone (Fig. 1C, D). An ƙara yawan peroxidation na lipid tare da jiyya na SC a cikin nau'ikan genotypes (Hoto 1C), duk da haka tsire-tsire da aka bi da su tare da fesa mai girma ganye sun nuna raguwar peroxidation na lipid a cikin genotypes biyu; Gabaɗaya, amfani da phytohormones (CA, AUC, BR ko GA) yana haifar da raguwar peroxidation na lipid ( abun ciki MDA). Ba a sami bambance-bambance tsakanin tsire-tsire na AC na nau'ikan genotypes guda biyu da tsire-tsire a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi kuma an fesa su da phytohormones (ƙirar FW a cikin tsire-tsire "F67" sun kasance daga 4.38-6.77 µmol g-1, kuma a cikin FW "F2000" tsire-tsire "ƙirar da aka lura sun kasance daga 2.84-1µl 1 mo1. proline kira a cikin "F67" tsire-tsire ya kasance ƙasa da na "F2000" shuke-shuke a karkashin hade danniya, wanda ya haifar da karuwa a samar da proline a cikin zafi-danniya shuka shinkafa, a cikin duka gwaje-gwajen, an lura da cewa gudanar da wadannan hormones muhimmanci ƙara da amino acid abun ciki na F2000 shuka (AUX da BR sun kasance 30.44-18). 1G).
Ana nuna tasirin foliar shuka girma regulator fesa da kuma hade zafi zafi a kan shuka alfarwa zazzabi da kuma zumunta haƙuri index (RTI) an nuna a Figures 2A da B. Ga duka genotypes, alfarwa zazzabi na AC shuke-shuke ya kusa da 27 ° C, kuma na SC shuke-shuke yana kusa da 28 ° C. TARE DA. An kuma lura cewa jiyya na foliar tare da CK da BR sun haifar da raguwar 2-3 ° C a cikin zafin jiki na alfarwa idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire na SC (Hoto 2A). RTI ya nuna irin wannan hali ga sauran masu canji na ilimin lissafi, yana nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci (P ≤ 0.01) a cikin hulɗar tsakanin gwaji da magani (Hoto 2B). Tsiren SC ya nuna ƙarancin jurewar shuka a cikin nau'ikan genotypes (34.18% da 33.52% don "F67" da "F2000", bi da bi). Ciyarwar foliar na phytohormones yana inganta RTI a cikin tsire-tsire da aka fallasa ga matsanancin zafin jiki. Wannan tasirin ya fi bayyana a cikin "F2000" tsire-tsire da aka fesa tare da CC, wanda RTI ya kasance 97.69. A gefe guda, an lura da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci kawai a cikin ma'auni na damuwa na yawan amfanin ƙasa (CSI) na tsire-tsire na shinkafa a ƙarƙashin foliar factor spray yanayi (P ≤ 0.01) (Fig. 2B). Tsire-tsiren shinkafa ne kawai waɗanda ke fama da matsanancin matsanancin zafi sun nuna ƙimar mafi girman ƙimar damuwa (0.816). Lokacin da aka fesa shukar shinkafa da nau'ikan phytohormones, ma'aunin damuwa ya kasance ƙasa (darajar 0.6 zuwa 0.67). A ƙarshe, shukar shinkafar da aka noma a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau yana da darajar 0.138.
Hoto 2. Sakamakon haɗuwa da zafi mai zafi (40 ° / 30 ° C rana / dare) akan zafin jiki na alfarwa (A), alamar haƙuri (RTI) (B), da alamar damuwa na amfanin gona (CSI) (C) na nau'in tsire-tsire guda biyu. Genotypes shinkafa na kasuwanci (F67 da F2000) an yi musu maganin zafi daban-daban. Jiyya da aka tantance don kowane nau'in genotype sun haɗa da: cikakken iko (AC), kula da yanayin zafi (SC), damuwa mai zafi + auxin (AUX), damuwa mai zafi + gibberellin (GA), damuwa mai zafi + cell mitogen (CK), da damuwa mai zafi + brassinosteroid. (BR). Haɗin zafin zafi ya haɗa da fallasa tsire-tsiren shinkafa zuwa yanayin zafin rana/dare (40°/30°C rana/dare). Kowane shafi yana wakiltar kuskuren ma'auni na ± daidaitattun maki biyar (n = 5). Rukunin da haruffa daban-daban ke biye suna nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci bisa ga gwajin Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Haruffa masu alamar daidai gwargwado suna nuna cewa ma'anar ba ta da mahimmanci a ƙididdiga (≤ 0.05).
Babban bincike na bangaren (PCA) ya bayyana cewa masu canji da aka tantance a 55 DAE sun bayyana 66.1% na martanin ilimin lissafi da biochemical na tsire-tsire masu zafi mai zafi da aka bi da su tare da fesa mai sarrafa girma (Fig. 3). Vectors suna wakiltar masu canji kuma ɗigo suna wakiltar masu kula da haɓaka shuka (GRs). Matsakaicin gs, abun ciki na chlorophyll, matsakaicin ƙarfin jimla na PSII (Fv/Fm) da sigogin biochemical (TChl, MDA da proline) suna kusa da kusurwoyi zuwa asalin, yana nuna babban alaƙa tsakanin yanayin ilimin halittar tsirrai da su. m. Ƙungiya ɗaya (V) ta haɗa da shukar shinkafa da aka girma a mafi kyawun zafin jiki (AT) da F2000 da aka yi da CK da BA. A lokaci guda kuma, yawancin tsire-tsire da aka yi da GR sun kafa ƙungiya daban (IV), kuma jiyya tare da GA a cikin F2000 sun kafa ƙungiya daban (II). Sabanin haka, tsire-tsire masu zafi na shinkafa (ƙungiyoyi na I da na III) ba tare da wani fesa foliar na phytohormones (duka genotypes sun kasance SC) suna cikin yankin da ya saba wa rukuni na V, yana nuna tasirin damuwa mai zafi akan ilimin halittar shuka. .
Hoto 3. Binciken tarihin tarihin abubuwan da ke tattare da haɗuwa da zafi (40 ° / 30 ° C rana / dare) akan tsire-tsire na nau'in shinkafa guda biyu (F67 da F2000) a kwanaki 55 bayan fitowar (DAE). Takaitacce: AC F67, cikakken iko F67; SC F67, kula da damuwa na zafi F67; AUX F67, damuwa zafi + auxin F67; GA F67, zafin zafi + gibberellin F67; CK F67, damuwa zafi + rabon tantanin halitta BR F67, damuwa zafi + brassinosteroid. F67; AC F2000, cikakken iko F2000; SC F2000, Kula da Matsalolin zafi F2000; AUX F2000, damuwa zafi + auxin F2000; GA F2000, zafin zafi + gibberellin F2000; CK F2000, zafi danniya + cytokinin, BR F2000, zafi danniya + tagulla steroid; F2000.
Daban-daban irin su abun ciki na chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, Fv / FM rabo, CSI, MDA, RTI da proline abun ciki na iya taimaka fahimtar karbuwa na shinkafa genotypes da kimanta tasirin agronomic dabarun a karkashin zafi zafi (Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderon et al., 2021). Manufar wannan gwaji shine don kimanta tasirin aikace-aikacen masu kula da haɓaka girma guda huɗu akan sigogin ilimin lissafi da sinadarai na tsire-tsire na shinkafa a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa mai zafi. Gwajin Seedling hanya ce mai sauƙi kuma mai sauri don kima na tsire-tsire na shinkafa a lokaci guda dangane da girman ko yanayin abubuwan da ake samu (Sarsu et al. 2018). Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa haɗuwa da zafi mai zafi yana haifar da martani daban-daban na ilimin lissafi da na biochemical a cikin nau'in shinkafa guda biyu, yana nuna tsarin daidaitawa. Waɗannan sakamakon kuma suna nuna cewa feshin mai sarrafa haɓakar foliar (yafi cytokinins da brassinosteroids) suna taimakawa shinkafa daidaitawa zuwa matsanancin zafin zafi kamar yadda ni'imar ta fi shafar gs, RWC, Fv/Fm rabo, pigments photoynthetic da abun ciki na proline.
Aikace-aikacen masu kula da haɓaka suna taimakawa inganta yanayin ruwa na shuke-shuken shinkafa a ƙarƙashin damuwa mai zafi, wanda zai iya haɗuwa da damuwa mai girma da ƙananan yanayin zafi na shuka. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa a tsakanin shuke-shuke "F2000" (mai saurin kamuwa da genotype), tsire-tsiren shinkafa da aka yi da farko tare da CK ko BR suna da ƙimar gs mafi girma da ƙananan ƙimar PCT fiye da tsire-tsire da aka yi da SC. Nazarin da suka gabata sun kuma nuna cewa gs da PCT cikakkun alamun ilimin lissafi ne waɗanda zasu iya ƙayyade amsawar daidaitawar tsire-tsire na shinkafa da kuma tasirin dabarun agronomic akan damuwa mai zafi (Restrepo-Diaz da Garces-Varon, 2013; Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero). -Carr DeLong et al., 2021). Leaf CK ko BR yana haɓaka g a ƙarƙashin damuwa saboda waɗannan kwayoyin halittar shuka na iya haɓaka buɗewar stomatal ta hanyar hulɗar roba tare da sauran ƙwayoyin sigina irin su ABA (mai haɓaka ƙulli na stomatal a ƙarƙashin damuwa na abiotic) (Macková et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013). 2013). ). , 2014). Buɗewar ciki yana haɓaka sanyin ganye kuma yana taimakawa rage yanayin zafi (Sonjaroon et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Don waɗannan dalilai, yanayin zafi na tsire-tsiren shinkafa da aka fesa tare da CK ko BR na iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙarƙashin haɗakar zafi.
Matsakaicin zafin jiki na iya rage abun ciki na launi na photosythetic na ganye (Chen et al., 2017; Ahammed et al., 2018). A cikin wannan binciken, lokacin da tsire-tsiren shinkafa ke cikin damuwa mai zafi kuma ba a fesa su da kowane mai kula da haɓakar shuka ba, hotunan hotunan hoto sun kasance suna raguwa a cikin nau'ikan genotypes biyu (Table 2). Feng et al. (2013) kuma ya ba da rahoton raguwar abubuwan chlorophyll a cikin ganyen genotypes na alkama guda biyu da aka fallasa ga damuwa mai zafi. Fuskantar yanayin zafi sau da yawa yana haifar da raguwar abun ciki na chlorophyll, wanda ƙila ya kasance saboda raguwar chlorophyll biosynthesis, lalata launi, ko tasirin su a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi (Fahad et al., 2017). Koyaya, tsire-tsiren shinkafa da aka yi wa musamman tare da CK da BA sun ƙara yawan abubuwan da ke cikin ganyayyaki na photoynthetic a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi. Jespersen and Huang (2015) da kuma Suchsagunpanit et al. (2015), wanda ya lura da karuwa a cikin leaf chlorophyll abun ciki bayan aikace-aikace na zeatin da epibrassinosteroid hormones a zafi-danniya bentgrass da shinkafa, bi da bi. Bayani mai ma'ana game da dalilin da yasa CK da BR ke haɓaka ƙarar abun ciki na chlorophyll ganye a ƙarƙashin haɗaɗɗun zafin zafi shine CK na iya haɓaka haɓaka ci gaba da haɓakar masu tallata magana (kamar mai haɓakawa mai kunnawa (SAG12) ko mai tallata HSP18) da rage asarar chlorophyll a cikin ganye. , jinkirta jin daɗin ganye da haɓaka juriya na shuka ga zafi (Liu et al., 2020). BR na iya kare chlorophyll ganye da kuma ƙara abun ciki na chlorophyll ganye ta hanyar kunna ko haifar da haɗin enzymes da ke cikin chlorophyll biosynthesis a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa (Sharma et al., 2017; Siddiqui et al., 2018). A ƙarshe, nau'ikan phytohormones guda biyu (CK da BR) suma suna haɓaka furcin sunadaran girgiza zafi da haɓaka hanyoyin daidaita yanayin rayuwa daban-daban, kamar haɓakar chlorophyll biosynthesis (Sharma et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2020).
Chlorophyll wani ma'auni mai walƙiya yana ba da hanya mai sauri kuma mara lalacewa wanda zai iya tantance juriya na shuka ko daidaitawa ga yanayin damuwa abiotic (Chaerle et al. 2007; Kalaji et al. 2017). An yi amfani da ma'auni irin su Fv/Fm rabo a matsayin alamomi na daidaitawar shuka zuwa yanayin damuwa (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017; Chavez-Arias et al. 2020). A cikin wannan binciken, tsire-tsire na SC sun nuna ƙimar mafi ƙasƙanci na wannan ma'auni, galibi "F2000" shuka shinkafa. Yin et al. (2010) ya kuma gano cewa rabon Fv/Fm na ganyen shinkafa mafi girma na noman shinkafa ya ragu sosai a yanayin zafi sama da 35°C. A cewar Feng et al. (2013), ƙananan Fv / Fm rabo a ƙarƙashin matsanancin zafi yana nuna cewa ƙimar ƙarfin kuzari da juyawa ta hanyar cibiyar amsawa ta PSII ya ragu, yana nuna cewa cibiyar amsawa ta PSII ta rushe a ƙarƙashin matsanancin zafi. Wannan abin lura yana ba mu damar yanke shawarar cewa rikice-rikice a cikin na'urorin na'urar daukar hoto sun fi bayyana a cikin nau'ikan m (Fedearroz 2000) fiye da nau'ikan juriya (Fedearroz 67).
Amfani da CK ko BR gabaɗaya yana haɓaka aikin PSII ƙarƙashin rikitattun yanayin damuwa na zafi. An sami irin wannan sakamakon ta Suchsagunpanit et al. (2015), wanda ya lura cewa aikace-aikacen BR ya haɓaka ingancin PSII a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi a cikin shinkafa. Kumar et al. (2020) ya kuma gano cewa tsire-tsire na chickpea da aka yi amfani da su tare da CK (6-benzyladenine) kuma sun fuskanci matsanancin zafi sun ƙara ƙimar Fv/Fm, ƙaddamar da cewa aikace-aikacen foliar na CK ta hanyar kunna zagaye na zeaxanthin pigment ya inganta ayyukan PSII. Bugu da kari, BR leaf fesa falala PSII photosynthesis a karkashin hade danniya yanayi, nuna cewa aikace-aikace na wannan phytohormone haifar da rage dissipation na excitation makamashi na PSII eriya da kuma inganta tarawa da kananan zafi girgiza sunadarai a chloroplasts (Ogweno et al. 2008; Kothari da Lachowitz). , 2021).
MDA da abun ciki na proline sau da yawa suna karuwa lokacin da tsire-tsire ke ƙarƙashin damuwa na abiotic idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire masu girma a ƙarƙashin yanayi mafi kyau (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017). Nazarin da suka gabata sun kuma nuna cewa MDA da matakan proline sune alamomin biochemical waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don fahimtar tsarin daidaitawa ko tasirin ayyukan noma a cikin shinkafa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi na rana ko dare (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Quintero-Calderón et al. . , 2021). Wadannan nazarin sun kuma nuna cewa MDA da abubuwan da ke cikin proline sun kasance sun fi girma a cikin tsire-tsire na shinkafa da ke fuskantar yanayin zafi da dare ko da rana, bi da bi. Koyaya, fesa foliar na CK da BR ya ba da gudummawa ga raguwa a cikin MDA da haɓaka matakan proline, galibi a cikin genotype mai haƙuri (Federroz 67). CK fesa na iya haɓaka yawan wuce gona da iri na cytokinin oxidase / dehydrogenase, ta haka yana haɓaka abun ciki na mahadi masu kariya kamar betaine da proline (Liu et al., 2020). BR yana haɓaka shigar da osmoprotectants kamar betaine, sugars, da amino acid (ciki har da proline kyauta), kiyaye ma'auni na osmotic ta salula a ƙarƙashin yawancin yanayi mara kyau (Kothari da Lachowiec, 2021).
Ana amfani da ma'aunin damuwa na amfanin gona (CSI) da ma'aunin haƙuri na dangi (RTI) don tantance ko magungunan da ake kimantawa suna taimakawa rage damuwa daban-daban (abiotic da biotic) kuma suna da tasiri mai kyau akan ilimin halittar shuka (Castro-Duque et al., 2020; Chavez-Arias et al., 2020). Ƙimar CSI na iya zuwa daga 0 zuwa 1, wakiltar rashin damuwa da yanayin damuwa, bi da bi (Lee et al., 2010). Ma'aunin CSI na tsire-tsire masu zafi (SC) sun kasance daga 0.8 zuwa 0.9 (Hoto na 2B), yana nuna cewa ƙwayar shinkafa ta sami mummunar tasiri ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Koyaya, fesa foliar na BC (0.6) ko CK (0.6) galibi ya haifar da raguwar wannan alamar a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsiren shinkafa na SC. A cikin tsire-tsire na F2000, RTI ya nuna karuwa mafi girma lokacin amfani da CA (97.69%) da BC (60.73%) idan aka kwatanta da SA (33.52%), yana nuna cewa waɗannan masu kula da haɓakar tsire-tsire suna ba da gudummawa wajen inganta martanin shinkafa don jurewar abun da ke ciki. Yawan zafi. An gabatar da waɗannan fihirisa don sarrafa yanayin damuwa a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban. Binciken da Lee et al. (2010) ya nuna cewa CSI na nau'ikan auduga guda biyu a ƙarƙashin matsakaicin matsakaicin ruwa ya kai kusan 0.85, yayin da ƙimar CSI na nau'ikan ban ruwa mai kyau ya tashi daga 0.4 zuwa 0.6, yana ƙarasa da cewa wannan ma'aunin alama ce ta daidaitawar ruwa na nau'ikan. yanayi na damuwa. Haka kuma, Chavez-Arias et al. (2020) kimanta tasiri na roba ecitors a matsayin m danniya management dabarun a C. elegans shuke-shuke da kuma gano cewa shuke-shuke fesa tare da wadannan mahadi nuna mafi girma RTI (65%). Dangane da abin da ke sama, CK da BR ana iya ɗaukar su azaman dabarun aikin gona da nufin haɓaka jurewar shinkafa zuwa matsanancin zafin zafi, yayin da waɗannan masu kula da ci gaban shuka ke haifar da ingantaccen martani na biochemical da physiological.
A cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata, binciken shinkafa a Colombia ya mai da hankali kan kimanta nau'ikan genotypes masu jure wa yanayin zafi na rana ko dare ta amfani da halayen ilimin halitta ko na halitta (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2021). Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, nazarin fasaha na fasaha, tattalin arziki da riba ya zama mafi mahimmanci don ba da shawara ga tsarin sarrafa kayan amfanin gona don inganta tasirin lokuta masu rikitarwa na zafi a cikin kasar (Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderon et al., 2021). Don haka, martanin ilimin halittar jiki da na ƙwayoyin cuta na tsire-tsire na shinkafa zuwa matsanancin zafin zafi (40°C rana/30°C dare) da aka lura a cikin wannan binciken yana ba da shawarar cewa fesa foliar tare da CK ko BR na iya zama hanyar sarrafa amfanin gona mai dacewa don rage illa. Tasirin lokutan matsakaicin matsananciyar zafi. Waɗannan jiyya sun inganta juriya ga nau'ikan genotypes shinkafa (ƙananan CSI da babban RTI), suna nuna yanayin gabaɗaya a cikin martanin ilimin halittar ɗan adam da ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙarƙashin haɗaɗɗun zafi. Babban martanin tsiron shinkafa shine raguwar abun ciki na GC, jimlar chlorophyll, chlorophylls α da β da carotenoids. Bugu da ƙari, tsire-tsire suna fama da lalacewar PSII (raguwar chlorophyll fluorescence sigogi kamar rabo na Fv/Fm) da ƙara yawan peroxidation na lipid. A gefe guda, lokacin da aka bi da shinkafa tare da CK da BR, waɗannan mummunan tasirin sun ragu kuma abun ciki na proline ya karu (Fig. 4).
Hoto 4. Samfurin ra'ayi na sakamakon haɗewar damuwa mai zafi da kuma fesa mai sarrafa tsiron tsiro a kan tsire-tsiren shinkafa. Kibiyoyi masu launin ja da shuɗi suna nuna mummunan ko tasiri mai kyau na hulɗar tsakanin zafin zafi da aikace-aikacen foliar na BR (brassinosteroid) da CK (cytokinin) akan martanin ilimin lissafi da biochemical, bi da bi. gs: stomatal gudanarwa; Jimlar Chl: jimlar chlorophyll abun ciki; Chl α: chlorophyll β abun ciki; Cx + c: abun ciki na carotenoid;
A taƙaice, martanin ilimin lissafi da na ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin wannan binciken sun nuna cewa Fedearroz 2000 shinkafa shinkafa sun fi saurin kamuwa da wani lokaci na matsanancin zafi fiye da Fedearroz 67 shinkafa. Duk masu kula da ci gaban da aka tantance a cikin wannan binciken (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ko brassinosteroids) sun nuna wani mataki na rage yawan damuwa na zafi. Duk da haka, cytokinin da brassinosteroids sun haifar da mafi kyawun daidaitawar shuka yayin da duka masu kula da haɓakar shuka suka haɓaka abun ciki na chlorophyll, sigogin walƙiya na alpha-chlorophyll, gs da RWC idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsiren shinkafa ba tare da wani aikace-aikacen ba, sannan kuma sun rage abun ciki na MDA da zafin jiki. A taƙaice, mun kammala cewa yin amfani da masu kula da haɓakar tsire-tsire (cytokinins da brassinosteroids) kayan aiki ne mai amfani wajen sarrafa yanayin damuwa a cikin amfanin gona na shinkafa wanda ya haifar da matsanancin zafi a lokacin yanayin zafi.
Abubuwan asali da aka gabatar a cikin binciken an haɗa su tare da labarin, kuma ana iya yin ƙarin bincike ga marubucin da ya dace.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-08-2024