An yi amfani da masu kula da ci gaban tsirrai a matsayin dabarar rage matsin lamba a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban

Noman shinkafa yana raguwa saboda sauyin yanayi da kuma bambancin yanayi a Colombia.Masu kula da haɓakar tsirraiAn yi amfani da su a matsayin dabarar rage damuwar zafi a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban. Saboda haka, manufar wannan binciken ita ce a tantance tasirin ilimin halittar jiki (haɗuwar stomatal, haɗaɗɗiyar stomatal, jimlar yawan chlorophyll, rabon Fv/Fm na nau'ikan shinkafa guda biyu na kasuwanci waɗanda aka fuskanta a cikin haɗakar damuwa ta zafi (zafin rana da dare mai yawa), zafin rufin da kuma yawan ruwa mai alaƙa) da kuma masu canjin sinadarai (malondialdehyde (MDA) da prolinic acid). An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen farko da na biyu ta amfani da tsire-tsire na nau'ikan shinkafa guda biyu Federrose 67 (“F67”) da Federrose 2000 (“F2000”), bi da bi. An yi nazarin gwaje-gwajen biyu tare a matsayin jerin gwaje-gwaje. Maganganun da aka kafa sune kamar haka: cikakken iko (AC) (shuke-shuken shinkafa da aka noma a yanayin zafi mafi kyau (zafin rana/dare 30/25°C)), sarrafa damuwa ta zafi (SC) [shuke-shuken shinkafa da aka fuskanta a haɗakar damuwa ta zafi kawai (40/25°C). 30°C)], kuma an yi amfani da magungunan rage radadi na shuka (stress+AUX, stress+BR, stress+CK ko stress+GA) sau biyu (kwanaki 5 kafin da kuma kwana 5 bayan radadi na zafi). Fesawa da SA ya ƙara yawan sinadarin chlorophyll na nau'ikan biyu (sabon nauyin shukar shinkafa "F67" da "F2000" ya kai 3.25 da 3.65 mg/g, bi da bi) idan aka kwatanta da shuke-shuken SC (sabon nauyin shukar "F67" ya kai 2.36 da 2.56 mg). g-1)" da shinkafa "F2000", amfani da ganyen CK ya kuma inganta yawan fitar da shinkafa "F2000" (499.25 vs. 150.60 mmol m-2 s) idan aka kwatanta da sarrafa radadi na zafi. radadi na zafi, zafin kambin shuka yana raguwa da 2-3 °C, kuma yawan MDA a cikin shuke-shuke yana raguwa. Ma'aunin haƙurin dangi ya nuna cewa amfani da ganyen CK (97.69%) da BR (60.73%) na iya taimakawa wajen rage matsalar haɗakar zafi. Musamman a cikin shuke-shuken shinkafa na F2000. A ƙarshe, fesa ganyen BR ko CK za a iya ɗauka a matsayin dabarar noma don taimakawa rage mummunan tasirin yanayin haɗakar zafi akan halayen ilimin halittar tsirrai na shinkafa.
Shinkafa (Oryza sativa) ta kasance daga cikin dangin Poaceae kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin hatsi da aka fi nomawa a duniya tare da masara da alkama (Bajaj da Mohanty, 2005). Yankin da ake noman shinkafa shine hekta 617,934, kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa a shekarar 2020 shine tan 2,937,840 tare da matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa na tan 5.02 a kowace ha (Federarroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021).
Dumamar yanayi na shafar amfanin gonakin shinkafa, wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan matsalolin rashin lafiya kamar yanayin zafi mai yawa da lokutan fari. Sauyin yanayi yana haifar da hauhawar yanayin zafi a duniya; Ana hasashen yanayin zafi zai tashi da 1.0–3.7°C a ƙarni na 21, wanda zai iya ƙara yawan zafin da kuma ƙarfinsa. Ƙarar yanayin zafi a muhalli ya shafi shinkafa, wanda ke haifar da raguwar amfanin gona da kashi 6–7%. A gefe guda kuma, sauyin yanayi yana haifar da mummunan yanayi ga amfanin gona, kamar lokutan fari mai tsanani ko yanayin zafi mai yawa a yankunan zafi da na wurare masu zafi. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da suka faru na bambancin yanayi kamar El Niño na iya haifar da matsin lamba a zafi da kuma ƙara ta'azzara lalacewar amfanin gona a wasu yankuna masu zafi. A Colombia, ana hasashen yanayin zafi a yankunan da ake noman shinkafa zai ƙaru da 2–2.5°C nan da shekarar 2050, wanda ke rage yawan samar da shinkafa da kuma shafar kwararar kayayyaki zuwa kasuwanni da sarƙoƙin samar da kayayyaki.
Yawancin amfanin gonakin shinkafa ana noma su ne a yankunan da yanayin zafi yake kusa da mafi kyawun yanayi don haɓakar amfanin gona (Shah et al., 2011). An ruwaito cewa matsakaicin yanayin zafi na dare da rana mafi kyau gaci gaban shinkafa da haɓaka taGalibi suna da digiri 28 da 22 na Celsius, bi da bi (Kilasi et al., 2018; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021). Yanayin zafi sama da waɗannan matakan na iya haifar da matsin lamba mai matsakaici zuwa mai tsanani a lokacin matakan girma na shinkafa (shiryawa, hana girma, fure, da cika hatsi), wanda hakan ke yin mummunan tasiri ga yawan amfanin gona. Wannan raguwar yawan amfanin gona galibi ya faru ne saboda tsawon lokacin damuwa na zafi, wanda ke shafar ilimin halittar tsirrai. Saboda hulɗar abubuwa daban-daban, kamar tsawon lokacin damuwa da matsakaicin zafin da aka kai, matsin zafi na iya haifar da lalacewar metabolism da ci gaban tsirrai.
Damuwar zafi tana shafar hanyoyi daban-daban na ilimin halittar jiki da na sinadarai a cikin tsirrai. Photosynthesis na ganye yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi saurin kamuwa da damuwa a cikin tsire-tsire na shinkafa, saboda saurin photosynthesis yana raguwa da kashi 50% lokacin da yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ya wuce 35°C. Amsoshin ilimin halittar tsirrai na shinkafa sun bambanta dangane da nau'in damuwar zafi. Misali, yawan photosynthesis da watsawar ciki ana hana su lokacin da tsire-tsire ke fuskantar yanayin zafi mai yawa na rana (33–40°C) ko yanayin zafi mai yawa na rana da dare (35–40°C a rana, 28–30°C). C yana nufin dare) (Lü et al., 2013; Fahad et al., 2016; Chaturvedi et al., 2017). Yanayin zafi mai yawa na dare (30°C) yana haifar da hana photosynthesis matsakaici amma yana ƙara yawan numfashi na dare (Fahad et al., 2016; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017). Ko da kuwa lokacin damuwa ne, matsin lamba na zafi yana shafar yawan chlorophyll na ganye, rabon hasken chlorophyll mai canzawa zuwa matsakaicin hasken chlorophyll (Fv/Fm), da kunna Rubisco a cikin tsire-tsire na shinkafa (Cao et al. 2009; Yin et al. 2010). ) Sanchez Reynoso et al., 2014).
Canje-canje a cikin sinadarai wani bangare ne na daidaitawar tsirrai zuwa matsin zafi (Wahid et al., 2007). An yi amfani da abun cikin proline a matsayin alamar biochemical na damuwar tsirrai (Ahmed da Hassan 2011). Proline yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin metabolism na tsirrai domin yana aiki a matsayin tushen carbon ko nitrogen kuma a matsayin mai daidaita membrane a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai yawa (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014). Hakanan yanayin zafi mai yawa yana shafar daidaiton membrane ta hanyar lipid peroxidation, wanda ke haifar da samuwar malondialdehyde (MDA) (Wahid et al., 2007). Saboda haka, an kuma yi amfani da abun cikin MDA don fahimtar daidaiton tsarin membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi (Cao et al., 2009; Chavez-Arias et al., 2018). A ƙarshe, haɗakar matsin zafi [37/30°C (rana/dare)] ya ƙara yawan zubar da electrolyte da abun cikin malondialdehyde a cikin shinkafa (Liu et al., 2013).
An tantance amfani da na'urorin kula da girmar tsirrai (GRs) don rage mummunan tasirin damuwa mai zafi, domin waɗannan abubuwan suna da hannu sosai a cikin martanin tsirrai ko hanyoyin kariya daga irin wannan damuwa (Peleg da Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. et al., 2011; Ahmed et al., 2015). Amfani da albarkatun kwayoyin halitta na waje ya yi tasiri mai kyau kan jure wa damuwa mai zafi a cikin amfanin gona daban-daban. Bincike ya nuna cewa phytohormones kamar gibberellins (GA), cytokinins (CK), auxins (AUX) ko brassinosteroids (BR) suna haifar da ƙaruwa a cikin nau'ikan masu canji na jiki da na sinadarai daban-daban (Peleg da Blumwald, 2011; Yin et al. Ren, 2011; Mitler et al., 2012; Zhou et al., 2014). A Colombia, ba a fahimci cikakken amfani da albarkatun kwayoyin halitta na waje da tasirinsa akan amfanin gonakin shinkafa ba. Duk da haka, wani bincike da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa fesa ganyen BR na iya inganta juriyar shinkafa ta hanyar inganta halayen musayar iskar gas, chlorophyll ko proline na ganyen shukar shinkafa (Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021).
Cytokinins suna daidaita martanin tsirrai ga damuwa mai hana ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da damuwa da zafi (Ha et al., 2012). Bugu da ƙari, an ruwaito cewa amfani da CK na waje na iya rage lalacewar zafi. Misali, amfani da zeatin na waje yana ƙara yawan photosynthesis, abun ciki na chlorophyll a da b, da ingancin jigilar electrons a cikin rarrafe bentgrass (Agrotis estolonifera) yayin damuwa da zafi (Xu da Huang, 2009; Jespersen da Huang, 2015). Aiwatar da zeatin na waje na iya inganta ayyukan antioxidant, haɓaka haɗakar furotin daban-daban, rage lalacewar nau'in iskar oxygen mai amsawa (ROS) da samar da malondialdehyde (MDA) a cikin kyallen shuka (Chernyadyev, 2009; Yang et al., 2009)., 2016; Kumar et al., 2020).
Amfani da gibberellic acid shi ma ya nuna kyakkyawan martani ga matsin lamba na zafi. Bincike ya nuna cewa tsarin halittar GA yana daidaita hanyoyin rayuwa daban-daban kuma yana ƙara haƙuri a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai yawa (Alonso-Ramirez et al. 2009; Khan et al. 2020). Abdel-Nabi et al. (2020) sun gano cewa fesawar ganyen GA na waje (25 ko 50 mg*L) na iya ƙara yawan photosynthesis da aikin antioxidant a cikin tsire-tsire masu launin lemu masu zafi idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire masu sarrafawa. An kuma lura cewa amfani da HA na waje yana ƙara yawan danshi, abubuwan da ke cikin chlorophyll da carotenoid kuma yana rage lipid peroxidation a cikin dabino (Phoenix dactylifera) a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na zafi (Khan et al., 2020). Auxin kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita martanin girma mai daidaitawa ga yanayin zafi mai yawa (Sun et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016). Wannan mai kula da girma yana aiki a matsayin alamar sinadarai a cikin matakai daban-daban kamar haɗakar proline ko lalacewa a ƙarƙashin damuwa mai hana ƙwayoyin cuta (Ali et al. 2007). Bugu da ƙari, AUX kuma yana haɓaka aikin antioxidant, wanda ke haifar da raguwar MDA a cikin tsire-tsire saboda raguwar lipid peroxidation (Bielach et al., 2017). Sergeev et al. (2018) sun lura cewa a cikin tsire-tsire na wake (Pisum sativum) a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi, yawan proline - dimethylaminoethoxycarbonylmethyl) naphthylchloromethyl ether (TA-14) yana ƙaruwa. A cikin wannan gwajin, sun kuma lura da ƙananan matakan MDA a cikin tsire-tsire da aka yi wa magani idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire da ba a yi wa magani da AUX ba.
Brassinosteroids wani nau'in masu daidaita girma ne da ake amfani da su don rage tasirin damuwa na zafi. Ogweno et al. (2008) sun ba da rahoton cewa feshin BR na waje ya ƙara yawan photosynthesis na net photosynthesis, sarrafa stomatal da kuma matsakaicin adadin Rubisco carboxylation na tumatir (Solanum lycopersicum) a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi na tsawon kwanaki 8. Feshin epibrassinosteroids na foliar na iya ƙara yawan photosynthesis na net na kokwamba (Cucumis sativus) a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi (Yu et al., 2004). Bugu da ƙari, amfani da BR na waje yana jinkirta lalacewar chlorophyll kuma yana ƙara ingancin amfani da ruwa da matsakaicin yawan amfanin kwantum na PSII photochemistry a cikin tsire-tsire a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi (Holá et al., 2010; Toussagunpanit et al., 2015).
Saboda sauyin yanayi da sauye-sauye, noman shinkafa na fuskantar lokutan zafi na yau da kullun (Lesk et al., 2016; Garcés, 2020; Federaroz (Federación Nacional de Arroceros), 2021). A cikin phenotyping na shuka, an yi nazarin amfani da phytonutrients ko biostimulants a matsayin dabarun magance matsalolin zafi a wuraren noman shinkafa (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Bugu da ƙari, amfani da masu canjin sinadarai na halitta da na jiki (zafin ganye, kwararar ruwa, sigogin hasken chlorophyll, chlorophyll da yawan ruwan da ke cikinsa, malondialdehyde da proline) kayan aiki ne mai inganci don tantance tsire-tsire na shinkafa a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi a cikin gida da kuma na duniya (Sánchez -Reynoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Duk da haka, bincike kan amfani da feshin phytohormonal na foliar a cikin shinkafa a matakin gida ya kasance ba kasafai ake samu ba. Saboda haka, nazarin halayen ilimin halittar jiki da na biochemical na aikace-aikacen masu daidaita girma na shuka yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga shawarar dabarun aikin gona masu amfani don wannan. magance mummunan tasirin lokacin damuwa mai rikitarwa na zafi a cikin shinkafa. Saboda haka, manufar wannan binciken ita ce a kimanta ilimin halittar jiki (haɗakar stomatal, sigogin hasken chlorophyll da yawan ruwan da ke cikinsa) da tasirin biochemical na aikace-aikacen foliar na masu daidaita girma na shuka guda huɗu (AUX, CK, GA da BR). (Alamun photosynthetic, malondialdehyde da abubuwan proline) Masu canzawa a cikin nau'ikan shinkafa guda biyu na kasuwanci da ke fuskantar matsin lamba a lokacin zafi (zafin rana/dare mai yawa).
A cikin wannan binciken, an yi gwaje-gwaje guda biyu masu zaman kansu. An yi amfani da nau'ikan genotypes Federrose 67 (F67: nau'in genotype da aka haɓaka a cikin yanayin zafi mai yawa a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata) da Federrose 2000 (F2000: nau'in genotype da aka haɓaka a cikin shekaru goma na ƙarshe na ƙarni na 20 wanda ke nuna juriya ga ƙwayar cuta ta farin ganye) a karon farko. iri. da kuma gwaji na biyu, bi da bi. Manoma na Colombia suna noma nau'ikan genotypes biyu sosai. An shuka iri a cikin tire 10-L (tsawon 39.6 cm, faɗi 28.8 cm, tsayi 16.8 cm) wanda ke ɗauke da ƙasa mai yashi mai kashi 2% na kwayoyin halitta. An shuka iri biyar da aka riga aka yi shuka a kowane tire. An sanya pallets a cikin gidan kore na Kwalejin Kimiyyar Noma ta Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Colombia, harabar Bogotá (43°50′56″ N, 74°04′051″ W), a tsayin mita 2556 sama da matakin teku (asl). m.) kuma an gudanar da su daga Oktoba zuwa Disamba 2019. Gwaji ɗaya (Federroz 67) da gwaji na biyu (Federroz 2000) a cikin wannan kakar ta 2020.
Yanayin muhalli a cikin gidan kore a lokacin kowane lokacin shuka sune kamar haka: zafin rana da dare 30/25°C, ɗanɗanon dangi 60~80%, lokacin daukar hoto na halitta awanni 12 (hasken daukar hoto mai aiki 1500 µmol (photons) m-2 s-). 1 da tsakar rana). An yi takin shuka bisa ga abun da ke cikin kowane abu kwanaki 20 bayan fitowar iri (DAE), a cewar Sánchez-Reinoso et al. (2019): nitrogen 670 mg a kowace shuka, phosphorus 110 mg a kowace shuka, potassium 350 mg a kowace shuka, calcium 68 mg a kowace shuka, magnesium 20 mg a kowace shuka, sulfur 20 mg a kowace shuka, silicon 17 mg a kowace shuka. Tsire-tsire suna ɗauke da boron 10 mg a kowace shuka, jan ƙarfe 17 mg a kowace shuka, da zinc 44 mg a kowace shuka. An kiyaye tsire-tsire na shinkafa har zuwa DAE 47 a kowace gwaji lokacin da suka kai matakin phenological V5 a wannan lokacin. Nazarin da aka yi a baya sun nuna cewa wannan matakin yanayin halitta lokaci ne da ya dace don gudanar da nazarin damuwa a cikin shinkafa (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017).
A kowace gwaji, an yi amfani da nau'ikan na'urar daidaita girma ga ganye guda biyu daban-daban. An yi amfani da na'urar fesawa ta farko ta foliar phytohormone kwanaki 5 kafin maganin zafi (42 DAE) don shirya tsire-tsire don damuwa ta muhalli. Sannan an ba da na'urar fesawa ta foliar ta biyu kwanaki 5 bayan da tsire-tsire suka fuskanci yanayin damuwa (52 DAE). An yi amfani da phytohormones guda huɗu kuma halayen kowane sinadari mai aiki da aka fesa a cikin wannan binciken an jera su a cikin Tebur na Ƙarin 1. Yawan masu daidaita girma ga ganye da aka yi amfani da su sune kamar haka: (i) Auxin (1-naphthylacetic acid: NAA) a yawan 5 × 10−5 M (ii) 5 × 10–5 M gibberellin (gibberellic acid: NAA); GA3); (iii) Cytokinin (trans-zeatin) 1 × 10-5 M (iv) Brassinosteroids [Spirostan-6-one, 3,5-dihydroxy-, (3b,5a,25R)] 5 × 10-5; M. An zaɓi waɗannan yawan ne saboda suna haifar da martani mai kyau kuma suna ƙara juriya ga tsire-tsire ga matsin zafi (Zahir et al., 2001; Wen et al., 2010; El-Bassiony et al., 2012; Salehifar et al., 2017). An yi wa tsire-tsire na shinkafa ba tare da feshi mai daidaita girma na shuka magani da ruwa mai narkewa kawai. An fesa duk tsire-tsire na shinkafa da feshi da hannu. A shafa 20 ml H2O a shukar don jiƙa saman ganyen sama da ƙasa. Duk feshi na foliar sun yi amfani da maganin gona (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Colombia) a 0.1% (v/v). Nisa tsakanin tukunya da mai feshi shine 30 cm.
An yi amfani da maganin damuwa da zafi kwana 5 bayan feshi na farko na foliar (47 DAE) a kowace gwaji. An canza tsire-tsire na shinkafa daga gidan kore zuwa ɗakin girma mai ƙarfin L 294 (MLR-351H, Sanyo, IL, Amurka) don tabbatar da damuwa da zafi ko kuma kula da yanayin muhalli iri ɗaya (47 DAE). An yi amfani da maganin damuwa da zafi ta hanyar sanya ɗakin zuwa yanayin zafi na rana/dare masu zuwa: zafin rana mai yawa [40°C na tsawon awanni 5 (daga 11:00 zuwa 16:00)] da lokacin dare [30°C na tsawon awanni 5]. Kwanaki 8 a jere (daga 19:00 zuwa 24:00). An zaɓi zafin damuwa da lokacin fallasa bisa ga binciken da aka yi a baya (Sánchez-Reynoso et al. 2014; Alvarado-Sanabría et al. 2017). A gefe guda kuma, an ajiye wasu shuke-shuke da aka mayar zuwa ɗakin girma a cikin gidan kore a yanayin zafi iri ɗaya (30°C a rana/25°C da dare) na tsawon kwanaki 8 a jere.
A ƙarshen gwajin, an sami waɗannan ƙungiyoyin magani: (i) yanayin zafin girma + amfani da ruwan da aka tace [Cikakken iko (AC)], (ii) yanayin damuwa na zafi + amfani da ruwan da aka tace [Sarrafa damuwa na zafi (SC)], (iii) yanayi yanayin damuwa na zafi + aikace-aikacen auxin (AUX), (iv) yanayin damuwa na zafi + aikace-aikacen gibberellin (GA), (v) yanayin damuwa na zafi + aikace-aikacen cytokinin (CK), da (vi) yanayin damuwa na zafi + aikace-aikacen brassinosteroid (BR) Ƙarin Bayani. An yi amfani da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin magani don nau'ikan halittu guda biyu (F67 da F2000). An gudanar da duk jiyya a cikin tsari mai tsari gaba ɗaya tare da kwafi biyar, kowannensu ya ƙunshi shuka ɗaya. An yi amfani da kowace shuka don karanta canje-canjen da aka ƙayyade a ƙarshen gwajin. Gwajin ya ɗauki 55 DAE.
An auna ƙarfin stomatal conductance (gs) ta amfani da na'urar auna porosometer mai ɗaukuwa (SC-1, METER Group Inc., Amurka) wacce ta kama daga 0 zuwa 1000 mmol m-2 s-1, tare da samfurin buɗewar ɗakin da ya kai 6.35 mm. Ana ɗaukar ma'auni ta hanyar haɗa na'urar auna stomameter zuwa ga ganyen da ya girma tare da babban abin da ya fito na shukar ya faɗaɗa gaba ɗaya. Ga kowane magani, an ɗauki karatun gs akan ganye uku na kowace shuka tsakanin 11:00 da 16:00 kuma an daidaita su.
An tantance RWC bisa ga hanyar da Ghoulam et al. (2002) suka bayyana. An kuma yi amfani da takardar da aka faɗaɗa gaba ɗaya da aka yi amfani da ita don tantance g don auna RWC. An tantance sabon nauyi (FW) nan da nan bayan an girbe shi ta amfani da sikelin dijital. Daga nan aka sanya ganyen a cikin akwati na filastik cike da ruwa aka bar shi a cikin duhu a zafin ɗaki (22°C) na tsawon awanni 48. Sannan a auna a sikelin dijital sannan a rubuta nauyin da aka faɗaɗa (TW). An busar da ganyen da suka kumbura a tanda a zafin 75°C na tsawon awanni 48 kuma an rubuta nauyin busasshen su (DW).
An tantance yawan sinadarin chlorophyll ta hanyar amfani da na'urar auna chlorophyll (atLeafmeter, FT Green LLC, Amurka) kuma an bayyana shi a cikin raka'o'in atLeaf (Dey et al., 2016). An yi rikodin matsakaicin ƙimar PSII (rabo na Fv/Fm) ta amfani da na'urar auna chlorophyll mai ci gaba (Handy PEA, Hansatech Instruments, UK). An daidaita ganyen ta hanyar amfani da maƙallan ganye na tsawon mintuna 20 kafin ma'aunin Fv/Fm (Restrepo-Diaz da Garces-Varon, 2013). Bayan ganyen sun yi duhu, an auna tushen (F0) da matsakaicin hasken (Fm). Daga waɗannan bayanai, an ƙididdige hasken haske mai canzawa (Fv = Fm – F0), rabon hasken haske mai canzawa zuwa matsakaicin hasken haske (Fv/Fm), matsakaicin yawan amfanin kwantenar PSII photochemistry (Fv/F0) da rabon Fm/F0 (Baker, 2008; Lee et al. ., 2017). An ɗauki karatun hasken chlorophyll da chlorophyll akan ganyen da aka yi amfani da su don auna gs.
An tattara kimanin 800 MG na sabon nauyin ganye a matsayin masu canjin sinadarai na halitta. Daga nan aka haɗa samfuran ganye a cikin ruwa mai nitrogen sannan aka adana su don ƙarin bincike. Hanyar spectrometric da aka yi amfani da ita don kimanta yawan chlorophyll a, b da carotenoid na nama ya dogara ne akan hanya da daidaiton da Wellburn (1994) ya bayyana. An tattara samfuran ƙwayoyin ganye (30 MG) kuma an haɗa su a cikin 3 ml na 80% acetone. Daga nan aka sanya samfuran centrifuge (samfurin 420101, Becton Dickinson Primary Care Diagnostics, Amurka) a 5000 rpm na tsawon minti 10 don cire barbashi. An narkar da ruwan da ke sama zuwa ƙarar ƙarshe ta 6 ml ta hanyar ƙara 80% acetone (Sims da Gamon, 2002). An ƙayyade yawan chlorophyll a 663 (chlorophyll a) da 646 (chlorophyll b) nm, da carotenoids a 470 nm ta amfani da na'urar auna haske (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-vis, Thermo, Amurka).
An yi amfani da hanyar thiobarbituric acid (TBA) wadda Hodges et al. (1999) suka bayyana don tantance membrane lipid peroxidation (MDA). An kuma haɗa kimanin 0.3 g na kyallen ganye a cikin ruwa nitrogen. An yi amfani da centrifuge na samfuran a 5000 rpm kuma an auna sha a kan spectrophotometer a 440, 532 da 600 nm. A ƙarshe, an ƙididdige yawan MDA ta amfani da ma'aunin ƙarewa (157 M mL−1).
An tantance yawan sinadarin proline na duk magungunan ta amfani da hanyar da Bates et al. (1973) suka bayyana. A ƙara 10 ml na maganin ruwa na sulfosalicylic acid mai kashi 3% a cikin samfurin da aka adana sannan a tace ta hanyar takardar tacewa ta Whatman (Lamba ta 2). Sannan a haɗa 2 ml na wannan filtrate da 2 ml na ninhydric acid da 2 ml na glacial acetic acid. An sanya cakuda a cikin ruwan wanka a 90°C na tsawon awa 1. Dakatar da amsawar ta hanyar sanya shi a kan kankara. A girgiza bututun da ƙarfi ta amfani da na'urar girgiza vortex sannan a narkar da maganin da ya haifar a cikin 4 ml na toluene. An ƙayyade karatun sha a 520 nm ta amfani da irin wannan spectrophotometer da aka yi amfani da shi don auna launukan photosynthetic (Spectronic BioMate 3 UV-Vis, Thermo, Madison, WI, Amurka).
Hanyar da Gerhards et al. (2016) suka bayyana don ƙididdige zafin rufin da CSI. An ɗauki hotunan zafi da kyamarar FLIR 2 (FLIR Systems Inc., Boston, MA, Amurka) tare da daidaito na ±2°C a ƙarshen lokacin damuwa. Sanya farin saman a bayan shuka don ɗaukar hoto. Kuma, an ɗauki masana'antu biyu a matsayin samfuran tunani. An sanya tsire-tsire a kan farin saman; ɗaya an shafa shi da wani abin taimako na noma (Agrotin, Bayer CropScience, Bogotá, Colombia) don kwaikwayon buɗewar duk stomata [yanayin rigar (Twet)], ɗayan kuma ganye ne ba tare da wani amfani ba [Yanayin bushewa (Tdry)] (Castro -Duque et al., 2020). Nisa tsakanin kyamara da tukunya yayin ɗaukar fim shine mita 1.
An ƙididdige ma'aunin haƙuri na dangi kai tsaye ta amfani da hanyar sarrafa stomatal (gs) na tsire-tsire da aka yi wa magani idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire masu sarrafawa (shuke-shuke ba tare da maganin damuwa ba kuma tare da masu daidaita girma da aka yi amfani da su) don tantance juriyar nau'ikan halittun da aka yi wa magani da aka kimanta a cikin wannan binciken. An samo RTI ta amfani da lissafi da aka daidaita daga Chávez-Arias et al. (2020).
A kowace gwaji, an tantance dukkan ma'aunin yanayin jiki da aka ambata a sama kuma an rubuta su a 55 DAE ta amfani da ganyen da aka faɗaɗa gaba ɗaya da aka tattara daga saman rufin. Bugu da ƙari, an gudanar da ma'auni a cikin ɗakin girma don guje wa canza yanayin muhallin da tsire-tsire ke girma.
An yi nazarin bayanai daga gwaje-gwajen farko da na biyu tare a matsayin jerin gwaje-gwaje. Kowace ƙungiyar gwaji ta ƙunshi tsire-tsire 5, kuma kowace shuka ta ƙunshi sashin gwaji. An yi nazarin bambance-bambance (ANOVA) (P ≤ 0.05). Lokacin da aka gano manyan bambance-bambance, an yi amfani da gwajin kwatancen Tukey bayan hoc a P ≤ 0.05. Yi amfani da aikin arcsine don canza ƙimar kashi. An yi nazarin bayanai ta amfani da software na Statistix v 9.0 (Analytical Software, Tallahassee, FL, Amurka) kuma an zana su ta amfani da SigmaPlot (sigar 10.0; Systat Software, San Jose, CA, Amurka). An gudanar da babban binciken sassan ta amfani da software na InfoStat 2016 (Analysis Software, Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Cordoba, Argentina) don gano mafi kyawun masu kula da haɓakar tsire-tsire da ake nazari a kansu.
Tebur 1 ya taƙaita ANOVA yana nuna gwaje-gwajen, jiyya daban-daban, da hulɗarsu da launukan photosynthetic na ganye (chlorophyll a, b, jimilla, da carotenoids), malondialdehyde (MDA) da proline, da kuma tasirin stomatal. Tasirin gs, yawan ruwa. (RWC), yawan chlorophyll, sigogin fluorescence na chlorophyll alpha, zafin kambi (PCT) (°C), ma'aunin damuwa na amfanin gona (CSI) da ma'aunin haƙuri na tsirrai shinkafa a 55 DAE.
Tebur 1. Takaitaccen bayani game da ANOVA akan canjin yanayin jiki da na sinadarai na shinkafa tsakanin gwaje-gwaje (nau'ikan halittu) da kuma maganin damuwa da zafi.
Bambance-bambance (P≤0.01) a cikin hulɗar launukan ganye, abubuwan da ke cikin chlorophyll (karanta Atleaf), da sigogin hasken alpha-chlorophyll tsakanin gwaje-gwaje da jiyya an nuna su a cikin Jadawali na 2. Yawan zafin rana da dare ya ƙara yawan abubuwan da ke cikin chlorophyll da carotenoid. Shuke-shuken shinkafa ba tare da feshi na phytohormones ba (2.36 mg g-1 don "F67" da 2.56 mg g-1 don "F2000") idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire da aka noma a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mafi kyau (2.67 mg g-1)) sun nuna ƙarancin jimlar abubuwan da ke cikin chlorophyll. A cikin gwaje-gwajen biyu, "F67" shine 2.80 mg g-1 kuma "F2000" shine 2.80 mg g-1. Bugu da ƙari, 'ya'yan itacen shinkafa da aka yi wa magani da haɗin feshi na AUX da GA a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na zafi sun kuma nuna raguwar yawan chlorophyll a cikin nau'ikan halittu guda biyu (AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 da GA = 1.45 mg g-1 don "F67"; AUX = 1.96 mg g-1 da GA = 1.45 mg g-1 don "F67"; AUX = 2.24 mg) g-1 da GA = 1.43 mg g-1 (don "F2000") a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na zafi. A ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na zafi, maganin foliar da BR ya haifar da ɗan ƙaruwa a cikin wannan canjin a cikin nau'ikan halittu guda biyu. A ƙarshe, feshi na foliar CK ya nuna mafi girman ƙimar pigment na photosynthetic tsakanin duk jiyya (maganin AUX, GA, BR, SC da AC) a cikin nau'ikan halittu F67 (3.24 mg g-1) da F2000 (3.65 mg g-1). An kuma rage yawan sinadarin chlorophyll (Atleaf unit) ta hanyar haɗakar matsin lamba. An kuma rubuta mafi girman ƙima a cikin tsire-tsire da aka fesa da CC a cikin nau'ikan halittu guda biyu (41.66 don "F67" da 49.30 don "F2000"). Rabon Fv da Fv/Fm sun nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin jiyya da nau'ikan (Tebur 2). Gabaɗaya, daga cikin waɗannan masu canji, nau'in F67 bai fi saurin kamuwa da matsin lamba na zafi ba fiye da nau'in F2000. Rabon Fv da Fv/Fm sun fi shan wahala a gwaji na biyu. Shuke-shuken 'F2000' masu damuwa waɗanda ba a fesa su da wani phytohormones ba suna da mafi ƙarancin ƙimar Fv (2120.15) da rabon Fv/Fm (0.59), amma fesa foliar tare da CK ya taimaka wajen dawo da waɗannan ƙima (Fv: 2591, 89, rabon Fv/Fm: 0.73). , suna karɓar karatu iri ɗaya da waɗanda aka rubuta akan tsire-tsire "F2000" da aka shuka a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mafi kyau (Fv: 2955.35, rabon Fv/Fm: 0.73:0.72). Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin hasken farko (F0), matsakaicin hasken (Fm), matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙwayoyin halitta na PSII (Fv/F0) da rabon Fm/F0. A ƙarshe, BR ya nuna irin wannan yanayin kamar yadda aka lura da CK (Fv 2545.06, rabon Fv/Fm 0.73).
Tebur na 2. Tasirin haɗakar damuwa ta zafi (40°/30°C rana/dare) akan launukan photosynthetic na ganye [jimlar chlorophyll (Jimlar Chhl), chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) da carotenoids tasirin Cx+c]], abubuwan da ke cikin chlorophyll (Atliff unit), sigogin hasken chlorophyll (F0 na farko), matsakaicin hasken (Fm), matsakaicin hasken (Fv), matsakaicin ingancin PSII (Fv/Fm), matsakaicin yawan amfanin PSII (Fv/Fm), matsakaicin yawan amfanin PSII (Fv/F0) da Fm/F0 a cikin tsire-tsire na nau'ikan shinkafa guda biyu [Federrose 67 (F67) da Federrose 2000 (F2000)] kwanaki 55 bayan fitowar (DAE)).
Ruwan da ke cikin ruwa mai dangantaka (RWC) na shuke-shuken shinkafa da aka yi wa magani daban-daban ya nuna bambance-bambance (P ≤ 0.05) a cikin hulɗar da ke tsakanin maganin gwaji da na foliar (Hoto na 1A). Lokacin da aka yi wa magani da SA, an rubuta mafi ƙarancin ƙima ga duka genotypes (74.01% don F67 da 76.6% don F2000). A ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi, RWC na shuke-shuken shinkafa na duka genotypes da aka yi wa magani da phytohormones daban-daban ya ƙaru sosai. Gabaɗaya, aikace-aikacen foliar na CK, GA, AUX, ko BR sun ƙara RWC zuwa ƙima irin ta shuke-shuken da aka noma a ƙarƙashin yanayi mafi kyau yayin gwajin. Cikakken iko da tsire-tsire da aka fesa foliar sun rubuta ƙima kusan 83% ga duka genotypes. A gefe guda kuma, gs sun nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci (P ≤ 0.01) a cikin hulɗar gwaji-magani (Hoto na 1B). Cibiyar sarrafa cikakken iko (AC) ta kuma sami mafi girman ƙima ga kowane nau'in halitta (440.65 mmol m-2s-1 don F67 da 511.02 mmol m-2s-1 don F2000). Shuke-shuken shinkafa da aka haɗu da matsin lamba na zafi kawai sun nuna mafi ƙarancin ƙimar gs don duka nau'ikan halitta (150.60 mmol m-2s-1 don F67 da 171.32 mmol m-2s-1 don F2000). Maganin ganye tare da duk masu kula da girma na shuka shi ma ya ƙaru g. A kan tsire-tsiren shinkafa na F2000 da aka fesa da CC, tasirin fesa foliar da phytohormones ya fi bayyana. Wannan rukunin tsire-tsire bai nuna wani bambanci ba idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire masu sarrafa cikakken iko (AC 511.02 da CC 499.25 mmol m-2s-1).
Hoto na 1. Tasirin haɗakar damuwa ta zafi (40°/30°C rana/dare) akan yawan ruwa (RWC) (A), kwararar stomatal (gs) (B), samar da malondialdehyde (MDA) (C), da kuma yawan proline. (D) a cikin tsire-tsire na nau'ikan nau'ikan shinkafa guda biyu (F67 da F2000) a kwanaki 55 bayan fitowar (DAE). Jiyya da aka kimanta ga kowane nau'in kwayar halitta sun haɗa da: cikakken iko (AC), sarrafa damuwa ta zafi (SC), damuwa ta zafi + auxin (AUX), damuwa ta zafi + gibberellin (GA), damuwa ta zafi + mitogen tantanin halitta (CK), da damuwa ta zafi + brassinosteroid. (BR). Kowane ginshiƙi yana wakiltar matsakaicin kuskuren daidaitattun ± na maki biyar na bayanai (n = 5). Ginshiƙai da haruffa daban-daban suka biyo baya suna nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci na ƙididdiga bisa ga gwajin Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Haruffa masu alamar daidai suna nuna cewa matsakaicin ba shi da mahimmanci a kididdiga (≤ 0.05).
Abubuwan da ke cikin MDA (P ≤ 0.01) da proline (P ≤ 0.01) suma sun nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin hulɗar da ke tsakanin gwaji da maganin phytohormone (Hoto na 1C, D). An lura da ƙaruwar lipid peroxidation tare da maganin SC a cikin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda biyu (Hoto na 1C), duk da haka tsire-tsire da aka yi wa magani da feshin mai daidaita girma na ganye sun nuna raguwar lipid peroxidation a cikin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda biyu; Gabaɗaya, amfani da phytohormones (CA, AUC, BR ko GA) yana haifar da raguwar lipid peroxidation (abun ciki na MDA). Ba a sami wani bambanci ba tsakanin tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da kwayoyin halitta guda biyu da tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi kuma an fesa su da phytohormones (ƙimar FW da aka lura a cikin tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin halitta ta F67 ta kama daga 4.38–6.77 µmol g-1, kuma a cikin tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin halitta ta FW “F2000” “ƙimar da aka lura ta kama daga 2.84 zuwa 9.18 µmol g-1 (shuke-shuke). A gefe guda kuma, haɗakar proline a cikin tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin halitta ta F67 ta yi ƙasa da ta tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin halitta ta F2000, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar samar da proline. A cikin tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar zafi, a cikin gwaje-gwajen guda biyu, an lura cewa gudanar da waɗannan hormones ya ƙara yawan amino acid na tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da ƙwayoyin halitta ta F2000 (AUX da BR sun kasance 30.44 da 18.34 µmol g-1) bi da bi (Hoto na 1G).
An nuna tasirin feshi mai sarrafa girma na shukar foliar da kuma haɗakar matsin zafi akan zafin rufin shuka da ma'aunin haƙuri na dangi (RTI) a cikin Hotuna 2A da B. Ga nau'ikan halittu guda biyu, zafin rufin tsire-tsire na AC ya kusa da 27°C, kuma na tsire-tsire na SC yana kusa da 28°C. WITH. An kuma lura cewa maganin ganye tare da CK da BR ya haifar da raguwar zafin rufin 2-3°C idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire na SC (Hoto na 2A). RTI ya nuna irin wannan hali ga sauran masu canjin yanayin jiki, yana nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci (P ≤ 0.01) a cikin hulɗar da ke tsakanin gwaji da magani (Hoto na 2B). Tsire-tsire na SC sun nuna ƙarancin haƙuri ga shuka a cikin nau'ikan halittu guda biyu (34.18% da 33.52% ga tsire-tsire na shinkafa "F67" da "F2000", bi da bi). Ciyar da phytohormones na ganye yana inganta RTI a cikin tsire-tsire da ke fuskantar matsin lamba mai yawa. Wannan tasirin ya fi bayyana a cikin tsire-tsire masu "F2000" da aka fesa da CC, inda RTI ya kasance 97.69. A gefe guda kuma, an lura da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci ne kawai a cikin ma'aunin damuwa na amfanin gona (CSI) na tsire-tsire masu shinkafa a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na fesa foliar factor (P ≤ 0.01) (Hoto na 2B). Tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire ne kawai suka fuskanci matsin lamba mai rikitarwa a cikin zafi wanda ya nuna mafi girman ƙimar ma'aunin damuwa (0.816). Lokacin da aka fesa tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da phytohormones daban-daban, ma'aunin damuwa ya yi ƙasa (ƙima daga 0.6 zuwa 0.67). A ƙarshe, shukar shinkafa da aka noma a ƙarƙashin yanayi mafi kyau tana da ƙimar 0.138.
Hoto na 2. Tasirin haɗakar damuwa ta zafi (40°/30°C rana/dare) akan zafin rufin (A), ma'aunin haƙuri na dangi (RTI) (B), da ma'aunin damuwa na amfanin gona (CSI) (C) na nau'ikan tsire-tsire guda biyu. An yi wa nau'ikan nau'ikan shinkafa na kasuwanci (F67 da F2000) jiyya ta zafi daban-daban. Jiyya da aka kimanta ga kowane nau'in halitta sun haɗa da: cikakken iko (AC), sarrafa damuwa ta zafi (SC), damuwa ta zafi + auxin (AUX), damuwa ta zafi + gibberellin (GA), damuwa ta zafi + mitogen tantanin halitta (CK), da damuwa ta zafi + brassinosteroid. (BR). Haɗin damuwa ta zafi ya haɗa da fallasa tsire-tsire na shinkafa zuwa yanayin zafi mai yawa na rana/dare (40°/30°C rana/dare). Kowane ginshiƙi yana wakiltar matsakaicin kuskuren daidaitattun maki biyar na bayanai (n = 5). Ginshiƙai da haruffa daban-daban suka biyo baya suna nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci na ƙididdiga bisa ga gwajin Tukey (P ≤ 0.05). Haruffa masu alamar daidai suna nuna cewa matsakaicin ba shi da mahimmanci a kididdiga (≤ 0.05).
Babban binciken sassan (PCA) ya nuna cewa masu canjin da aka kimanta a 55 DAE sun bayyana kashi 66.1% na martanin ilimin halittar jiki da na biochemical na tsire-tsire masu fama da zafi da aka yi wa magani da feshi mai daidaita girma (Hoto na 3). Masu canjin suna wakiltar masu canjin yanayi kuma dige-dige suna wakiltar masu daidaita girma na shuka (GRs). Masu canjin yanayi na gs, abun ciki na chlorophyll, mafi girman ingancin adadi na PSII (Fv/Fm) da sigogin biochemical (TChl, MDA da proline) suna kusa da asalin, suna nuna babban alaƙa tsakanin halayen ilimin halittar tsirrai da su. mai canzawa. Ɗaya daga cikin rukuni (V) ya haɗa da shukar shinkafa da aka shuka a mafi kyawun zafin jiki (AT) da tsire-tsire na F2000 da aka yi wa magani da CK da BA. A lokaci guda, yawancin tsire-tsire da aka yi wa magani da GR sun kafa rukuni daban (IV), kuma maganin da aka yi wa magani da GA a cikin F2000 ya samar da rukuni daban (II). Sabanin haka, an gano cewa shukar shinkafa mai zafi (ƙungiyoyi I da III) ba tare da feshi na phytohormones ba (duka nau'ikan halittun SC ne) a yankin da ke adawa da rukunin V, wanda ke nuna tasirin matsin lamba a kan ilimin halittar tsirrai.
Hoto na 3. Binciken tarihin rayuwa na tasirin haɗakar damuwa ta zafi (40°/30°C rana/dare) akan tsire-tsire na nau'ikan nau'ikan shinkafa guda biyu (F67 da F2000) a kwanaki 55 bayan fitowar (DAE). Takaitattun bayanai: AC F67, cikakken iko F67; SC F67, sarrafa damuwa ta zafi F67; AUX F67, damuwa ta zafi + auxin F67; GA F67, damuwa ta zafi + gibberellin F67; CK F67, damuwa ta zafi + rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta BR F67, damuwa ta zafi + brassinosteroid. F67; AC F2000, cikakken iko F2000; SC F2000, Kula da Damuwar Zafi F2000; AUX F2000, damuwa ta zafi + auxin F2000; GA F2000, damuwa ta zafi + gibberellin F2000; CK F2000, matsin zafi + cytokinin, BR F2000, matsin zafi + steroid na tagulla; F2000.
Canje-canje kamar abun ciki na chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, rabon Fv/Fm, CSI, MDA, RTI da abun ciki na proline na iya taimakawa wajen fahimtar daidaitawar nau'ikan nau'ikan shinkafa da kuma kimanta tasirin dabarun noma a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi (Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderon et al., 2021). Manufar wannan gwajin ita ce a kimanta tasirin amfani da masu daidaita girma guda huɗu akan sigogin ilimin halittar jiki da na biochemical na shukar shinkafa a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai rikitarwa na damuwa na zafi. Gwajin shuka hanya ce mai sauƙi da sauri don kimanta tsire-tsire na shinkafa a lokaci guda dangane da girman ko yanayin kayayyakin more rayuwa da ake da su (Sarsu et al. 2018). Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa haɗakar damuwa ta zafi yana haifar da martani daban-daban na ilimin halittar jiki da na biochemical a cikin nau'ikan shinkafa guda biyu, yana nuna tsarin daidaitawa. Waɗannan sakamakon sun kuma nuna cewa feshin da ke daidaita girma na foliar (musamman cytokinins da brassinosteroids) suna taimakawa shinkafa ta daidaita da matsin lamba mai rikitarwa saboda fa'idar galibi tana shafar gs, RWC, rabon Fv/Fm, pigments na photosynthetic da abun ciki na proline.
Amfani da na'urorin da ke kula da girma yana taimakawa wajen inganta yanayin ruwa na shukar shinkafa a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi, wanda hakan na iya dangantawa da matsin lamba mai yawa da ƙarancin zafin jiki na rufin tsirrai. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa a tsakanin tsire-tsire masu "F2000" (nau'in halittar da ake iya kamuwa da ita), tsire-tsire masu shinkafa da aka yi wa magani da CK ko BR galibi suna da ƙimar gs mafi girma da ƙarancin ƙimar PCT fiye da tsire-tsire da aka yi wa magani da SC. Nazarin da aka yi a baya sun kuma nuna cewa gs da PCT alamomi ne na ilimin halittar jiki waɗanda za su iya tantance martanin da tsire-tsire masu shinkafa ke bayarwa da kuma tasirin dabarun noma akan matsin zafi (Restrepo-Diaz da Garces-Varon, 2013; Sarsu et al., 2018; Quintero). -Carr DeLong et al., 2021). Leaf CK ko BR suna haɓaka g a ƙarƙashin damuwa saboda waɗannan hormones na shuka na iya haɓaka buɗewar stomatal ta hanyar hulɗar roba tare da wasu ƙwayoyin sigina kamar ABA (mai haɓaka rufe stomatal a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai hana ruwa gudu) (Macková et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013). 2013). , 2014). Buɗewar ciki yana haɓaka sanyaya ganye kuma yana taimakawa rage zafin rufin (Sonjaroon et al., 2018; Quintero-Calderón et al., 2021). Saboda waɗannan dalilai, zafin rufin rufin na tsire-tsire shinkafa da aka fesa da CK ko BR na iya zama ƙasa a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi mai haɗuwa.
Matsi mai tsanani na zafin jiki na iya rage yawan sinadarin photosynthesis na ganye (Chen et al., 2017; Ahammed et al., 2018). A cikin wannan binciken, lokacin da tsire-tsire na shinkafa ke ƙarƙashin matsin zafi kuma ba a fesa musu da wani mai kula da ci gaban shuka ba, launukan photosynthesis sun fi raguwa a cikin nau'ikan halittu guda biyu (Tebur 2). Feng et al. (2013) sun kuma ba da rahoton raguwa mai yawa a cikin yawan sinadarin chlorophyll a cikin ganyayyakin nau'ikan alkama guda biyu da aka fallasa ga matsin zafi. Fuskantar yanayin zafi mai yawa sau da yawa yana haifar da raguwar yawan sinadarin chlorophyll, wanda zai iya zama saboda raguwar yawan sinadarin chlorophyll, lalacewar launuka, ko tasirinsu na haɗuwa a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi (Fahad et al., 2017). Duk da haka, tsire-tsire na shinkafa da aka yi wa magani da CK da BA sun ƙara yawan sinadarin photosynthesis na ganye a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi. Jespersen da Huang (2015) da Suchsagunpanit et al. sun kuma bayar da rahoton irin wannan sakamako. (2015), waɗanda suka lura da ƙaruwar yawan sinadarin chlorophyll na ganye bayan amfani da hormones na zeatin da epibrassinosteroid a cikin bentgrass da shinkafa masu matsin lamba a zafi, bi da bi. Bayani mai ma'ana game da dalilin da yasa CK da BR ke haɓaka yawan sinadarin chlorophyll na ganye a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba a hade shine cewa CK na iya haɓaka farawar ci gaba da haifar da masu haɓaka bayyanar (kamar mai haɓaka tsufa (SAG12) ko mai haɓaka HSP18) da rage asarar chlorophyll a cikin ganyayyaki., jinkirta tsufar ganye da ƙara juriya ga zafi (Liu et al., 2020). BR na iya kare chlorophyll na ganye da ƙara yawan sinadarin chlorophyll na ganye ta hanyar kunnawa ko haifar da haɗakar enzymes da ke da hannu a cikin biosynthesis na chlorophyll a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa (Sharma et al., 2017; Siddiqui et al., 2018). A ƙarshe, phytohormones guda biyu (CK da BR) suna haɓaka bayyanar sunadaran girgiza zafi da inganta hanyoyin daidaitawa daban-daban na rayuwa, kamar ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin chlorophyll (Sharma et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2020).
Sigogi na haske na Chlorophyll suna ba da hanya mai sauri kuma mara lalacewa wacce za ta iya tantance juriyar shuka ko daidaitawa ga yanayin damuwa mai hana ruwa gudu (Chaerle et al. 2007; Kalaji et al. 2017). An yi amfani da sigogi kamar rabon Fv/Fm a matsayin alamun daidaitawar shuka zuwa yanayin damuwa (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017; Chavez-Arias et al. 2020). A cikin wannan binciken, tsire-tsire na SC sun nuna mafi ƙarancin ƙimar wannan mai canzawa, galibi tsire-tsire na shinkafa "F2000". Yin et al. (2010) sun kuma gano cewa rabon Fv/Fm na mafi girman ganyen shinkafa mai noma ya ragu sosai a yanayin zafi sama da 35°C. A cewar Feng et al. (2013), ƙarancin rabon Fv/Fm a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi yana nuna cewa ƙimar kama kuzarin motsawa da juyawa ta cibiyar amsawar PSII ya ragu, yana nuna cewa cibiyar amsawar PSII ta wargaje ƙarƙashin matsin zafi. Wannan lura ya ba mu damar kammalawa cewa rikice-rikice a cikin na'urar photosynthesis sun fi bayyana a cikin nau'ikan da ke da saurin kamuwa da cuta (Fedearroz 2000) fiye da nau'ikan da ke da juriya (Fedearroz 67).
Amfani da CK ko BR gabaɗaya yana haɓaka aikin PSII a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai rikitarwa na damuwa na zafi. An sami irin wannan sakamako ta hanyar Suchsagunpanit et al. (2015), waɗanda suka lura cewa amfani da BR ya ƙara ingancin PSII a ƙarƙashin matsin zafi a cikin shinkafa. Kumar et al. (2020) sun kuma gano cewa tsire-tsire na chickpea da aka yi wa magani da CK (6-benzyladenine) kuma aka fuskanci matsin zafi sun ƙara rabon Fv/Fm, suna kammala da cewa amfani da foliar na CK ta hanyar kunna zagayowar launin zeaxanthin yana haɓaka aikin PSII. Bugu da ƙari, feshin ganyen BR ya fi son photosynthesis na PSII a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa, yana nuna cewa amfani da wannan phytohormone ya haifar da raguwar watsa kuzarin motsawa na antennae na PSII kuma ya haɓaka tarin ƙananan sunadaran girgiza zafi a cikin chloroplasts (Ogweno et al. 2008; Kothari da Lachowitz)., 2021).
Abubuwan da ke cikin MDA da proline galibi suna ƙaruwa lokacin da tsire-tsire ke ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na rashin daidaituwa idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire da aka shuka a ƙarƙashin yanayi mafi kyau (Alvarado-Sanabria et al. 2017). Nazarin da aka yi a baya sun kuma nuna cewa matakan MDA da proline alamu ne na sinadarai waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don fahimtar tsarin daidaitawa ko tasirin ayyukan noma a cikin shinkafa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi na rana ko na dare (Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2017; Quintero-Calderón et al. . , 2021). Waɗannan nazarin sun kuma nuna cewa abubuwan da ke cikin MDA da proline sun fi yawa a cikin tsire-tsire na shinkafa da aka fallasa su ga yanayin zafi mai yawa da dare ko da rana, bi da bi. Duk da haka, feshin foliar na CK da BR sun ba da gudummawa ga raguwar MDA da ƙaruwar matakan proline, galibi a cikin nau'in halittar da ke jure wa juriya (Federroz 67). Feshin CK na iya haɓaka yawan bayyanar cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase, ta haka yana ƙara yawan abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai masu kariya kamar betaine da proline (Liu et al., 2020). BR yana haɓaka shigar da masu kare ƙwayoyin cuta kamar betaine, sukari, da amino acid (gami da proline kyauta), yana kiyaye daidaiton osmotic na ƙwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau da yawa na muhalli (Kothari da Lachowiec, 2021).
Ana amfani da ma'aunin damuwa na amfanin gona (CSI) da ma'aunin haƙuri na dangi (RTI) don tantance ko magungunan da ake tantancewa suna taimakawa wajen rage damuwa daban-daban (abiotic da biotic) kuma suna da tasiri mai kyau akan ilimin halittar tsirrai (Castro-Duque et al., 2020; Chavez-Arias et al., 2020). Ƙimar CSI na iya kasancewa daga 0 zuwa 1, wanda ke wakiltar yanayin rashin damuwa da damuwa, bi da bi (Lee et al., 2010). Ƙimar CSI na tsire-tsire masu matsin lamba (SC) sun kasance daga 0.8 zuwa 0.9 (Hoto na 2B), wanda ke nuna cewa tsire-tsire masu matsin lamba na haɗin gwiwa sun shafi tsire-tsire na shinkafa. Duk da haka, fesa ganye na BC (0.6) ko CK (0.6) galibi ya haifar da raguwar wannan alamar a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na abiotic idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire na shinkafa na SC. A cikin shuke-shuken F2000, RTI ta nuna ƙaruwa mafi girma lokacin amfani da CA (97.69%) da BC (60.73%) idan aka kwatanta da SA (33.52%), wanda ke nuna cewa waɗannan masu kula da girma na shuke-shuke suma suna ba da gudummawa wajen inganta martanin shinkafa ga jurewar abun da ke ciki. Zafi fiye da kima. An gabatar da waɗannan ma'auni don sarrafa yanayin damuwa a cikin nau'ikan daban-daban. Wani bincike da Lee et al. (2010) suka gudanar ya nuna cewa CSI na nau'ikan auduga guda biyu a ƙarƙashin matsakaicin matsin lamba na ruwa ya kai kusan 0.85, yayin da ƙimar CSI na nau'ikan da aka yi ban ruwa da kyau ya kama daga 0.4 zuwa 0.6, yana kammala da cewa wannan ma'auni alama ce ta daidaita ruwa na nau'ikan. Yanayi mai damuwa. Bugu da ƙari, Chavez-Arias et al. (2020) sun kimanta ingancin masu haifar da sinadarai a matsayin cikakkiyar dabarun magance damuwa a cikin shuke-shuken C. elegans kuma sun gano cewa shuke-shuken da aka fesa da waɗannan mahaɗan sun nuna mafi girman RTI (65%). Dangane da abin da ke sama, ana iya ɗaukar CK da BR a matsayin dabarun noma da nufin ƙara juriyar shinkafa ga matsalolin zafi masu rikitarwa, saboda waɗannan masu kula da haɓakar shuka suna haifar da amsoshin biochemical da na physiological masu kyau.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, binciken shinkafa a Colombia ya mayar da hankali kan kimanta nau'ikan halittu masu jure yanayin zafi mai yawa na rana ko dare ta amfani da halayen ilimin halittar jiki ko na sinadarai (Sánchez-Reinoso et al., 2014; Alvarado-Sanabria et al., 2021). Duk da haka, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, nazarin fasahohin aiki, tattalin arziki da riba ya zama da mahimmanci don ba da shawarar haɗakar sarrafa amfanin gona don inganta tasirin lokutan damuwa mai rikitarwa na zafi a cikin ƙasar (Calderón-Páez et al., 2021; Quintero-Calderon et al., 2021). Don haka, martanin ilimin halittar jiki da na sinadarai na tsire-tsire na shinkafa ga matsin lamba mai rikitarwa (40°C rana/dare 30°C) da aka lura a cikin wannan binciken ya nuna cewa feshin ganye da CK ko BR na iya zama hanyar sarrafa amfanin gona mai dacewa don rage tasirin da ba shi da kyau. Tasirin lokutan damuwa mai matsakaici. Waɗannan jiyya sun inganta haƙurin nau'ikan shinkafa guda biyu (ƙarancin CSI da babban RTI), suna nuna yanayin gabaɗaya a cikin martanin ilimin halittar tsirrai da na sinadarai a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai haɗuwa. Babban martanin da tsire-tsiren shinkafa ke bayarwa shine raguwar yawan sinadarin GC, jimlar sinadarin chlorophyll, sinadarin chlorophylls α da β da kuma carotenoids. Bugu da ƙari, tsire-tsire suna fama da lalacewar PSII (rage girman sinadarin chlorophyll kamar rabon Fv/Fm) da kuma ƙaruwar sinadarin lipid peroxidation. A gefe guda kuma, lokacin da aka yi wa shinkafa magani da CK da BR, an rage waɗannan illolin kuma yawan sinadarin proline ya ƙaru (Hoto na 4).
Siffa ta 4. Tsarin tunani na tasirin haɗakar damuwa da zafi da kuma feshi mai daidaita girma na shukar foliar akan tsire-tsire shinkafa. Kibiyoyi ja da shuɗi suna nuna mummunan ko sakamako mai kyau na hulɗa tsakanin damuwa da zafi da aikace-aikacen foliar na BR (brassinosteroid) da CK (cytokinin) akan martanin ilimin halittar jiki da na biochemical, bi da bi. gs: gudanar da ciki; Jimlar Chl: jimlar abun ciki na chlorophyll; Chl α: abun ciki na chlorophyll β; Cx+c: abun ciki na carotenoid;
A taƙaice, amsoshin ilimin halittar jiki da na sinadarai a cikin wannan binciken sun nuna cewa tsire-tsire na shinkafa na Fedearroz 2000 sun fi saurin kamuwa da yanayin damuwa mai rikitarwa fiye da tsire-tsire na shinkafa na Fedearroz 67. Duk masu kula da girma da aka tantance a cikin wannan binciken (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ko brassinosteroids) sun nuna wani matakin rage damuwa mai zafi. Duk da haka, cytokinin da brassinosteroids sun haifar da ingantaccen daidaitawa ga tsire-tsire yayin da masu kula da girma na shuka suka ƙara yawan chlorophyll, sigogin hasken alpha-chlorophyll, gs da RWC idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire na shinkafa ba tare da wani amfani ba, da kuma rage yawan MDA da zafin rufin. A taƙaice, mun kammala da cewa amfani da masu kula da girma na shuka (cytokinins da brassinosteroids) kayan aiki ne mai amfani wajen sarrafa yanayin damuwa a cikin amfanin gona na shinkafa wanda matsin zafi mai tsanani ya haifar a lokacin zafi mai yawa.
An haɗa kayan aikin da aka gabatar a cikin binciken tare da labarin, kuma ana iya aika ƙarin tambayoyi ga marubucin da ya dace.