Mazauna da ke da ƙarancin matsayi a fannin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki (SES) waɗanda ke zaune a gidajen zamantakewa da gwamnati ko hukumomin ba da tallafi na gwamnati ke tallafawa na iya fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da magungunan kashe kwari da ake amfani da su a cikin gida saboda ana amfani da magungunan kashe kwari saboda lahani a tsarin, rashin kulawa, da sauransu.
A shekarar 2017, an auna magungunan kashe kwari guda 28 a cikin iskar cikin gida a cikin gidaje bakwai masu ƙarancin kuɗi a Toronto, Kanada, ta amfani da na'urorin tsarkake iska masu ɗaukuwa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su na tsawon mako guda. An yi amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi nazari a kansu a matsayin magungunan kashe kwari daga nau'ikan da ke ƙasa: organochlorines, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethroids, da strobilurins.
An gano aƙalla maganin kwari guda ɗaya a cikin kashi 89% na raka'a, inda ƙimar gano magungunan kashe kwari (DRs) na kowane nau'in ya kai kashi 50%, gami da magungunan organochlorine na gargajiya da magungunan kashe kwari da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu. Pyrethroids da ake amfani da su a yanzu suna da mafi girman DFs da yawansu, tare da pyrethroid I yana da mafi girman yawan ƙwayoyin cuta a 32,000 pg/m3. Heptachlor, wanda aka takaita a Kanada a 1985, yana da mafi girman matsakaicin yawan iska da aka kiyasta (ƙwayoyin cuta da lokacin iskar gas) a 443,000 pg/m3. Yawan heptachlor, lindane, endosulfan I, chlorothalonil, allethrin, da permethrin (banda a cikin wani bincike) ya fi waɗanda aka auna a gidaje masu ƙarancin kuɗi da aka ruwaito a wasu wurare. Baya ga amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da gangan don magance kwari da amfani da su a cikin kayan gini da fenti, shan taba yana da alaƙa sosai da yawan magungunan kashe kwari guda biyar da ake amfani da su akan amfanin gonakin taba. Yaɗuwar magungunan kashe kwari masu yawan DF a cikin gine-gine daban-daban ya nuna cewa manyan hanyoyin da ake samun magungunan kashe kwari da aka gano sune shirye-shiryen shawo kan kwari da manajojin gini ke gudanarwa da/ko kuma amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da mazauna ke yi.
Gidajen zamantakewa masu ƙarancin kuɗi suna da matuƙar buƙata, amma waɗannan gidaje suna da saurin kamuwa da kwari kuma suna dogara da magungunan kashe kwari don kula da su. Mun gano cewa kashi 89% na dukkan rukunin 46 da aka gwada sun fallasa aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin magungunan kashe kwari 28, tare da pyrethroids da ake amfani da su a yanzu da kuma organochlorines da aka daɗe ana hana su (misali, DDT, heptachlor) waɗanda ke da mafi yawan adadin saboda yawan dagewarsu a cikin gida. An kuma auna yawan magungunan kashe kwari da dama da ba a yi rijista ba don amfani a cikin gida, kamar strobilurins da ake amfani da su akan kayan gini da magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi amfani da su ga amfanin gonakin taba. Waɗannan sakamakon, bayanai na farko na Kanada kan yawancin magungunan kashe kwari na cikin gida, sun nuna cewa mutane suna fuskantar yawancinsu sosai.
Ana amfani da magungunan kashe kwari sosai a fannin noman amfanin gona don rage barnar da kwari ke yi. A shekarar 2018, kimanin kashi 72% na magungunan kashe kwari da ake sayarwa a Kanada an yi amfani da su a fannin noma, inda kashi 4.5% kawai aka yi amfani da su a wuraren zama.[1] Saboda haka, yawancin nazarin yawan magungunan kashe kwari da kuma fallasa su sun mayar da hankali kan wuraren noma.[2,3,4] Wannan ya bar gibi da yawa dangane da yanayin magungunan kashe kwari da matakan gidaje, inda ake amfani da magungunan kashe kwari sosai don magance kwari. A wuraren zama, amfani da magungunan kashe kwari guda ɗaya a cikin gida na iya haifar da sakin 15 mg na maganin kashe kwari a cikin muhalli.[5] Ana amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a cikin gida don magance kwari kamar kyankyaso da ƙwari. Sauran amfani da magungunan kashe kwari sun haɗa da kula da kwari na dabbobin gida da amfani da su azaman maganin kashe kwari a kan kayan daki da kayayyakin masarufi (misali, kafet na ulu, yadi) da kayan gini (misali, fenti na bango mai ɗauke da maganin kashe kwari, bangon busasshiyar da ke jure wa mold) [6,7,8,9]. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan mazauna (misali, shan taba a cikin gida) na iya haifar da sakin magungunan kashe kwari da ake amfani da su don shuka taba a cikin wuraren zama [10]. Wata hanyar fitar da magungunan kashe kwari zuwa cikin gida ita ce jigilar su daga waje [11,12,13].
Baya ga ma'aikatan noma da iyalansu, wasu ƙungiyoyi kuma suna fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta. Yara sun fi fuskantar gurɓatattun abubuwa da yawa a cikin gida, ciki har da magungunan kashe ƙwari, fiye da manya saboda yawan shaƙa, shan ƙura, da kuma ɗabi'un hannu da baki idan aka kwatanta da nauyin jiki [14, 15]. Misali, Trunnel et al. sun gano cewa yawan pyrethroid/pyrethrin (PYR) a cikin gogewar ƙasa yana da alaƙa da yawan sinadarin PYR a cikin fitsarin yara [16]. DF na PYR metabolites na maganin kashe ƙwari da aka ruwaito a cikin Nazarin Ma'aunin Lafiya na Kanada (CHMS) ya fi yawa a cikin yara 'yan shekara 3-5 fiye da na tsofaffi [17]. Mata masu juna biyu da 'yan tayinsu kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin rukuni mai rauni saboda haɗarin kamuwa da maganin kashe ƙwari a farkon rayuwarsu. Wyatt et al. sun ba da rahoton cewa magungunan kashe ƙwari a cikin samfuran jinin uwa da jarirai suna da alaƙa sosai, daidai da canja wurin uwa da jariri [18].
Mutane da ke zaune a gidaje marasa inganci ko marasa kuɗi suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin gida, gami da magungunan kashe kwari [19, 20, 21]. Misali, a Kanada, bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke da ƙarancin matsayin tattalin arziki (SES) sun fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da phthalates, masu hana harshen wuta halogenated, masu hana organophosphorus da masu hana harshen wuta, da kuma masu samar da hydrocarbons masu kama da na polycyclic (PAHs) fiye da mutanen da ke da SES mafi girma [22,23,24]. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan binciken sun shafi mutanen da ke zaune a "gidajen zamantakewa," wanda muke ayyanawa a matsayin gidajen haya da gwamnati ke tallafawa (ko hukumomin da gwamnati ke ba da kuɗi) waɗanda ke ɗauke da mazauna ƙananan matsayin tattalin arziki [25]. Gidajen zamantakewa a cikin gine-ginen gidaje masu raka'a da yawa (MURBs) suna fuskantar haɗarin kwari, galibi saboda lahani na tsarin su (misali fashe-fashe da ramuka a bango), rashin ingantaccen kulawa/gyara, rashin isasshen tsaftacewa da zubar da shara, da kuma yawan cunkoso [20, 26]. Duk da cewa shirye-shiryen kula da kwari da aka haɗa suna nan don rage buƙatar shirye-shiryen kula da kwari a cikin kula da gine-gine don haka rage haɗarin kamuwa da kwari, musamman a cikin gine-gine masu sassa daban-daban, kwari na iya yaɗuwa a cikin ginin [21, 27, 28]. Yaɗuwar kwari da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da ke da alaƙa da su na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ingancin iska a cikin gida da kuma fallasa mazauna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da kwari, wanda ke haifar da mummunan tasirin lafiya [29]. Nazari da dama a Amurka sun nuna cewa matakan fallasa ga magungunan kashe kwari da aka haramta da kuma waɗanda ake amfani da su a halin yanzu sun fi yawa a cikin gidaje masu ƙarancin kuɗi fiye da gidaje masu yawan kuɗi saboda rashin ingancin gidaje [11, 26, 30, 31, 32]. Saboda mazauna ƙananan kuɗi galibi suna da zaɓuɓɓuka kaɗan na barin gidajensu, suna iya ci gaba da fuskantar magungunan kashe kwari a gidajensu.
A gidaje, mazauna na iya fuskantar yawan magungunan kashe kwari na tsawon lokaci saboda ragowar magungunan kashe kwari na ci gaba da wanzuwa saboda rashin hasken rana, danshi, da kuma hanyoyin lalata ƙwayoyin cuta [33,34,35]. An ruwaito cewa fallasa magungunan kashe kwari yana da alaƙa da mummunan tasirin lafiya kamar nakasar ci gaban jijiyoyi (musamman ƙarancin IQ na magana a cikin yara maza), da kuma ciwon daji na jini, ciwon daji na kwakwalwa (gami da ciwon daji na yara), tasirin da ya shafi rushewar endocrine, da kuma cutar Alzheimer.
A matsayinta na jam'iyya a cikin Yarjejeniyar Stockholm, Kanada tana da ƙuntatawa kan OCPs guda tara [42, 54]. Sake kimanta buƙatun ƙa'idoji a Kanada ya haifar da dakatar da kusan dukkan amfani da OPP da carbamate a cikin gida.[55] Hukumar Kula da Kwari ta Kanada (PMRA) ita ma ta takaita wasu amfani da PYR a cikin gida. Misali, an dakatar da amfani da cypermethrin don maganin kewaye da kewaye na cikin gida da watsa shirye-shirye saboda yuwuwar tasirinsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, musamman ga yara [56]. Hoto na 1 ya ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da waɗannan ƙuntatawa [55, 57, 58].
Axis ɗin Y yana wakiltar magungunan kashe kwari da aka gano (sama da iyakar gano hanyar, Tebur S6), kuma axis ɗin X yana wakiltar kewayon yawan magungunan kashe kwari a cikin iska a matakin ƙwayoyin cuta sama da iyakar ganowa. An bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da mitoci na ganowa da matsakaicin yawansu a cikin Tebur S6.
Manufofinmu sun kasance mu auna yawan iskar da ake shaƙa a cikin gida da kuma yadda ake fallasa ta (misali, shaƙa) magungunan kashe kwari da ake amfani da su a yanzu da kuma waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin gidaje marasa galihu da ke zaune a gidajen zamantakewa a Toronto, Kanada, da kuma bincika wasu abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan fallasa. Manufar wannan takarda ita ce cike gibin da ke cikin bayanai kan fallasa ga magungunan kashe kwari na yanzu da na gado a cikin gidajen mutanen da ke cikin mawuyacin hali, musamman ganin cewa bayanan magungunan kashe kwari na cikin gida a Kanada suna da iyaka sosai [6].
Masu binciken sun lura da yawan magungunan kashe kwari a cikin gidaje bakwai na MURB da aka gina a wurare uku a birnin Toronto a shekarun 1970. Duk gine-gine suna da nisan akalla kilomita 65 daga kowane yanki na noma (ban da filayen bayan gida). Waɗannan gine-ginen suna wakiltar gidajen zamantakewa na Toronto. Bincikenmu wani ƙarin bincike ne da ya binciki matakan ƙwayoyin cuta (PM) a cikin gidajen zamantakewa kafin da kuma bayan haɓaka makamashi [59,60,61]. Saboda haka, dabarunmu na ɗaukar samfurin an iyakance shi ne ga tattara PM daga iska.
Ga kowane bulo, an samar da gyare-gyare waɗanda suka haɗa da tanadin ruwa da makamashi (misali maye gurbin na'urorin iska, tukunyar ruwa da kayan dumama) don rage amfani da makamashi, inganta ingancin iska a cikin gida da kuma ƙara jin daɗin zafi [62, 63]. An raba gidajen bisa ga nau'in zama: tsofaffi, iyalai da kuma marasa aure. An bayyana fasaloli da nau'ikan gine-gine dalla-dalla a wani wuri [24].
An yi nazarin samfuran matatun iska guda arba'in da shida da aka tattara daga rukunin gidaje 46 na MURB a lokacin hunturu na 2017. Wang et al. [60] sun bayyana tsarin binciken, tattara samfura, da hanyoyin ajiya dalla-dalla. A takaice, an sanya wa kowane rukunin mahalarta kayan aikin tsarkake iska na Amaircare XR-100 wanda aka sanya masa kayan aikin tace iska mai inganci na 127 mm (abin da ake amfani da shi a matatun HEPA) na tsawon mako 1. An tsaftace duk masu tsaftace iska da goge-goge na isopropyl kafin da kuma bayan amfani don guje wa gurɓatawa. An sanya masu tsarkake iska mai ɗaukuwa a bangon falon da ke da nisan santimita 30 daga rufin da/ko kuma kamar yadda mazauna suka umarta don guje wa matsala ga mazauna da kuma rage yiwuwar shiga ba tare da izini ba (duba Ƙarin Bayani SI1, Hoto na S1). A lokacin lokacin ɗaukar samfur na mako-mako, matsakaicin kwararar ruwa shine 39.2 m3/rana (duba SI1 don cikakkun bayanai game da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don tantance kwararar ruwa). Kafin a fara amfani da samfurin a watan Janairu da Fabrairu 2015, an fara gudanar da ziyarar gida-gida da kuma duba yanayin gida da halayen mazauna (misali shan taba). An gudanar da wani bincike na gaba bayan kowace ziyara daga 2015 zuwa 2017. An bayar da cikakkun bayanai a cikin Touchie et al. [64] A takaice, manufar binciken ita ce a tantance halayen mazauna da kuma yiwuwar canje-canje a cikin halayen gida da halayen mazauna kamar shan taba, aikin ƙofa da taga, da kuma amfani da murfin cirewa ko fanfunan dafa abinci lokacin dafa abinci. [59, 64] Bayan gyara, an yi nazarin matatun magungunan kashe kwari guda 28 da aka yi niyya (an dauki endosulfan I da II da α- da γ-chlordane a matsayin mahaɗan daban-daban, kuma p,p′-DDE wani abu ne na p,p′-DDT, ba maganin kwari ba), gami da tsoffin magungunan kashe kwari da na zamani (Tebur S1).
Wang da abokan aikinsa [60] sun bayyana dalla-dalla yadda ake cirewa da tsaftace kayan. An raba kowanne samfurin matattara gida biyu kuma an yi amfani da rabi don nazarin magungunan kashe kwari guda 28 (Tebur S1). Samfuran matattara da guraben dakin gwaje-gwaje sun ƙunshi matattara na fiber na gilashi, ɗaya ga kowane samfura biyar na jimilla tara, an ƙara masa wasu magungunan kashe kwari guda shida masu lakabi (Tebur S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) don sarrafa murmurewa. An kuma auna yawan magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi niyya a cikin guraben fili guda biyar. An shafa wa kowanne samfurin matattara sonicated sau uku na minti 20 kowanne tare da 10 mL na hexane:acetone:dichloromethane (2:1:1, v:v:v) (matakin HPLC, Fisher Scientific). An tattara abubuwan da suka fito daga cikin guda uku kuma an tattara su zuwa 1 mL a cikin na'urar fitar da iska ta Zymark Turbovap a ƙarƙashin kwararar nitrogen akai-akai. An tsarkake ruwan ta amfani da ginshiƙan Florisil® SPE (Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE tubes, Supelco) sannan aka mayar da shi zuwa 0.5 mL ta amfani da Zymark Turbovap sannan aka mayar da shi cikin kwalbar GC mai launin amber. Daga nan aka ƙara Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Tebur S2) a matsayin ma'aunin ciki. An yi nazarin ta hanyar amfani da na'urar auna mass chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC da Agilent 5977A MSD) a cikin tasirin lantarki da yanayin ionization na sinadarai. An bayar da sigogin kayan aiki a cikin SI4 kuma an ba da bayanin ion na adadi a cikin Tebur S3 da S4.
Kafin a cire su, an saka wa magungunan kashe kwari masu lakabin a cikin samfura da guraben da ba a saka ba (Tebur S2) don sa ido kan murmurewa yayin bincike. An gano mahaɗan alamomi a cikin samfuran daga 62% zuwa 83%; duk sakamakon sinadarai daban-daban an gyara su don murmurewa. An gyara bayanai ta amfani da matsakaicin ƙimar dakin gwaje-gwaje da filin da ba a saka ba ga kowane maganin kashe kwari (ƙimar an jera ta a cikin Tebur S5) bisa ga ka'idojin da Saini et al. [65] suka bayyana: lokacin da yawan guraben da ba a saka ba ya ƙasa da 5% na yawan samfurin, ba a yi gyara ga sinadarai daban-daban ba; lokacin da yawan guraben da ba a saka ba ya kai 5-35%, an gyara bayanai babu komai; idan yawan guraben da ba a saka ba ya fi 35% na ƙimar, an yi watsi da bayanai. An ayyana iyakar gano hanyar (MDL, Tebur S6) a matsayin matsakaicin yawan guraben dakunan gwaje-gwaje (n = 9) tare da sau uku na karkacewar da ba a saka ba. Idan ba a gano mahaɗi a cikin guraben da ba a saka ba, an yi amfani da rabon sigina zuwa hayaniya na mahaɗin a cikin mafi ƙarancin maganin da ba a saka ba (~10:1) don ƙididdige iyakar gano kayan aiki. An tattara samfuran dakin gwaje-gwaje da na filin
Ana canza nauyin sinadarai da ke kan matatar iska zuwa haɗakar ƙwayoyin cuta ta iska ta amfani da nazarin gravimetric, kuma ana canza ƙimar kwararar matatar da ingancin tacewa zuwa haɗakar ƙwayoyin cuta ta iska bisa ga lissafi na 1:
inda M (g) shine jimlar nauyin PM da matatar ta kama, f (pg/g) shine yawan gurɓataccen abu a cikin PM da aka tattara, η shine ingancin matatar (wanda aka ɗauka 100% saboda kayan tacewa da girman barbashi [67]), Q (m3/h) shine ƙimar kwararar iska ta cikin na'urar tsarkake iska mai ɗaukuwa, kuma t (h) shine lokacin turawa. An rubuta nauyin matatar kafin da bayan turawa. Wang et al. sun bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da ma'auni da ƙimar kwararar iska [60].
Hanyar ɗaukar samfur da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin wannan takarda ta auna yawan ƙwayoyin cuta ne kawai. Mun kiyasta yawan magungunan kashe kwari iri ɗaya a cikin yanayin iskar gas ta amfani da lissafin Harner-Biedelman (Equation 2), muna ɗaukar daidaiton sinadarai tsakanin matakan [68]. An samo daidaito na 2 don ƙwayoyin cuta a waje, amma kuma an yi amfani da shi don kimanta rarraba ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin iska da muhallin cikin gida [69, 70].
inda log Kp shine canjin logarithmic na ma'aunin rabon barbashi-gas a cikin iska, log Koa shine canjin logarithmic na ma'aunin rabon octanol/air, Koa (babu girma), da kuma \({fom}\) shine kaso na kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayoyin halitta (babu girma). Ana ɗaukar ƙimar fom zuwa 0.4 [71, 72]. An ɗauki ƙimar Koa daga OPERA 2.6 da aka samu ta amfani da dashboard ɗin sa ido kan sinadarai na CompTox (US EPA, 2023) (Hoto na S2), tunda yana da ƙarancin ƙiyasin son zuciya idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin ƙiyasin [73]. Mun kuma sami ƙimar gwaji na kiyasin Koa da Kowwin/HENRYWIN ta amfani da EPISuite [74].
Tunda DF ga duk magungunan kashe kwari da aka gano ya kasance ≤50%, ƙimar
Siffa ta S3 da Tebur S6 da S8 sun nuna ƙimar Koa da OPERA ta dogara da ita, yawan sinadarin da ke cikin kowace ƙungiyar magungunan kashe kwari, da kuma yawan sinadarin da aka ƙididdige a lokacin iskar gas da kuma jimillar yawan sinadarin da aka gano ga kowace ƙungiyar sinadarai (watau Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, da Σ3STR) da aka samu ta amfani da ƙimar Koa ta gwaji da aka ƙididdige daga EPISuite an bayar da su a cikin Tebur S7 da S8, bi da bi. Mun bayar da rahoton yawan sinadarin da aka auna kuma muka kwatanta jimillar yawan iska da aka ƙididdige a nan (ta amfani da kimantawa bisa ga OPERA) tare da yawan iska daga ƙayyadadden adadin rahotannin da ba na noma ba na yawan sinadarin da ke cikin iska da kuma daga bincike da dama na gidaje masu ƙarancin SES [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Tebur S9). Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan kwatancen yana da kusan saboda bambance-bambance a cikin hanyoyin ɗaukar samfura da shekarun karatu. A fahimtarmu, bayanan da aka gabatar a nan su ne na farko da suka auna magungunan kashe kwari banda organochlorine na gargajiya a cikin iskar cikin gida a Kanada.
A matakin barbashi, matsakaicin yawan Σ8OCP da aka gano shine 4400 pg/m3 (Tebur S8). OCP mai mafi girman yawan shine heptachlor (an takaita shi a shekarar 1985) tare da matsakaicin yawan 2600 pg/m3, sai kuma p,p′-DDT (an takaita shi a shekarar 1985) tare da matsakaicin yawan 1400 pg/m3 [57]. Chlorothalonil mai matsakaicin yawan 1200 pg/m3 maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta ne da kuma maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da ake amfani da su a fenti. Kodayake an dakatar da rajistar sa don amfani a cikin gida a shekarar 2011, DF ɗin sa ya ci gaba da kasancewa a 50% [55]. Babban ƙimar DF da yawan OCPs na gargajiya sun nuna cewa an yi amfani da OCPs sosai a baya kuma suna dawwama a cikin muhallin cikin gida [6].
Nazarin da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa shekarun gina jiki yana da alaƙa mai kyau da yawan tsofaffin OCPs [6, 79]. A al'ada, ana amfani da OCPs don maganin kwari a cikin gida, musamman lindane don maganin ƙwarƙwata, wata cuta da ta fi yawa a cikin gidaje masu ƙarancin matsayin tattalin arziki fiye da gidaje masu matsayi mafi girma na zamantakewa [80, 81]. Mafi girman yawan lindane shine 990 pg/m3.
Ga jimillar ƙwayoyin cuta da yanayin iskar gas, heptachlor yana da mafi girman yawan ƙwayoyin cuta, tare da matsakaicin yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na 443,000 pg/m3. Matsakaicin yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na iska na Σ8OCP da aka kiyasta daga ƙimar Koa a wasu nau'ikan an jera su a cikin Tebur S8. Yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na heptachlor, lindane, chlorothalonil, da endosulfan I sun ninka sau 2 (chlorothalonil) zuwa 11 (endosulfan I) fiye da waɗanda aka samu a wasu nazarin muhallin zama masu yawan kuɗi da ƙarancin kuɗi a Amurka da Faransa waɗanda aka auna shekaru 30 da suka gabata [77, 82,83,84].
Mafi girman yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na OPs guda uku (Σ3OPPs) - malathion, trichlorfon, da diazinon - shine 3,600 pg/m3. Daga cikin waɗannan, malathion ne kawai aka yi rijista don amfani a gida a Kanada.[55] Trichlorfon yana da mafi girman yawan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin rukunin OPP, tare da matsakaicin 3,600 pg/m3. A Kanada, an yi amfani da trichlorfon azaman maganin kashe kwari na fasaha a cikin wasu samfuran maganin kwari, kamar don sarrafa kwari da kyankyasai marasa juriya.[55] An yi rijistar Malathion a matsayin maganin kashe kwari don amfani a gida, tare da matsakaicin yawan 2,800 pg/m3.
Matsakaicin yawan Σ3OPPs (gas + barbashi) a cikin iska shine 77,000 pg/m3 (60,000–200,000 pg/m3 bisa ga ƙimar Koa EPISuite). Yawan OPP da ake ɗauka daga iska ya yi ƙasa (DF 11–24%) fiye da yawan OCP (DF 0–50%), wanda wataƙila ya faru ne saboda yawan juriyar OCP [85].
Yawan diazinon da malathion da aka ruwaito a nan ya fi wanda aka auna kimanin shekaru 20 da suka gabata a cikin gidaje masu ƙarancin tattalin arziki a Kudancin Texas da Boston (inda aka ruwaito diazinon kawai) [26, 78]. Yawan diazinon da muka auna ya yi ƙasa da wanda aka ruwaito a cikin nazarin gidaje masu ƙarancin tattalin arziki da matsakaici a New York da Arewacin California (ba mu sami rahotannin da suka gabata ba a cikin wallafe-wallafen) [76, 77].
PYRs su ne magungunan kashe kwari da aka fi amfani da su don magance kwari a ƙasashe da yawa, amma kaɗan ne daga cikin binciken da aka yi sun auna yawansu a cikin iska ta cikin gida [86, 87]. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka bayar da rahoton bayanai game da yawan PYR a cikin gida a Kanada.
A matakin ƙwayoyin cuta, matsakaicin ƙimar \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) shine 36,000 pg/m3. Pyrethrin I shine mafi yawan ganowa (DF% = 48), tare da mafi girman ƙimar 32,000 pg/m3 tsakanin duk magungunan kashe ƙwari. An yi rijistar Pyrethroid I a Kanada don magance ƙwari, kyankyaso, kwari masu tashi, da kwari na dabbobi [55, 88]. Bugu da ƙari, ana ɗaukar pyrethrin I a matsayin magani na farko don maganin pediculosis a Kanada [89]. Ganin cewa mutanen da ke zaune a gidajen zamantakewa sun fi saurin kamuwa da ƙwari da ƙwari [80, 81], mun yi tsammanin yawan pyrethrin I zai yi yawa. A saninmu, bincike ɗaya ne kawai ya ba da rahoton yawan pyrethrin I a cikin iska ta cikin gida na gidajen zama, kuma babu wanda ya ba da rahoton pyrethrin I a gidajen zamantakewa. Yawan da muka lura ya fi waɗanda aka ruwaito a cikin wallafe-wallafen [90].
Yawan Alletrin shima ya yi yawa, inda kashi na biyu mafi girma ya kasance a matakin barbashi a 16,000 pg/m3, sai kuma permethrin (mafi girman yawan shine 14,000 pg/m3). Ana amfani da Allethrin da permethrin sosai a gine-ginen gidaje. Kamar pyrethrin I, ana amfani da permethrin a Kanada don magance ƙwarƙwata.[89] Mafi girman yawan L-cyhalothrin da aka gano shine 6,000 pg/m3. Duk da cewa ba a yi rijistar L-cyhalothrin don amfanin gida a Kanada ba, an amince da shi don amfanin kasuwanci don kare itace daga tururuwa kafinta.[55, 91]
Matsakaicin jimlar yawan \({\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) a cikin iska shine 740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 bisa ga ƙimar Koa EPISuite). Yawan Allethrin da permethrin a nan (matsakaicin 406,000 pg/m3 da 14,500 pg/m3, bi da bi) sun fi waɗanda aka ruwaito a cikin binciken iska na cikin gida na ƙananan SES [26, 77, 78]. Duk da haka, Wyatt et al. sun ba da rahoton matakan permethrin mafi girma a cikin iska na cikin gida na ƙananan SES a Birnin New York fiye da sakamakonmu (sau 12 mafi girma) [76]. Yawan permethrin da muka auna ya kama daga ƙananan ƙarshen zuwa matsakaicin 5300 pg/m3.
Duk da cewa ba a yi rijistar biocides na STR don amfani a gida a Kanada ba, ana iya amfani da su a wasu kayan gini kamar siding mai jure wa mold [75, 93]. Mun auna ƙarancin yawan barbashi tare da matsakaicin yawan \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) na 1200 pg/m3 da jimlar yawan iska \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) har zuwa 1300 pg/m3. Ba a taɓa auna yawan STR a cikin iska ta cikin gida ba a baya.
Imidacloprid maganin kwari neonicotinoid ne da aka yi rijista a Kanada don magance kwari na dabbobin gida.[55] Matsakaicin yawan imidacloprid a matakin barbashi shine 930 pg/m3, kuma matsakaicin yawan iska a cikin iska gabaɗaya shine 34,000 pg/m3.
An yi rijistar maganin kashe kwari propiconazole a Kanada don amfani da shi azaman abin kiyaye itace a cikin kayan gini.[55] Matsakaicin yawan da muka auna a matakin barbashi shine 1100 pg/m3, kuma an kiyasta matsakaicin yawan iska a cikin iska gabaɗaya shine 2200 pg/m3.
Pendimethalin maganin kashe kwari ne na dinitroaniline wanda ke da matsakaicin yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na 4400 pg/m3 da kuma jimlar yawan iska na 9100 pg/m3. Pendimethalin ba a yi rijistarsa don amfanin zama a Kanada ba, amma ɗaya daga cikin tushen kamuwa da cutar shine shan taba, kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa.
An yi amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da yawa wajen magance matsalar (Tebur S10). Kamar yadda aka zata, p,p′-DDT da p,p′-DDE suna da alaƙa mai mahimmanci saboda p,p′-DDE wani sinadari ne na p,p′-DDT. Hakazalika, endosulfan I da endosulfan II suma suna da alaƙa mai mahimmanci saboda su diastereoisomers ne guda biyu waɗanda ke faruwa tare a cikin endosulfan na fasaha. Rabon diastereoisomers guda biyu (endosulfan I:endosulfan II) ya bambanta daga 2:1 zuwa 7:3 dangane da cakuda fasaha [94]. A cikin bincikenmu, rabon ya kasance daga 1:1 zuwa 2:1.
Mun sake duba abubuwan da ke faruwa tare da juna waɗanda za su iya nuna amfani da magungunan kashe kwari tare da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da yawa a cikin samfurin maganin kashe kwari guda ɗaya (duba taswirar fashewar a cikin Hoto na S4). Misali, haɗuwa tare na iya faruwa saboda ana iya haɗa sinadaran aiki tare da wasu magungunan kashe kwari tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na aiki, kamar cakuda pyriproxyfen da tetramethrin. A nan, mun lura da alaƙa (p < 0.01) da haɗuwa tare (raka'a 6) na waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari (Hoto na S4 da Tebur S10), daidai da haɗin gwiwarsu [75]. An lura da alaƙa mai mahimmanci (p < 0.01) da haɗuwa tare tsakanin OCPs kamar p,p′-DDT tare da lindane (raka'a 5) da heptachlor (raka'a 6), yana nuna cewa an yi amfani da su na tsawon lokaci ko kuma an shafa su tare kafin a gabatar da ƙuntatawa. Ba a lura da kasancewar OFPs tare ba, banda diazinon da malathion, waɗanda aka gano a cikin raka'a 2.
Ana iya bayyana yawan haɗuwar da ke tsakanin pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid da permethrin ta hanyar amfani da waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari guda uku masu aiki a cikin samfuran kashe kwari don magance ƙaiƙayi, ƙwarƙwata da ƙuma a kan karnuka [95]. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma lura da yawan haɗuwar imidacloprid da L-cypermethrin (raka'a 4), propargyltrine (raka'a 4) da pyrethrin I (raka'a 9). A saninmu, babu wani rahoto da aka buga game da haɗuwar imidacloprid tare da L-cypermethrin, propargyltrine da pyrethrin I a Kanada. Duk da haka, magungunan kashe kwari da aka yi rijista a wasu ƙasashe suna ɗauke da gaurayen imidacloprid tare da L-cypermethrin da propargyltrine [96, 97]. Bugu da ƙari, ba mu san wani samfuri da ke ɗauke da gaurayen pyrethrin I da imidacloprid ba. Amfani da magungunan kwari guda biyu na iya bayyana yadda aka lura da faruwar juna, domin duka ana amfani da su don magance ƙwari, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a gidajen zamantakewa [86, 98]. Mun gano cewa permethrin da pyrethrin I (raka'a 16) suna da alaƙa sosai (p < 0.01) kuma suna da mafi yawan haɗuwar juna, yana nuna cewa an yi amfani da su tare; wannan ma gaskiya ne ga pyrethrin I da allethrin (raka'a 7, p < 0.05), yayin da permethrin da allethrin suna da ƙarancin alaƙa (raka'a 5, p < 0.05) [75]. Pendimethalin, permethrin da thiophanate-methyl, waɗanda ake amfani da su akan amfanin gona na taba, suma sun nuna alaƙa da haɗuwar juna a raka'a tara. An lura da ƙarin alaƙa da haɗuwar juna tsakanin magungunan kashe ƙwari waɗanda ba a ba da rahoton haɗuwar juna ba, kamar permethrin tare da STRs (watau azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, da trifloxystrobin).
Noma da sarrafa taba sun dogara sosai akan magungunan kashe kwari. Matakan magungunan kashe kwari a taba suna raguwa yayin girbi, warkarwa, da kuma ƙera samfuran ƙarshe. Duk da haka, ragowar magungunan kashe kwari har yanzu suna nan a cikin ganyen taba.[99] Bugu da ƙari, ana iya magance ganyen taba da magungunan kashe kwari bayan girbi.[100] Sakamakon haka, an gano magungunan kashe kwari a cikin ganyen taba da kuma hayaki.
A Ontario, fiye da rabin manyan gine-ginen gidaje 12 na jama'a ba su da wata manufa ta rashin shan taba, wanda hakan ke sanya mazauna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da hayakin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen amfani da shi.[101] Gine-ginen gidaje na jama'a na MURB a cikin bincikenmu ba su da wata manufa ta rashin shan taba. Mun yi bincike kan mazauna don samun bayanai game da dabi'un shan tabarsu kuma mun gudanar da binciken gida-gida a lokacin ziyarar gida don gano alamun shan taba.[59, 64] A lokacin hunturu na 2017, kashi 30% na mazauna (14 cikin 46) sun sha taba.
Lokacin Saƙo: Fabrairu-06-2025