Mazaunan da ke da ƙaramin matsayi na zamantakewa (SES) waɗanda ke zaune a cikin gidajen jama'a da gwamnati ko hukumomin ba da tallafi na jama'a ke ba da tallafi na iya zama mafi haɗari ga magungunan kashe qwari da ake amfani da su a cikin gida saboda ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari saboda lahani na tsari, rashin kulawa, da sauransu.
A cikin 2017, an auna magungunan kashe qwari guda 28 a cikin iska na cikin gida a cikin raka'a 46 na gine-ginen gidaje na zaman jama'a guda bakwai masu rahusa a Toronto, Kanada, ta hanyar amfani da masu tsabtace iska mai ɗaukar hoto wanda aka yi aiki har tsawon mako guda. Magungunan magungunan kashe qwari da aka bincika sun kasance a al'ada kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari daga azuzuwan masu zuwa: organochlorines, mahadi na organophosphorus, pyrethroids, da strobilurins.
Akalla an gano maganin kashe kwari guda ɗaya a cikin kashi 89% na raka'a, tare da ƙimar ganowa (DRs) ga kowane magungunan kashe qwari ya kai kashi 50%, gami da organochlorine na gargajiya da kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. A halin yanzu pyrethroids da aka yi amfani da su suna da mafi girman DFs da ƙididdiga, tare da pyrethroid I yana da mafi girman ƙwayar lokaci a 32,000 pg/m3. Heptachlor, wanda aka ƙuntata a Kanada a cikin 1985, yana da mafi girman ƙididdiga mafi girman jimlar yawan iskar iska (ɓangarorin kwayoyin halitta da lokacin gas) a 443,000 pg/m3. Abubuwan da aka tattara na heptachlor, lindane, endosulfan I, chlorothalonil, allethrin, da permethrin (sai dai a cikin bincike ɗaya) sun fi waɗanda aka auna a cikin ƙananan gidaje da aka ruwaito a wani wuri. Baya ga yadda ake amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da gangan don magance kwari da kuma amfani da su wajen kayan gini da fenti, shan taba yana da alaƙa da yawan magungunan kashe qwari guda biyar da ake amfani da su a kan amfanin gonakin taba. Rarraba manyan magungunan kashe qwari na DF a cikin gine-gine guda ɗaya yana nuna cewa manyan tushen magungunan kashe qwari da aka gano sune shirye-shiryen kawar da kwari da masu kula da ginin ke gudanarwa da / ko amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da mazauna.
Gidajen zaman jama'a masu ƙarancin kuɗi suna yin buƙatu mai mahimmanci, amma waɗannan gidajen suna da sauƙin kamuwa da kamuwa da kwari kuma suna dogaro da magungunan kashe qwari don kula da su. Mun gano cewa kashi 89% na duk raka'a 46 da aka gwada an fallasa su ga aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin 28 particulate-phase insecticides, tare da pyrethroids da aka yi amfani da su a halin yanzu da organochlorines da aka daɗe da dakatarwa (misali, DDT, heptachlor) suna da mafi girman taro saboda tsayin daka a cikin gida. An kuma auna yawan magungunan kashe qwari da yawa waɗanda ba a yi rajistar amfani da su a cikin gida ba, kamar su strobilurins da ake amfani da su kan kayan gini da magungunan kashe qwari da ake amfani da su ga amfanin gonakin taba. Wadannan sakamakon, bayanan farko na Kanada akan yawancin magungunan kashe qwari na cikin gida, sun nuna cewa mutane suna fuskantar da yawa daga cikinsu.
Ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari sosai wajen noman amfanin gona don rage barnar da kwari ke yi. A cikin 2018, kusan kashi 72% na magungunan kashe qwari da aka sayar a Kanada ana amfani da su a aikin noma, tare da kashi 4.5% kawai aka yi amfani da su a wuraren zama.[1] Don haka, yawancin nazarin yawan magungunan kashe qwari da fallasa sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan tsarin aikin gona.[2,3,4] Wannan ya bar gibi da yawa ta fuskar bayanan magungunan kashe qwari da matakan da ake samu a gidaje, inda ake amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da yawa don magance kwari. A cikin saitunan zama, aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari guda ɗaya na cikin gida zai iya haifar da sakin 15 MG na maganin kashe qwari a cikin muhalli.[5] Ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin gida don shawo kan kwari kamar kyankyasai da kwaron gado. Sauran amfani da magungunan kashe qwari sun haɗa da sarrafa kwari da dabbobin gida da kuma amfani da su azaman fungicides akan kayan daki da kayan masarufi (misali, kafet na ulu, yadi) da kayan gini (misali, fentin bango mai ɗauke da fungicides, bushewar bango mai jure fari) [6,7,8,9]. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan mazauna gida (misali, shan taba a cikin gida) na iya haifar da sakin magungunan kashe qwari da ake amfani da su don shuka taba zuwa cikin sarari [10]. Wani tushen sakin magungunan kashe qwari zuwa cikin sarari shine jigilar su daga waje [11,12,13].
Baya ga ma'aikatan aikin gona da iyalansu, wasu kungiyoyi kuma suna fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da cutar kwari. Yara sun fi fallasa yawancin gurɓataccen cikin gida, ciki har da magungunan kashe qwari, fiye da manya saboda yawan adadin kuzari, ƙura, da dabi'un hannu-da-baki dangane da nauyin jiki [14, 15]. Alal misali, Trunnel et al. gano cewa pyrethroid / pyrethrin (PYR) a cikin gogewar bene yana da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙwayoyin metabolite na PYR a cikin fitsari na yara [16]. DF na magungunan kashe qwari na PYR da aka ruwaito a cikin Nazarin Ma'auni na Lafiya na Kanada (CHMS) ya kasance mafi girma a cikin yara masu shekaru 3-5 fiye da shekarun tsofaffi [17]. Mata masu juna biyu da 'yan tayin suma ana daukarsu a matsayin masu rauni saboda hadarin kamuwa da maganin kashe kwari. Wyatt et al. ya ba da rahoton cewa magungunan kashe qwari a cikin samfuran jinin mahaifa da na jariri suna da alaƙa sosai, daidai da canja wurin uwa- tayi [18].
Mutanen da ke zaune a cikin ƙananan gidaje ko ƙananan kuɗi suna cikin haɗarin haɗari ga gurɓataccen gida, ciki har da magungunan kashe qwari [19, 20, 21]. Alal misali, a Kanada, nazarin ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke da ƙananan matsayi na zamantakewar zamantakewa (SES) sun fi dacewa su fuskanci phthalates, halogenated flame retardants, organophosphorus plasticizers da flame retardants, da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) fiye da mutanen da ke da SES [22,23,24]. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan binciken sun shafi mutanen da ke zaune a cikin "gidaje na jama'a," wanda muka bayyana a matsayin gidaje na haya wanda gwamnati (ko hukumomin da ke ba da tallafin gwamnati) ke ba da tallafi wanda ya ƙunshi mazauna ƙananan matsayi na zamantakewa [25]. Gidajen zaman jama'a a cikin gine-ginen gidaje masu yawa (MURBs) suna da saukin kamuwa da cututtukan kwari, musamman saboda lalacewar tsarin su (misali fashe da raguwa a cikin bango), rashin ingantaccen kulawa / gyare-gyare, rashin isasshen tsaftacewa da zubar da sharar gida, da kuma yawan cunkoso [20, 26]. Ko da yake akwai shirye-shiryen kula da kwaro da aka haɗa don rage buƙatar shirye-shiryen magance kwari a cikin sarrafa gine-gine kuma don haka rage haɗarin kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari, musamman a cikin gine-gine masu yawa, kwari na iya yadawa cikin ginin [21, 27, 28]. Yaɗuwar kwari da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ingancin iska na cikin gida da kuma fallasa mazauna ga haɗarin kamuwa da magungunan kashe qwari, wanda ke haifar da mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya [29]. Yawancin karatu a Amurka sun nuna cewa matakan nunawa ga haramtattun magungunan kashe qwari da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu sun fi girma a cikin gidaje masu ƙananan kuɗi fiye da gidaje masu girma saboda rashin ingancin gidaje [11, 26, 30,31,32]. Saboda mazauna masu karamin karfi galibi suna da ƴan zaɓuɓɓuka don barin gidajensu, ana iya ci gaba da fuskantar su da maganin kashe qwari a gidajensu.
A cikin gidaje, ana iya fallasa mazauna ga yawan magungunan kashe qwari na dogon lokaci saboda ragowar magungunan kashe qwari na ci gaba da kasancewa saboda rashin hasken rana, danshi, da hanyoyin lalata ƙwayoyin cuta [33,34,35]. An ba da rahoton bayyanar cututtuka na magungunan kashe qwari tare da mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya irin su nakasawar neurodevelopmental (musamman ƙananan IQ na magana a cikin yara maza), da kuma ciwon daji na jini, ciwon daji na kwakwalwa (ciki har da ciwon yara), cututtuka na endocrin da ke da alaƙa, da cutar Alzheimer.
A matsayin wata ƙungiya zuwa Babban Taron Stockholm, Kanada tana da hani akan OCPs tara [42, 54]. Sake kimanta buƙatun ka'idoji a Kanada ya haifar da kawar da kusan duk amfanin cikin gida na OPP da carbamate.[55] Hukumar Kula da Kwari ta Kanada (PMRA) kuma ta hana wasu amfani na cikin gida na PYR. Misali, an daina amfani da cypermethrin don jiyya na cikin gida da watsa shirye-shirye saboda tasirinsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, musamman a cikin yara [56]. Hoto na 1 yana ba da taƙaitaccen waɗannan ƙuntatawa [55, 57, 58].
Y-axis yana wakiltar magungunan kashe qwari da aka gano (sama da iyakar gano hanyar, Table S6), kuma X-axis yana wakiltar kewayon ƙwayar magungunan kashe qwari a cikin iska a cikin ɓangaren ɓangaren sama da iyakar ganowa. An bayar da cikakkun bayanai na mitocin ganowa da mafi girman ƙima a cikin Tebura S6.
Makasudin mu shine mu auna yawan iskar da ke cikin gida da fiddawa (misali, inhalation) da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu da kuma gadon magungunan kashe qwari a cikin ƙananan yanayin zamantakewar jama'a da ke zaune a cikin gidajen jama'a a Toronto, Kanada, da kuma bincika wasu abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan fallasa. Manufar wannan takarda ita ce ta cika rata a cikin bayanai game da bayyanar da magungunan kashe qwari na yanzu da na gado a cikin gidajen mutanen da ke da rauni, musamman ma cewa bayanan magungunan kashe qwari a cikin Kanada suna da iyakacin iyaka [6].
Masu binciken sun lura da yawan magungunan kashe qwari a cikin rukunin gidaje na MURB guda bakwai da aka gina a cikin 1970s a wurare uku a cikin Birnin Toronto. Dukkan gine-ginen suna da aƙalla kilomita 65 daga kowane yanki na aikin gona (ban da filayen bayan gida). Waɗannan gine-ginen wakilai ne na gidajen jama'a na Toronto. Nazarin mu shine fadada binciken da ya fi girma wanda yayi nazarin matakan kwayoyin halitta (PM) a cikin rukunin gidaje na zamantakewa kafin da bayan haɓaka makamashi [59,60,61]. Saboda haka, dabarun samfurin mu ya iyakance ga tattara PM na iska.
Ga kowane toshe, an haɓaka gyare-gyaren da suka haɗa da tanadin ruwa da makamashi (misali maye gurbin raka'a na iska, tukunyar jirgi da na'urorin dumama) don rage yawan amfani da makamashi, inganta ingancin iska na cikin gida da kuma ƙara yawan ta'aziyyar thermal [62, 63]. An rarraba gidajen bisa ga nau'in mazaunin: tsofaffi, iyalai da marasa aure. An kwatanta fasali da nau'ikan gine-gine dalla-dalla a wani wuri [24].
Samfurin tace iska arba'in da shida da aka tattara daga rukunin gidaje na MURB na 46 a cikin hunturu 2017 an bincika. An kwatanta zane-zanen binciken, tarin samfurin, da hanyoyin ajiya dalla-dalla ta Wang et al. [60]. A taƙaice, rukunin kowane ɗan takara an sanye shi da na'urar tsabtace iska ta Amaircare XR-100 wanda aka yi daidai da 127 mm high-ifficiency particulate air filter media (kayan da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin matatun HEPA) na mako 1. An tsabtace duk masu tsabtace iska mai ɗaukuwa tare da goge isopropyl kafin da kuma bayan amfani don guje wa gurɓatar giciye. An sanya masu tsabtace iska mai ɗaukuwa akan bangon falo mai nisan 30 cm daga rufi da/ko kamar yadda mazauna suka umarce su don gujewa rashin jin daɗi ga mazauna da kuma rage yuwuwar samun damar shiga mara izini (duba Ƙarin Bayani SI1, Hoto S1). A lokacin samfurin mako-mako, matsakaicin matsakaici shine 39.2 m3 / rana (duba SI1 don cikakkun bayanai na hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su don ƙayyade kwarara). Kafin aika samfurin a cikin Janairu da Fabrairu 2015, an gudanar da ziyarar farko-gida-ƙofa da duban gani na halayen gida da halayen mazaunin (misali shan taba). An gudanar da bincike mai biyo baya bayan kowace ziyara daga 2015 zuwa 2017. An ba da cikakkun bayanai a cikin Touchie et al. [64] [64] A taƙaice, manufar binciken ita ce tantance ɗabi'un mazauna gida da yuwuwar sauye-sauye a cikin halayen gida da halayen mazaunin kamar su shan taba, aikin kofa da taga, da kuma amfani da murfi masu cirewa ko masu dafa abinci lokacin dafa abinci. [59, 64] Bayan gyare-gyare, an bincika masu tacewa don 28 magungunan kashe qwari (endosulfan I da II da α- da γ-chlordane an yi la'akari da su azaman mahadi daban-daban, kuma p, p'-DDE ya kasance metabolite na p, p'-DDT, ba magungunan kashe qwari ba), gami da tsoffin magungunan kashe qwari da na zamani (Table S1).
Wang et al. [60] ya bayyana tsarin hakar da tsaftacewa daki-daki. An raba kowane samfurin tace kashi biyu kuma an yi amfani da rabi don nazarin magungunan kashe qwari guda 28 (Table S1). Samfurin tacewa da ɓangarorin dakin gwaje-gwaje sun ƙunshi matatun fiber gilashi, ɗaya na kowane samfuri guda biyar na jimlar tara, spiked tare da masu maye gurbi guda shida (Table S2, Chromatographic Specialties Inc.) don sarrafawa don murmurewa. An kuma auna adadin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin fili biyar. Kowane samfurin tace an sonicated sau uku don 20 min kowanne tare da 10 ml na hexane: acetone: dichloromethane (2: 1: 1, v: v: v) (HPLC grade, Fisher Scientific). Abubuwan da suka fi girma daga abubuwan hakar guda uku an tattara su kuma an tattara su zuwa 1 mL a cikin mai zubar da ruwa na Zymark Turbovap a ƙarƙashin kullun nitrogen. An tsarkake abin da aka cire ta amfani da ginshiƙan Florisil® SPE (Florisil® Superclean ENVI-Florisil SPE tubes, Supelco) sannan aka mayar da hankali ga 0.5 ml ta amfani da Zymark Turbovap kuma an tura shi zuwa ga amber GC vial. Mirex (AccuStandard®) (100 ng, Table S2) an ƙara shi azaman ma'auni na ciki. An gudanar da bincike ta hanyar iskar gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD, Agilent 7890B GC da Agilent 5977A MSD) a cikin tasirin lantarki da yanayin ionization na sinadarai. Ana ba da sigogi na kayan aiki a cikin SI4 kuma an ba da bayanan ƙididdiga na ion a cikin Tables S3 da S4.
Kafin a fitar da su, an zuga masu maye gurbin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin samfurori da sarari (Table S2) don sa ido kan farfadowa yayin bincike. Farfadowa na mahadi masu alama a cikin samfurori sun kasance daga 62% zuwa 83%; An gyara duk sakamakon sinadarai guda ɗaya don murmurewa. An gyara bayanan babu komai ta amfani da ma'anar dakin gwaje-gwaje da ƙimar sarari ga kowane magungunan kashe qwari (dabi'u an jera su a cikin Tebura S5) bisa ga ka'idodin da Saini et al ya bayyana. [65]: Lokacin da ƙwayar da ba ta da kyau ta kasance ƙasa da 5% na samfurin samfurin, ba a yi gyaran gyare-gyare ba ga kowane sinadarai; lokacin da bazuwar taro ya kasance 5-35%, an gyara bayanai mara kyau; idan maida hankali mara kyau ya fi 35% na ƙimar, an watsar da bayanai. An ayyana iyakar gano hanyar (MDL, Tebura S6) azaman ma'anar tattarawar dakin gwaje-gwaje (n = 9) da sau uku daidaitattun sabani. Idan ba a gano fili a cikin sarari ba, an yi amfani da siginar siginar-zuwa-amo na fili a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci daidaitaccen bayani (~ 10: 1) don ƙididdige iyakar gano kayan aiki. Abubuwan da aka tattara a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da samfuran filin sun kasance
Adadin sinadarai akan matatar iska yana jujjuya su zuwa hadeddewar barbashi ta iska ta amfani da bincike na gravimetric, kuma adadin kwararar tacewa da ingancin tacewa an canza su zuwa haɗaɗɗun barbashi na iska bisa ga lissafin 1:
inda M (g) shine jimlar yawan PM ɗin da tacewa ta kama, f (pg/g) shine ƙarancin gurɓataccen abu a cikin PM da aka tattara, η shine ingantaccen tacewa (wanda ake ɗauka shine 100% saboda kayan tacewa da girman barbashi [67]), Q (m3 / h) shine ƙimar kwararar iska ta hanyar iska mai ɗaukar hoto, kuma lokacin turawa shine lokacin. An yi rikodin nauyin tace kafin da bayan turawa. Cikakkun bayanai na ma'auni da ƙimar iska suna bayarwa ta Wang et al. [60].
Hanyar samfurin da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin wannan takarda ta auna ma'auni kawai na ɓangaren ɓangaren ɓangaren. Mun kiyasta daidai adadin magungunan kashe qwari a lokacin gas ta amfani da ma'auni na Harner-Biedelman (Equation 2), muna ɗaukan daidaiton sinadarai tsakanin matakan [68]. Equation 2 an samo shi ne don ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halitta a waje, amma kuma an yi amfani dashi don kimanta rarraba barbashi a cikin iska da mahalli na cikin gida [69, 70].
Inda log Kp shine canjin logarithmic na sashin iskar gas a cikin iska, log Koa shine canjin logarithmic na octanol/air partition coefficient, Koa (marasa girma), da \({fom}\) shine juzu'in kwayoyin halitta a cikin abubuwan da ba su da girma (marasa girma). Ana ɗaukar ƙimar fom ɗin zuwa 0.4 [71, 72]. An karɓi ƙimar Koa daga OPERA 2.6 da aka samu ta amfani da dashboard ɗin saka idanu na sinadarai na CompTox (US EPA, 2023) (Hoto S2), tunda yana da ƙarancin ƙima idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin kimantawa [73]. Mun kuma sami ƙimar gwaji na Koa da Kowwin / HENRYWIN ta amfani da EPISuite [74].
Tun da DF ga duk gano magungunan kashe qwari ya kasance ≤50%, ƙimar
Hoto S3 da Tables S6 da S8 suna nuna ƙimar Koa na tushen OPERA, ƙayyadaddun lokaci (tace) maida hankali na kowane rukunin magungunan kashe qwari, da ƙididdigar iskar gas da jimlar ƙima. Matsakaicin lokacin iskar gas da matsakaicin adadin magungunan kashe qwari da aka gano ga kowane rukunin sinadarai (watau Σ8OCP, Σ3OPP, Σ8PYR, da Σ3STR) da aka samu ta amfani da gwaji da ƙididdige ƙimar Koa daga EPISuite a cikin Tables S7 da S8, bi da bi. Mun bayar da rahoton auna yawan adadin lokaci da kuma kwatanta jimlar yawan iskar da aka ƙididdige a nan (ta amfani da ƙididdigar tushen OPERA) tare da ƙididdigar iska daga taƙaitaccen adadin rahotannin da ba na noma ba na yawan magungunan kashe qwari na iska da kuma daga binciken da yawa na ƙananan gidaje SES [26, 31, 76,77,78] (Table S9). Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan kwatancen yana da ƙima saboda bambance-bambance a cikin hanyoyin samarwa da shekarun karatu. Don iliminmu, bayanan da aka gabatar anan sune farkon don auna magungunan kashe qwari banda organochlorine na gargajiya a cikin iska na cikin gida a Kanada.
A cikin ɓangaren ɓangaren, matsakaicin da aka gano na Σ8OCP shine 4400 pg/m3 (Table S8). OCP tare da mafi girman maida hankali shine heptachlor (an ƙuntatawa a cikin 1985) tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 2600 pg/m3, sannan p,p′-DDT (an ƙuntatawa a cikin 1985) tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 1400 pg/m3 [57]. Chlorothalonil tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 1200 pg/m3 shine maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta da na fungal da ake amfani dashi a cikin fenti. Kodayake an dakatar da rajistarta don amfanin cikin gida a cikin 2011, DF ɗin ta ya kasance a 50% [55]. Ingantattun ƙimar DF da yawa na OCPs na gargajiya sun nuna cewa an yi amfani da OCPs sosai a baya kuma suna dagewa a cikin mahalli na cikin gida [6].
Nazarin da suka gabata sun nuna cewa shekarun ginin yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da yawa na tsoffin OCPs [6, 79]. A al'adance, an yi amfani da OCPs don kula da kwari na cikin gida, musamman Lindane don kula da ƙwari, cutar da ta zama ruwan dare a cikin gidajen da ke da ƙarancin tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa fiye da gidajen da ke da matsayi mafi girma na zamantakewa [80, 81]. Mafi girman maida hankali na Lindane shine 990 pg/m3.
Don jimlar ɓarnar kwayoyin halitta da lokacin gas, heptachlor yana da mafi girman maida hankali, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 443,000 pg/m3. Matsakaicin jimlar yawan iskar Σ8OCP da aka kiyasta daga ƙimar Koa a cikin wasu jeri an jera su a cikin Tebura S8. Abubuwan da aka tattara na heptachlor, Lindane, chlorothalonil, da endosulfan Na kasance sau 2 (chlorothalonil) zuwa 11 (endosulfan I) fiye da waɗanda aka samu a cikin sauran nazarin mahalli masu girma da ƙarancin kuɗi a cikin Amurka da Faransa waɗanda aka auna shekaru 30 da suka gabata [77, 82,83,84].
Mafi girman jimlar ɓangarori na OPs guda uku (Σ3OPPs) - malathion, trichlorfon, da diazinon - shine 3,600 pg/m3. Daga cikin waɗannan, malathion ne kawai aka yiwa rajista don amfanin zama a Kanada.[55] Trichlorfon yana da mafi girman ƙaddamarwar lokaci a cikin nau'in OPP, tare da matsakaicin 3,600 pg/m3. A Kanada, an yi amfani da trichlorfon azaman maganin kashe qwari a cikin sauran kayayyakin sarrafa kwari, kamar don sarrafa kwari da kyankyasai marasa juriya.[55] Malathion an yi rajista azaman rodenticide don amfanin zama, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 2,800 pg/m3.
Matsakaicin jimlar Σ3OPPs (gas + barbashi) a cikin iska shine 77,000 pg/m3 (60,000-200,000 pg/m3 dangane da ƙimar Koa EPISuite). Matsakaicin OPP na iska yana da ƙasa (DF 11-24%) fiye da adadin OCP (DF 0-50%), wanda yafi yuwuwa saboda mafi girman dagewar OCP [85].
Ƙididdigar diazinon da malathion da aka ruwaito a nan sun fi waɗanda aka auna kimanin shekaru 20 da suka wuce a cikin ƙananan gidaje na zamantakewar zamantakewa a Kudancin Texas da Boston (inda kawai diazinon aka ruwaito) [26, 78]. Ƙididdigar diazinon da muka auna sun kasance ƙasa da waɗanda aka ruwaito a cikin nazarin ƙananan gidaje da zamantakewar tattalin arziki a New York da Arewacin California (ba mu iya gano rahotannin kwanan nan a cikin wallafe-wallafen ba) [76, 77].
PYRs sune magungunan kashe kwari da aka fi amfani da su don magance kwari a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, amma kaɗan na bincike sun auna yawan adadin su a cikin iska na cikin gida [86, 87]. Wannan shine karo na farko da aka sami rahoton tattara bayanan PYR na cikin gida a Kanada.
A cikin juzu'i, madaidaicin ƙimar \(\,{\sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) shine 36,000 pg/m3. Pyrethrin I shine aka fi ganowa akai-akai (DF% = 48), tare da mafi girman darajar 32,000 pg/m3 tsakanin duk magungunan kashe qwari. An yi rajistar Pyrethroid I a Kanada don sarrafa kwari, kyankyasai, kwari masu tashi, da kwarin dabbobi [55, 88]. Bugu da ƙari, ana ɗaukar pyrethrin I a matsayin magani na farko don pediculosis a Kanada [89]. Ganin cewa mutanen da ke zaune a cikin gidajen jama'a sun fi saurin kamuwa da kwaro da ƙwari [80, 81], muna tsammanin ƙaddamar da pyrethrin I zai zama babba. Don iliminmu, binciken daya kawai ya ba da rahoton yawan adadin pyrethrin I a cikin iska na cikin gida na kaddarorin zama, kuma babu wanda ya ruwaito pyrethrin I a cikin gidaje na zamantakewa. Abubuwan da muka lura sun fi waɗanda aka ruwaito a cikin wallafe-wallafen [90].
Har ila yau, ƙaddamarwar Allethrin ya kasance mai girma, tare da matsayi na biyu mafi girma a cikin lokaci mai mahimmanci a 16,000 pg / m3, sannan permethrin (mafi girman maida hankali 14,000 pg / m3). Allethrin da permethrin ana amfani dasu sosai a cikin ginin gidaje. Kamar pyrethrin I, ana amfani da permethrin a Kanada don maganin tsutsotsi.[89] Mafi girman taro na L-cyhalothrin da aka gano shine 6,000 pg/m3. Kodayake ba a yi rajistar L-cyhalothrin don amfanin gida a Kanada ba, an amince da ita don amfani da kasuwanci don kare itace daga tururuwa kafinta.[55, 91].
Matsakaicin jimlar \({\ sum }_{8}{PYRs}\) maida hankali a cikin iska shine 740,000 pg/m3 (110,000–270,000 bisa ƙimar Koa EPISuite). Allethrin da permethrin maida hankali a nan (mafi girman 406,000 pg / m3 da 14,500 pg / m3, bi da bi) sun kasance mafi girma fiye da waɗanda aka ruwaito a cikin ƙananan binciken iska na cikin gida na SES [26, 77, 78]. Duk da haka, Wyatt et al. ya ruwaito matakan permethrin mafi girma a cikin iska na cikin gida na ƙananan gidajen SES a birnin New York fiye da sakamakon mu (sau 12 mafi girma) [76]. Ƙididdigar permethrin da muka auna sun kasance daga ƙananan ƙarshen zuwa iyakar 5300 pg/m3.
Kodayake STR biocides ba a rajista don amfani a cikin gida a Kanada, ana iya amfani da su a wasu kayan gini kamar siding mai jurewa [75, 93]. Mun auna ƙananan ma'auni na lokaci tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) na 1200 pg/m3 da jimlar iska \({\sum }_{3}{STRs}\) har zuwa 1300 pg/m3. Ba a auna yawan adadin STR a cikin iska na cikin gida a baya ba.
Imidacloprid shine maganin kwari neonicotinoid da aka yiwa rajista a Kanada don kula da kwari na dabbobin gida.[55] Matsakaicin ƙaddamar da imidacloprid a cikin lokaci mai mahimmanci shine 930 pg/m3, kuma matsakaicin maida hankali a cikin iska shine 34,000 pg/m3.
An yi rajistar propiconazole na fungicides a Kanada don amfani da shi azaman mai kiyaye itace a cikin kayan gini.[55] Matsakaicin matsakaicin da muka auna a cikin lokaci mai mahimmanci shine 1100 pg / m3, kuma an kiyasta matsakaicin matsakaici a cikin iska gaba ɗaya shine 2200 pg / m3.
Pendimethalin shine maganin kashe qwari na dinitroaniline tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin lokaci na 4400 pg/m3 da matsakaicin jimlar iska na 9100 pg/m3. Pendimethalin ba shi da rajista don amfani da zama a Kanada, amma tushen fallasa ɗaya na iya zama amfani da taba, kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa.
An haɗa magungunan kashe qwari da yawa da juna (Table S10). Kamar yadda aka zata, p,p′-DDT da p,p′-DDE suna da muhimmiyar alaƙa saboda p,p′-DDE metabolite ne na p,p′-DDT. Hakazalika, endosulfan I da endosulfan II suma suna da alaƙa mai mahimmanci saboda sune diastereoisomers guda biyu waɗanda ke faruwa tare a cikin endosulfan na fasaha. Rabon diastereoisomers guda biyu (endosulfan I: endosulfan II) ya bambanta daga 2: 1 zuwa 7: 3 dangane da cakuda fasaha [94]. A cikin bincikenmu, rabon ya kasance daga 1: 1 zuwa 2: 1.
Mu na gaba muna neman abubuwan da suka faru waɗanda za su iya nuna haɗin gwiwar yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da yawa a cikin samfurin maganin kashe qwari guda ɗaya (duba maƙasudin fashewa a cikin hoto S4). Misali, haɗuwa na iya faruwa saboda ana iya haɗa abubuwan da ke aiki tare da wasu magungunan kashe qwari tare da hanyoyin aiki daban-daban, kamar cakuda pyriproxyfen da tetramethrin. Anan, mun lura da daidaituwa (p <0.01) da haɗuwa (raka'a 6) na waɗannan magungunan kashe qwari (Figure S4 da Table S10), daidai da tsarin haɗin gwiwar su [75]. An lura da alaƙa mai mahimmanci (p <0.01) da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin OCPs kamar p, p′-DDT tare da lindane (raka'a 5) da heptachlor (raka'a 6), suna nuna cewa an yi amfani da su na ɗan lokaci ko kuma a yi amfani da su tare kafin a gabatar da hani. Ba a sami haɗin kai na OFPs ba, ban da diazinon da malathion, waɗanda aka gano a cikin raka'a 2.
Babban adadin haɗin gwiwa (raka'a 8) da aka lura tsakanin pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid da permethrin na iya bayyana ta amfani da waɗannan magungunan kashe qwari guda uku a cikin samfuran kwari don sarrafa ticks, lice da fleas akan karnuka [95]. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma lura da yawan abubuwan da suka faru na imidacloprid da L-cypermethrin (raka'a 4), propargyltrine (raka'a 4) da pyrethrin I (raka'a 9). Don saninmu, babu rahotanni da aka buga game da haɗin gwiwa na imidacloprid tare da L-cypermethrin, propargyltrine da pyrethrin I a Kanada. Koyaya, magungunan kashe qwari masu rijista a wasu ƙasashe sun ƙunshi cakuda imidacloprid tare da L-cypermethrin da propargyltrine [96, 97]. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ba mu san kowane samfuran da ke ɗauke da cakuda pyrethrin I da imidacloprid ba. Yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari guda biyu na iya yin bayanin abin da aka lura tare da juna, kamar yadda ake amfani da su duka don sarrafa kwari na gado, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gidaje na zamantakewa [86, 98]. Mun gano cewa permethrin da pyrethrin I (raka'a 16) suna da alaƙa da mahimmanci (p <0.01) kuma suna da mafi yawan adadin abubuwan da suka faru, suna nuna cewa an yi amfani da su tare; wannan kuma gaskiya ne ga pyrethrin I da allethrin (raka'a 7, p <0.05), yayin da permethrin da allethrin suna da ƙananan alaƙa (raka'a 5, p <0.05) [75]. Pendimethalin, permethrin da thiophanate-methyl, waɗanda ake amfani da su akan amfanin gonakin taba, suma sun nuna alaƙa da haɗuwa a raka'a tara. An lura da ƙarin alaƙa da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin magungunan kashe qwari waɗanda ba a ba da rahoton abubuwan haɗin gwiwa ba, kamar su permethrin tare da STRs (watau azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, da trifloxystrobin).
Noman taba da sarrafa ta sun dogara kacokan akan magungunan kashe qwari. Ana rage matakan maganin kashe kwari a cikin taba yayin girbi, warkewa, da kera samfur na ƙarshe. Duk da haka, ragowar magungunan kashe qwari har yanzu suna cikin ganyen taba.[99] Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da ganyen taba da magungunan kashe qwari bayan girbi.[100] Sakamakon haka, an gano magungunan kashe qwari a cikin ganyen taba da hayaki.
A cikin Ontario, fiye da rabin 12 mafi girma na gine-ginen gidaje na zamantakewa ba su da manufar rashin shan taba, yana jefa mazauna cikin hadarin kamuwa da hayaki na hannu.[101] Gine-ginen gidajen jama'a na MURB a cikin bincikenmu ba su da manufar da ba ta da hayaki. Mun bincika mazauna wurin don samun bayanai game da halayensu na shan taba kuma mun gudanar da bincike na yanki yayin ziyarar gida don gano alamun shan taba.[59, 64] A cikin hunturu 2017, 30% na mazauna (14 daga 46) sun sha taba.
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-06-2025