Acaricides wani nau'i ne na magungunan kashe qwari da ake amfani da su sosai a aikin gona, masana'antu da sauran masana'antu. Ana amfani da shi musamman don sarrafa mitsin noma, ko kaska akan dabbobi ko dabbobi. Kowace shekara duniya tana fama da asara mai yawa saboda kwari. A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kashi 80 cikin 100 na shanun duniya na fama da kaska, wanda ya janyo asarar dala biliyan 7.3 a duk shekara a duniya. A Kudancin Amirka, tsire-tsire waken soya da gizo-gizo mite Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) ya lalata ya yi asarar kusan kashi 18.28 cikin 100 a yawan amfanin hatsi. A kasar Sin, kusan eka miliyan 40 na citrus su ma Panonychus citri (McGregor) sun mamaye. Don haka, buƙatun kasuwannin duniya na acaricides yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara. Manyan samfuran guda takwas a cikin kasuwar acaricide a cikin 2018 sune: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, da propargite, hexythiazox, da fenpyroximate, jimlar tallace-tallacen su shine dalar Amurka miliyan 572, lissafin 69.1% na kasuwar acaricide, kuma ana sa ran kasuwar $ 2 biliyan. Girman kasuwa na acaricides yana yiwuwa ya fi girma yayin da ƙasar noman duniya ke raguwa, yawan jama'a yana ƙaruwa, buƙatun samfuran halitta yana ƙaruwa, da buƙatar ayyukan noma masu dorewa.
Binciken kasuwar acaricide na duniya ya nuna cewa mite jajayen gizo-gizo, Panclaw citrus da Panonychus urmi sun kasance mafi mahimmancin nau'ikan kwari masu mahimmanci na tattalin arziki, suna lissafin sama da 80% na kasuwa. Sauran mites da ke da alaƙa su ne ƙwayoyin gizo-gizo na pseudo (mafi yawa gajerun mites), mitsin tsatsa da gall da dawakai. Kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa, ciki har da citrus, inabi, waken soya, auduga, da masara, sune manyan amfanin gona da ake amfani da su acaricides.
Duk da haka, saboda gajeriyar zagayowar rayuwa, parthenogenesis, kayan aikin rayuwa na musamman da kuma daidaita yanayin muhalli na mites herbivorous kamar mites gizo-gizo da mites panclaw, juriya ga acaricides ya girma cikin sauri. Mites suna lissafin 3 daga cikin arthropods 12 masu juriya da aka ruwaito. A cikin aikace-aikacen duniya na acaricides, acaricides na al'ada na al'ada irin su organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorine, da pyrethroids har yanzu suna mamaye matsayi mai mahimmanci. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kodayake acaricides masu inganci irin su bifenazate da acetafenac sun fito, matsalar homogenization na acaricides har yanzu yana da tsanani. Tare da dogon lokaci da rashin kimiyyar amfani da waɗannan acaricides, yawancin mites na ciyawa sun haɓaka digiri daban-daban na juriya ga sinadaran acaricides a kasuwa, kuma tasirin su ya ragu sosai. A daya hannun kuma, tare da kara mai da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli da kuma karuwa sannu a hankali a fannin noma, bukatu na kayayyakin halitta don kare amfanin gona a kasuwannin duniya ya karu sosai. Sabili da haka, ci gaban aminci, inganci, abokantaka na muhalli, ƙarancin cutarwa ga maƙiyan halitta da aminci da sabbin acaricides na halitta waɗanda ba su da sauƙin haɓaka juriya suna nan gaba.
Bisa ga haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci ga ci gaban masana'antu da masana'antu don yin cikakken amfani da fa'idar albarkatun halittu na kasar Sin, don inganta bincike da ci gaba da amfani da sinadarin acaricides.
1. Binciken bincike na alkaloids na veratrotrol
Hellebore, wanda kuma aka sani da albasar dutse, black hellebore, kayan magani ne na shekara-shekara. A matsayinsa na tsire-tsire na kwari a kasar Sin, mutane sukan tono rhizomes na rhizomes a lokacin ciyayi don soya shi a cikin wani ɗanɗano mai laushi don wanke tumaki, awaki, shanu da sauran dabbobi masu sanyi, tare da magance tsutsotsi na gida da sauran kwari. Sannan masu bincike sun gano cewa hellebore shima yana da tasiri mai kyau wajen sarrafa sauran kwari. Misali, ethyl acetate tsantsa na Veratrum rhizome yana da kyakkyawan aikin kwari a kan larvae na biyu da na uku na Plutella xylostella, yayin da tsantsawar alkaloid na Veratrol yana da wani sakamako mai mutuwa akan manya da na huɗu instar larvae na kyankyasar Jamus. Har ila yau, masu bincike sun gano cewa nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban na Veratrum rhizome suna da kyakkyawan aiki na acaricidal, daga cikinsu akwai ethanol tsantsa> chloroform tsantsa> cirewar n-butanol.
Duk da haka, yadda za a cire kayan aiki masu aiki matsala ce mai wuyar gaske. Masu bincike na kasar Sin galibi suna amfani da hakar ammonia-alkalized chloroform ultrasonic, hakar ruwa, hakar percolation ethanol, da hakar CO2 na supercritical don samun abubuwa masu aiki daga rhizomes na veratrum. Daga cikin su, hanyar hakar ammonia alkalized chloroform ultrasonic yana amfani da babban adadin chloroform mai ƙarfi mai guba ko da yake yawan haɓakar haɓakar yana da inganci; Hanyar hakar ruwa tana da lokuta masu yawa, yawan amfani da ruwa, da ƙananan yawan hakar; farashin yana da ƙasa. Hanyar hakar CO2 mai mahimmanci don cire alkaloids na veratroline ba wai kawai yana da babban adadin hakar ba, abubuwan da ke aiki ba a lalata su ba, har ma da aikin magani da kuma tsabta na kayan aiki na samfurori da aka samu sun inganta sosai. Bugu da ƙari, ragowar CO2 ba mai guba ba da sauran ƙarfi ba shi da lahani ga jikin ɗan adam da muhalli , wanda zai iya rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen muhalli ta hanyar hanyoyin cirewa na al'ada, kuma an jera shi a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun hakar da fasahar rabuwa don tasirin maganin shuka. Duk da haka, tsarin samar da haɗari da tsada mai tsada suna hana babban aikace-aikacen masana'antu.
2. Bincike da ci gaban ci gaban alkaloids na veratrotrol
Nazarin fasahar hakar Veratrum. Fasahar hada-hadar hakowa ta dogara ne akan kayan maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin veratrorum, wanda aka kara masa da kayan magani na halitta. , Veratrotoin da sauran mahara aiki sinadaran an shirya tare, kuma a lokaci guda, daban-daban kaushi da ake amfani da su ci gaba da cire Botanical magani kayan, don kara da tsarkakewa da hazo na m aiki aka gyara a cikin Botanical magani kayan a matakai. Samun abubuwan rukuni na mahadi tare da ayyuka daban-daban ko aiki iri ɗaya daga nau'ikan albarkatun ƙasa iri ɗaya. Mahimmanci haɓaka ƙimar amfani da albarkatun ƙasa, rage farashin samarwa, da haɓaka ƙimar kasuwa sosai.
Nazarin kan tsarin aikin Veratrum abubuwa masu aiki. Veratrol rhizome tsantsa wani nau'i ne na cakuda, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa fiye da goma masu aiki irin su veratrol, resveratrol, veratrotoin, cyclopamine, veratrol, da resveratrol oxide. Tsarin juyayi na kwari.
Dangane da rahotannin bincike, gubarsa ta dogara ne akan buɗe tashoshin Na+ masu dogaro da wutar lantarki, wanda hakanan yana buɗe tashoshin Ca2+ masu ƙarfin lantarki, wanda ke haifar da sakin neurotransmitter. Tashoshin ion sodium ion na ƙarfin lantarki wani ɓangare ne na siginar neuronal da tsoka. Abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin cirewar Veratrum na iya haifar da rikice-rikice na yanzu a cikin tashoshi na sodium ion, yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin iyawar membrane, haifar da girgizar girgiza da mutuwa daga ƙarshe.
A lokaci guda kuma, wasu malaman Faransanci sun ba da rahoton cewa alkaloids na veratroline na iya hana rashin gasa ga acetylcholinesterase (AChE) na kwari. Saboda da novel inji mataki na veratrotrol alkaloids, Multi-site harin na iya faruwa, kuma yana da wuya ga mites su daidaita da Multi-aiki site kwayoyi ta hanyar nasu tsarin canje-canje, don haka ba sauki a ci gaba da miyagun ƙwayoyi juriya.
0.1% CE hellebore rhizome cire fasahar shirye-shiryen. Goyan bayan fasahar hakar ci gaba da haɓaka ta hanyar fasahar shirye-shirye masu kyau, yanayin tashin hankali na miyagun ƙwayoyi kaɗan ne, wanda zai iya nannade jikin kwarin da sauri, haɓaka shigar ciki da sha na maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi, da haɓaka tasirin sinadarai masu aiki. Yana da kyau dispersibility a cikin ruwa, da kuma bayani ne m da kuma kama bayan watsawa. Sau 1000 dilution, lokacin da za a jika gaba ɗaya takardar zane shine 44 seconds, kuma yana iya jika da sauri kuma ya shiga. Bayanan kwanciyar hankali na watsar haske da yawa sun nuna cewa 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome tsantsa shirye-shiryen yana da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau kuma ya sadu da yanayin aikace-aikacen filin daban-daban.
Ci gaban bincike akan fasahar aikace-aikacen 0.1% CE veratrum rhizome tsantsa
Sabuwar fasahar ta inganta kayan aikin da sauri na maganin. Idan aka kwatanta da fasahar da ta gabata, samfurin ya rage amfani da sinadarai guda ɗaya. Ta hanyar tsari na musamman, abubuwan da ke cikin samfurin sun fi yawa, kuma tasirin synergistic ya fi bayyane.
A lokaci guda kuma, idan aka yi amfani da su tare da magungunan kashe qwari na yanzu, da farko, yana iya rage yawan tushen mites gizo-gizo, rage adadin magungunan kashe qwari da inganta tasirin sarrafawa. Don taƙaitawa, a cikin babban abin da ya faru na citrus Panonychus mite a Hezhou, Guangxi, China, fesa 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome tsantsa + 30% etoxazole yana da tasiri a cikin minti 20, ba a ga kwari masu rai kwanaki 3 bayan aikace-aikacen, kuma tasirin kulawa ya kasance kwanaki 11 bayan aikace-aikacen. za a iya kiyaye sama da 95%. A farkon mataki na Jiangxi Ruijin citrus citrus panclaw mites, 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome tsantsa + 30% tetramizine bifenazate duk sun mutu kwana 1 bayan aikace-aikacen, kuma ba a ga kwari mai rai kwanaki 3 bayan aikace-aikacen. , tasirin sarrafawa yana kusa da 99% bayan kwanaki 16.
Sakamakon filin bioassay na sama ya nuna cewa lokacin da adadin tushe na mites gizo-gizo gizo-gizo ya yi ƙasa ko babba, amfani da wakili guda ɗaya da kuma amfani da fili tare da jami'an sinadarai, rhizome tsantsa na Veratella vulgaris zai iya rage adadin tushe na tsutsotsin gizo-gizo gizo-gizo da kuma inganta tasirin maganin magungunan kashe qwari. Ya nuna kyakkyawan sakamako na sarrafawa. A lokaci guda, rhizome tsantsa na hellebore an samo shi daga tsire-tsire. A shawarar da aka ba da shawarar, yana da lafiya don amfani a cikin budding, flowering, da matasa 'ya'yan itace matakai na mafi yawan shuke-shuke, kuma ba shi da wani tasiri a kan fadada harbe, furanni da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Yana da aminci kuma yana da alaƙa da muhalli ga halittu marasa manufa kamar abokan gaba na mites, kuma ba shi da juriya tare da magungunan kashe kwari da acaricides. Ya dace sosai don haɗakar da sarrafa mites (IPM). Kuma tare da raguwar yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, ragowar magungunan kashe qwari irin su etoxazole, spirodiclofen, da bifenazate a cikin citrus na iya cika cikakkiyar "Ka'idojin Tsaron Abinci na Kasar Sin don Matsakaicin Ragowar Iyakar Magungunan Kwari a Abinci", "Abincin Tarayyar Turai". Matsakaicin Ƙimar Ƙirar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amurka a cikin Abinci suna ba da garanti mai ƙarfi don amincin abinci da inganci da amincin kayan aikin gona.
Fasahar gyare-gyaren Gene yana haɓaka masana'antu na hellebore
Hellebore kayan magani ne na gama gari kuma tsire-tsire ne na dangin Liliaceae. Yana girma a cikin duwatsu, dazuzzuka ko kurmi. Ana rarraba shi a Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu da sauran wurare na kasar Sin. Yana da wadatar albarkatun daji. Bisa binciken da aka yi, adadin maganin hellebore na shekara-shekara yana kusan tan 300-500, kuma nau'in ya hada da nau'ikan iri da yawa, kamar hellebore, Xing'an hellebore, maosu hellebore, da Guling hellebore, kuma abubuwan da ke aiki da kowane nau'in ba iri ɗaya bane.
Tare da saurin ci gaban fasahar kere-kere da zurfafa bincike kan kayan magani na hellebore, yin amfani da fasahar gyara kwayoyin halitta don inganta nau'in magani na hellebore da kuma cikin gida na wucin gadi na nau'in hellebore na daji ya ci gaba a matakai. Noman wucin gadi na nau'in hellebore zai rage barnar da hako hellebore ke yi ga albarkatun germplasm na daji, da kuma kara inganta masana'antu na hellebore a fannin noma da kuma fannin likitanci.
A nan gaba, ana sa ran tsantsar rhizome na hellebore na halitta da aka samu daga tsire-tsire masu magani, sannu a hankali zai rage yawan amfani da sinadarin acaricides na gargajiya, da kuma kara yin gyare-gyare wajen inganta ingancin kayayyakin amfanin gona, inganta inganci da amincin kayayyakin aikin gona, da inganta yanayin muhallin noma da kiyaye halittu. babbar gudunmawa.
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-08-2022