Acaricides wani nau'in magungunan kashe kwari ne da ake amfani da su sosai a fannin noma, masana'antu da sauran masana'antu. Ana amfani da shi ne musamman don magance ƙwarin noma, ko ƙwarin dabbobi ko dabbobin gida. Kowace shekara duniya tana fuskantar asara mai yawa sakamakon ƙwarin kwari. A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kashi 80 cikin 100 na garken shanu na duniya suna kamuwa da ƙwarin, wanda hakan ke sa duniya ta rasa asarar tattalin arziki da aka kiyasta ta kai dala biliyan 7.3 a shekara. A Kudancin Amurka, shuke-shuken waken soya da ƙwarin gizo-gizo Mononychellus planki McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) suka lalata sun rasa kusan kashi 18.28% na amfanin gona. A China, kusan eka miliyan 40 na citrus suma Panonychus citri (McGregor) suka mamaye su. Saboda haka, buƙatar acaricides a kasuwar duniya yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara. Manyan kayayyaki guda takwas a kasuwar acaricide a shekarar 2018 sune: spirodiclofen, spiromethicone, diafenthiuron, bifenazate, pyridaben, da propargite, hexythiazox, da fenpyroximate, jimillar tallace-tallacen su ya kai dala miliyan 572, wanda ya kai kashi 69.1% na kasuwar acaricide, kuma ana sa ran girman kasuwa zai kai dala biliyan 2 nan da shekarar 2025. Girman kasuwar acaricide zai iya zama mafi girma yayin da ƙasar noma ta duniya ke raguwa, yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa, buƙatar kayayyakin halitta ke ƙaruwa, da kuma buƙatar ayyukan noma mai ɗorewa.
Binciken kasuwar acaricide ta duniya ya nuna cewa acaricide ja, Panclaw citrus da Panonychus urmi sune nau'ikan kwari mafi mahimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki, suna da sama da kashi 80% na kasuwa. Sauran acaricide masu alaƙa sune acaricide pseudo spider mites (galibi a cikin gajeren acaricide mites), tsatsa da kuma acaricide mites. Kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa, gami da citrus, inabi, waken soya, auduga, da masara, sune manyan amfanin gona da ake amfani da acaricides.
Duk da haka, saboda ɗan gajeren lokacin rayuwa, ɓarkewar ƙwayoyin cuta, kayan aikin metabolism na musamman da kuma ƙarfin daidaitawar muhalli na ƙwayoyin cuta masu cin ganyayyaki kamar mites gizo-gizo da mites na panclaw, juriyarsu ga acaricides ya ƙaru da sauri. An ruwaito cewa mites sun ƙunshi 3 daga cikin 12 masu juriya ga arthropods. A cikin amfani da acaricides a duniya, acaricides na sinadarai na gargajiya kamar organophosphates, carbamates, organochlorines, da pyrethroids har yanzu suna da matsayi mafi girma. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kodayake acaricides masu inganci kamar bifenazate da acetafenac sun bayyana, matsalar daidaita acaricides har yanzu tana da tsanani. Tare da amfani da waɗannan acaricides na dogon lokaci kuma ba tare da kimiyya ba, yawancin mites masu cin ganyayyaki sun haɓaka matakai daban-daban na juriya ga acaricides na sinadarai a kasuwa, kuma tasirinsu ya ragu sosai. A gefe guda kuma, tare da ƙaruwar kulawa ga batutuwan muhalli da ƙaruwar hankali a fannin noma na halitta, buƙatar samfuran halitta don kare amfanin gona a kasuwar duniya ya ƙaru sosai. Saboda haka, haɓaka ingantattun magunguna masu aminci, masu inganci, masu kare muhalli, marasa illa ga maƙiyan halitta da kuma sabbin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta masu aminci waɗanda ba su da sauƙin haifar da juriya suna gab da zuwa.
Bisa ga wannan, akwai buƙatar gaggawa ga ci gaban masana'antu da masana'antu su yi amfani da albarkatun halittu na ƙasar Sin sosai don haɓaka bincike da haɓakawa da amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta.
1. Binciken asalin ƙwayoyin alkaloid na veratrotrol
Hellebore, wanda aka fi sani da albasa mai launin toka, black hellebore, magani ne na dindindin. A matsayin shukar kashe kwari ta asali a China, mutane kan tono rhizomes ɗinta a lokacin ciyayi su soya ta a cikin ruwan 'ya'yan itace mai laushi don wanke tumaki, awaki, shanu da sauran dabbobi da sanyi, da kuma magance tsutsotsi na gida da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta. Daga nan masu bincike suka gano cewa hellebore yana da kyakkyawan tasiri kan sauran kwari. Misali, ethyl acetate na rhizome na Veratrum yana da kyakkyawan aikin kashe kwari akan tsutsotsi na biyu da na uku na Plutella xylostella, yayin da Veratrol alkaloid extract yana da wani tasiri mai kisa akan tsutsotsi na manya da na huɗu na kyankyaso na Jamus. A lokaci guda, masu bincike sun kuma gano cewa daban-daban na rhizome na Veratrum suna da kyakkyawan aikin kashe kwari, daga cikinsu akwai ethanol extract>chloroform extract>n-butanol extract.
Duk da haka, yadda ake fitar da sinadaran aiki matsala ce mai wahala. Masu binciken kasar Sin galibi suna amfani da sinadarin chloroform na ammonia-alkalyed ultrasonic, cire ruwa, cirewar ethanol percolation, da kuma cirewar CO2 mai tsanani don samun abubuwa masu aiki daga rhizomes na veratrum. Daga cikinsu, hanyar cirewar chloroform na ammonia alkalised ultrasonic tana amfani da adadi mai yawa na sinadarin chloroform mai guba duk da cewa yawan cirewar yana da yawa; hanyar cirewar ruwa tana da lokutan cirewa da yawa, yawan shan ruwa, da kuma ƙarancin cirewa; ƙimar ta yi ƙasa. Hanyar cirewar CO2 mai tsanani don cire alkaloids na veratroline ba wai kawai tana da babban adadin cirewa ba, ba a lalata sinadaran aiki ba, har ma da ayyukan magani da tsarkin sinadaran aiki na samfuran da aka samu an inganta su sosai. Bugu da ƙari, ragowar CO2 mara guba da rashin narkewa ba shi da lahani ga jikin ɗan adam da muhalli, wanda zai iya rage gurɓatar muhalli da hanyoyin cirewa na gargajiya ke haifarwa, kuma an jera shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun fasahar cirewa da rabuwa don tasirin maganin shuka. Duk da haka, tsarin samar da haɗari da tsada yana hana aikace-aikacen masana'antu mai yawa.
2. Ci gaban bincike da ci gaban ƙwayoyin alkaloids na veratrotrol
Yi nazari kan fasahar fitar da Veratrum. Fasahar fitar da kayan haɗin gwiwa ta dogara ne akan kayan maganin gargajiya na ƙasar Sin, wanda aka ƙara masa kayan magani na halitta. Ana shirya Veratrotoin da sauran sinadarai masu aiki da yawa tare, kuma a lokaci guda, ana amfani da sinadarai daban-daban don ci gaba da fitar da kayan maganin shuka, don haɓaka tsarkakewa da hazo na abubuwan aiki masu tasiri a cikin kayan maganin shuka a matakai. Samun abubuwan haɗin gwiwa na rukuni tare da ayyuka daban-daban ko aiki iri ɗaya daga rukuni ɗaya na kayan shuka. Inganta yawan amfani da kayan amfanin gona, rage farashin samarwa, da kuma ƙara yawan gasa a kasuwa.
Yi nazari kan tsarin aikin sinadaran Veratrum masu aiki. Ruwan rhizome na Veratrol wani nau'in cakuda ne, wanda ya ƙunshi sinadarai masu aiki sama da goma kamar veratrol, resveratrol, veratrotoin, cyclopamine, veratrol, da resveratrol oxide. Tsarin jijiyoyi na kwari.
A cewar rahotannin bincike, gubarsa ta dogara ne akan buɗe tashoshin Na+ waɗanda suka dogara da ƙarfin lantarki, wanda hakan ke buɗe tashoshin Ca2+ masu kunna wutar lantarki, wanda ke haifar da sakin neurotransmitter. Tashoshin sodium ion masu gated da wutar lantarki wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na siginar jijiyoyi da tsoka. Abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin ruwan Veratrum na iya haifar da rikicewar yanzu a cikin tashoshin sodium ion, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a cikin membrane permeability, yana haifar da girgizar ƙasa da mutuwa daga ƙarshe.
A lokaci guda, wasu masana Faransa sun ba da rahoton cewa ƙwayoyin alkaloid na veratroline suma suna iya hana acetylcholinesterase (AChE) na kwari ba tare da gasa ba. Saboda sabon tsarin aikin ƙwayoyin alkaloid na veratrotrol, harin wurare da yawa na iya faruwa, kuma yana da wahala ga ƙwayoyin cuta su daidaita da magungunan wuraren aiki da yawa ta hanyar canje-canjen tsarinsu, don haka ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba a sami juriya ga magunguna.
Fasahar shirya ruwan rhizome na hellebore 0.1% CE. Ana samun goyon bayan fasahar cirewa ta zamani kuma ana ƙara masa fasahar shiri mai kyau, ƙarfin saman maganin yana da ƙanƙanta, wanda zai iya naɗe jikin kwari cikin sauri, ya haɓaka shigar maganin da kuma sha, da kuma ƙara tasirin sinadaran aiki. Yana da kyau a warwatse a cikin ruwa, kuma maganin yana da haske kuma yana kama da juna bayan warwatsewa. Narkewar ruwan sau 1000, lokacin da za a jika takardar zane gaba ɗaya shine daƙiƙa 44, kuma yana iya jika da sauri. Bayanan daidaiton watsa haske da yawa sun nuna cewa shirye-shiryen ruwan rhizome na veratrum 0.1% CE yana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali kuma ya cika yanayin aikace-aikacen filin daban-daban.
Ci gaban bincike kan fasahar amfani da sinadarin rhizome na 0.1% CE na veratrum
Sabuwar fasahar ta inganta halayen maganin cikin sauri sosai. Idan aka kwatanta da fasahar da ta gabata, samfurin ya rage amfani da sinadari guda ɗaya. Ta hanyar tsari na musamman, sinadaran da ke cikin samfurin sun fi yawa, kuma tasirin haɗin gwiwa ya fi bayyana.
A lokaci guda, idan aka yi amfani da shi tare da magungunan kashe kwari masu guba, da farko, zai iya rage yawan ƙwayoyin gizo-gizo masu launin ja sosai, rage adadin magungunan kashe kwari masu guba da kuma inganta tasirin hana su. A taƙaice, a lokacin da ake yawan samun ƙwayoyin cuta masu guba na citrus a Hezhou, Guangxi, China, fesawar rhizome mai nauyin 0.1% CE Veratrum + 30% etoxazole ya yi tasiri cikin mintuna 20, ba a ga kwari masu rai ba kwana 3 bayan amfani, kuma tasirin hana shi ya kasance kwana 11 bayan amfani. Ana iya kiyaye shi sama da 95%. A farkon matakin Jiangxi Ruijin cibiya mai launin orange citrus panclaw mites, 0.1% CE Veratrum rhizome extract + 30% tetramizine bifenazate duk sun mutu kwana 1 bayan amfani, kuma ba a ga kwari masu rai ba kwana 3 bayan amfani. , tasirin hana shi ya kusa da 99% bayan kwana 16.
Sakamakon binciken da aka yi a sama ya nuna cewa lokacin da tushen ƙwayoyin gizo-gizo ja suka yi ƙasa ko babba, amfani da wakili ɗaya da kuma amfani da sinadarai masu haɗaka, ƙwayar rhizome ta Veratella vulgaris na iya rage yawan tsutsotsi masu launin ja da kuma inganta tasirin maganin kwari masu guba. Ya nuna kyakkyawan tasirin sarrafawa. A lokaci guda, ƙwayar rhizome ta hellebore tana fitowa ne daga tsire-tsire. A yawan da aka ba da shawarar, yana da aminci a yi amfani da shi a lokacin fure, fure, da kuma lokacin 'ya'yan itace na yawancin tsire-tsire, kuma ba shi da wani tasiri ga faɗaɗa harbe-harbe, furanni da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Yana da aminci kuma yana da aminci ga muhalli ga halittu marasa manufa kamar maƙiyan ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta, kuma ba shi da juriya ga magungunan kwari da acaricides da ake da su. Ya dace sosai don haɗa ƙwayoyin cuta (IPM). Kuma tare da rage amfani da magungunan kashe kwari masu guba, ragowar magungunan kashe kwari masu guba kamar etoxazole, spirodiclofen, da bifenazate a cikin citrus za su iya cika cikakken "Ma'aunin Tsaron Abinci na Ƙasa na China don Iyakan Ragowar Kwayoyin Kwari a Abinci", "Abincin Tarayyar Turai". Tsarin Iyakance Ragowar Ma'aunin Kwari da kuma Tsarin Iyakance Ragowar Ma'aunin Abinci na Amurka suna ba da garanti mai ƙarfi ga amincin abinci da inganci da amincin kayayyakin noma.
Fasahar gyaran kwayoyin halitta tana haɓaka masana'antar hellebore
Hellebore magani ne da aka saba amfani da shi kuma ganye ne na dindindin na dangin Liliaceae. Yana girma a tsaunuka, dazuzzuka ko ciyayi. Ana yaɗuwa a Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Sichuan, Jiangsu da sauran wurare a China. Yana da wadataccen albarkatun daji. A cewar binciken, yawan hellebore na magani a kowace shekara yana kusa da tan 300-500, kuma nau'ikan sun haɗa da nau'ikan iri da yawa, kamar hellebore, Xing'an hellebore, maosu hellebore, da Guling hellebore, kuma abubuwan da ke aiki na kowane nau'in ba iri ɗaya ba ne.
Tare da saurin haɓaka fasahar kere-kere da kuma zurfafa bincike kan kayan maganin hellebore, amfani da fasahar gyaran kwayoyin halitta don inganta nau'ikan hellebore na magani da kuma kiwon nau'ikan hellebore na daji ya ci gaba a matakai. Noman nau'ikan hellebore na wucin gadi zai rage yawan lalacewar haƙa hellebore ga albarkatun germplasm na daji, da kuma ƙara haɓaka masana'antar hellebore a fannin noma da kuma fannin likitanci.
A nan gaba, ana sa ran cirewar hellebore rhizome na halitta da aka samo daga tsire-tsire masu magani za su rage amfani da magungunan acaricides na gargajiya a hankali, da kuma yin ƙarin ci gaba wajen inganta ingancin kayayyakin noma, inganta inganci da amincin kayayyakin noma, inganta muhallin muhalli na noma da kuma kiyaye bambancin halittu. Babban gudummawa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Agusta-08-2022