Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), wanda aka sani da kala-azar a yankin Indiya, cuta ce mai kama da ta kwayan cuta da Leishmania mai kama da flagellated protozoan ke haifarwa wanda zai iya zama mai kisa idan ba a yi maganinsa da sauri ba. Sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes ita ce kawai kwayar cutar da aka tabbatar tana haifar da VL a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, inda ake sarrafa ta ta hanyar feshi na cikin gida (IRS), wani maganin kashe kwari na roba. Amfani da DDT a cikin shirye-shiryen kula da VL ya haifar da ci gaban juriya ga kwari, don haka an maye gurbin DDT da maganin kwari na alpha-cypermethrin. Duk da haka, alpha-cypermethrin yana aiki kamar DDT, don haka haɗarin juriya a cikin kwari yana ƙaruwa a ƙarƙashin damuwa da ke haifar da sake fuskantar wannan maganin kwari. A cikin wannan binciken, mun tantance yuwuwar kamuwa da sauro na daji da zuriyarsu na F1 ta amfani da gwajin kwalbar CDC.
Mun tattara sauro daga ƙauyuka 10 a gundumar Muzaffarpur da ke Bihar, Indiya. Ƙauyuka takwas sun ci gaba da amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi.cypermethrinDon feshi a cikin gida, wani ƙauye ya daina amfani da cypermethrin mai ƙarfi don feshi a cikin gida, kuma wani ƙauye bai taɓa amfani da cypermethrin mai ƙarfi don feshi a cikin gida ba. An fallasa sauro da aka tattara ga wani magani da aka riga aka ƙayyade na tsawon lokaci (3 μg/ml na tsawon mintuna 40), kuma an rubuta adadin bugun jini da mace-mace awanni 24 bayan kamuwa da cutar.
Adadin kashe sauro na daji ya kama daga kashi 91.19% zuwa 99.47%, kuma na tsararrakinsu na F1 ya kama daga kashi 91.70% zuwa 98.89%. Awa ashirin da hudu bayan kamuwa da cutar, mace-macen sauro na daji ya kama daga kashi 89.34% zuwa 98.93%, kuma na tsararrakinsu na F1 ya kama daga kashi 90.16% zuwa 98.33%.
Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa juriya na iya tasowa a cikin P. argentipes, wanda ke nuna buƙatar ci gaba da sa ido da kuma taka tsantsan don kiyaye iko da zarar an cimma nasarar kawar da cutar.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), wanda aka sani da kala-azar a yankin Indiya, cuta ce mai kama da cutar kwaroro da ke tasowa daga Leishmania mai kama da ƙwayar cuta kuma tana yaɗuwa ta hanyar cizon ƙwaro mata masu kamuwa da cutar (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). Ƙurajen yashi sune kaɗai ƙwayoyin cuta da aka tabbatar suna ɗauke da cutar a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Indiya tana gab da cimma burin kawar da cutar kwaro ...
Ana aiwatar da maganin sauro a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ta hanyar feshin sauro a cikin gida (IRS) ta amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na roba. Halayyar hutu a ɓoye na silverlegs ya sa ya zama manufa mai dacewa don maganin kwari ta hanyar feshin sauro a cikin gida [1]. Feshin dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) na cikin gida a ƙarƙashin Shirin Kula da Zazzabin Maleriya na Ƙasa a Indiya ya yi tasiri mai yawa wajen sarrafa yawan sauro da kuma rage yawan VL [2]. Wannan ikon kawar da VL ba tare da shiri ba ya sa Shirin Kawar da Sauro na Indiya ya ɗauki feshin sauro a cikin gida a matsayin babbar hanyar kula da silverlegs. A cikin 2005, gwamnatocin Indiya, Bangladesh, da Nepal sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna da nufin kawar da VL nan da 2015 [3]. Ƙoƙarin kawar da sauro, wanda ya haɗa da haɗakar ikon sarrafa vector da ganewar asali da magance cututtukan ɗan adam cikin sauri, an yi niyya ne don shiga matakin haɗaka nan da 2015, wani hari da aka sake duba shi zuwa 2017 sannan 2020.[4] Sabuwar hanyar duniya don kawar da cututtukan wurare masu zafi da aka yi watsi da su ta haɗa da kawar da VL nan da 2030.[5]
Yayin da Indiya ke shiga matakin bayan kawar da cutar BCVD, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a tabbatar da cewa juriya ga beta-cypermethrin ba ta taso ba. Dalilin juriyar shine cewa duka DDT da cypermethrin suna da irin wannan tsarin aiki, wato, suna kai hari ga furotin na VGSC[21]. Don haka, haɗarin ci gaban juriya a cikin ƙwari na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar damuwa da ke faruwa sakamakon yawan shan cypermethrin mai ƙarfi akai-akai. Saboda haka, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a sa ido da kuma gano yiwuwar yawan ƙwari masu jure wa wannan maganin kwari. A cikin wannan mahallin, manufar wannan binciken ita ce a sa ido kan yanayin kamuwa da ƙwari na daji ta amfani da allurai na bincike da tsawon lokacin fallasa da Chaubey et al. suka ƙayyade. [20] sun yi nazarin P. argentipes daga ƙauyuka daban-daban a gundumar Muzaffarpur ta Bihar, Indiya, waɗanda ke ci gaba da amfani da tsarin feshi na cikin gida da aka yi wa magani da cypermethrin (ƙauyukan IPS masu ci gaba). An kwatanta yanayin kamuwa da cutar P. argentipes na daji daga ƙauyukan da suka daina amfani da tsarin feshi na cikin gida da aka yi wa magani da cypermethrin (tsoffin ƙauyukan IPS) da waɗanda ba su taɓa amfani da tsarin feshi na cikin gida da aka yi wa magani da cypermethrin ba (ƙauyukan da ba na IPS ba) ta amfani da nazarin kwalbar CDC.
An zaɓi ƙauyuka goma don wannan binciken (Hoto na 1; Tebur na 1), daga cikinsu takwas suna da tarihin ci gaba da fesa pyrethroids na roba a cikin gida (hypermethrin; an sanya su a matsayin ƙauyukan hypermethrin masu ci gaba) kuma suna da shari'o'in VL (aƙalla shari'a ɗaya) a cikin shekaru 3 da suka gabata. Daga cikin sauran ƙauyuka biyu a cikin binciken, an zaɓi ƙauye ɗaya da bai aiwatar da fesa beta-cypermethrin a cikin gida ba (ƙauyen fesawa mara cikin gida) a matsayin ƙauyen sarrafawa, ɗayan kuma an zaɓi ƙauyen da ke da fesa beta-cypermethrin a cikin gida akai-akai (ƙauyen fesawa na cikin gida akai-akai/tsohon ƙauyen fesawa na cikin gida) a matsayin ƙauyen sarrafawa. An zaɓi waɗannan ƙauyukan ne bisa ga haɗin gwiwa da Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ƙungiyar Fesawa ta Cikin Gida da kuma tabbatar da Tsarin Fesawa na Cikin Gida a Gundumar Muzaffarpur.
Taswirar yanki na gundumar Muzaffarpur wanda ke nuna wuraren ƙauyukan da aka haɗa a cikin binciken (1-10). Wuraren karatu: 1, Manifulkaha; 2, Ramdas Majhauli; 3, Madhubani; 4, Anandpur Haruni; 5, Pandey; 6, Hirapur; 7, Madhopur Hazari; 8, Hamidpur; 9, Noonfara; 10, Simara. An shirya taswirar ta amfani da software na QGIS (sigar 3.30.3) da Fayil ɗin Shape na Assessment.
An shirya kwalaben gwajin fallasa bisa ga hanyoyin Chaubey et al. [20] da Denlinger et al. [22]. A takaice, an shirya kwalaben gilashi 500 mL kwana ɗaya kafin gwajin kuma an shafa bangon ciki na kwalaben da maganin kwari da aka nuna (kashi na ganewar asali na α-cypermethrin shine 3 μg/mL) ta hanyar shafa maganin kwari na acetone (2.0 mL) a ƙasa, bango da murfin kwalaben. Sannan an busar da kowace kwalba a kan abin nadi na inji na tsawon minti 30. A wannan lokacin, a hankali a buɗe murfin don barin acetone ya ƙafe. Bayan mintuna 30 na bushewa, cire murfin a juya kwalbar har sai duk acetone ya ƙafe. Sannan an bar kwalaben a buɗe don su bushe na dare ɗaya. Ga kowane gwaji da aka maimaita, an shafa kwalba ɗaya, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman iko, da 2.0 mL na acetone. An sake amfani da duk kwalaben a duk lokacin gwaje-gwajen bayan tsaftacewa mai kyau bisa ga tsarin da Denlinger et al. da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya suka bayyana [22, 23].
A ranar da aka yi amfani da maganin kwari, an cire sauro 30-40 da aka kama da na daji (matan da suka ji yunwa) daga cikin kejin a cikin kwalba sannan aka hura su a hankali a cikin kowace kwalba. An yi amfani da kusan adadin kudaje iri ɗaya ga kowace kwalba da aka shafa wa maganin kwari, gami da maganin. Maimaita wannan aƙalla sau biyar zuwa shida a kowace ƙauye. Bayan mintuna 40 na fallasa ga maganin kwari, an rubuta adadin kudajen da aka jefa. An kama duk kudaje da na'urar numfashi ta injiniya, an sanya su a cikin kwalayen kwali mai pint da aka rufe da raga mai kyau, sannan aka sanya su a cikin wani wurin da ke da yanayin zafi da danshi iri ɗaya tare da tushen abinci iri ɗaya (ƙwallon auduga da aka jiƙa a cikin maganin sukari 30%) kamar yadda wuraren da ba a yi wa magani ba suka mutu. An rubuta mutuwar sa'o'i 24 bayan fallasa ga maganin kwari. An rarraba dukkan sauro kuma an duba su don tabbatar da asalin nau'in. An yi wannan aikin tare da kudajen F1. An rubuta adadin bugun jini da mace-mace sa'o'i 24 bayan fallasa. Idan mace-macen da ke cikin kwalaben sarrafawa ya kasance ƙasa da 5%, ba a yi gyara ga mace-mace a cikin kwalayen ba. Idan mace-macen da ke cikin kwalbar sarrafawa ya kasance ≥ 5% da ≤ 20%, mace-macen da ke cikin kwalaben gwaji na wannan kwafin an gyara su ta amfani da dabarar Abbott. Idan mace-macen da ke cikin rukunin sarrafawa ya wuce 20%, an yi watsi da dukkan rukunin gwaji [24, 25, 26].
Matsakaicin mace-macen sauro na P. argentipes da aka kama da daji. Sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar kurakurai na yau da kullun na matsakaicin. Mahadar layukan kwance biyu ja tare da jadawalin (kashi 90% da 98% na mace-mace, bi da bi) yana nuna tagar mace-mace wanda juriya za ta iya tasowa.[25]
Mace-macen 'ya'yan F1 na P. argentipes da aka kama da daji. Sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar kurakurai na yau da kullun na matsakaici. Lanƙwasa da layukan kwance biyu ja suka haɗu (90% da 98% na mace-mace, bi da bi) suna wakiltar kewayon mace-macen da juriya za ta iya tasowa a kansu[25].
An gano cewa sauro a ƙauyen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon sarrafawa/marasa IRS (Manifulkaha) suna da matuƙar saurin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin kwari. Matsakaicin mace-macen sauro da aka kama da na daji sa'o'i 24 bayan an kashe su kuma aka fallasa su shine 99.47 ± 0.52% da 98.93 ± 0.65%, bi da bi, kuma matsakaicin mace-macen 'ya'yan F1 shine 98.89 ± 1.11% da 98.33 ± 1.11%, bi da bi (Tebur 2, 3).
Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa kudajen yashi masu ƙafafu na azurfa na iya haifar da juriya ga pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin na roba a ƙauyuka inda ake amfani da pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin akai-akai. Sabanin haka, an gano cewa ƙudajen yashi masu ƙafafu na azurfa da aka tattara daga ƙauyukan da ba a rufe su da shirin IRS/control ba suna da matuƙar sauƙi. Kula da lafiyar yawan ƙudajen yashi na daji yana da mahimmanci don sa ido kan ingancin ƙwayoyin kwari da aka yi amfani da su, domin wannan bayanin zai iya taimakawa wajen sarrafa juriyar kwari. An ba da rahoton yawan juriyar DDT akai-akai a cikin ƙudajen yashi daga yankunan da ke fama da cutar Bihar saboda matsin lamba na zaɓe na tarihi daga IRS ta amfani da wannan maganin kwari [1].
Mun gano cewa P. argentipes yana da matuƙar tasiri ga pyrethroids, kuma gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar a Indiya, Bangladesh da Nepal sun nuna cewa IRS tana da babban tasiri ga ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka yi amfani da ita tare da cypermethrin ko deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. Kwanan nan, Roy et al. [18] sun ba da rahoton cewa P. argentipes sun sami juriya ga pyrethroids a Nepal. Bincikenmu na kamuwa da cuta a filin ya nuna cewa ƙudajen yashi masu kafafun azurfa da aka tattara daga ƙauyukan da ba na IRS ba da aka fallasa suna da matuƙar sauƙi, amma ƙudajen da aka tattara daga ƙauyukan IRS na lokaci-lokaci/tsohon IRS da na IRS na ci gaba (mutuwa ta kama daga 90% zuwa 97% ban da ƙudajen yashi daga Anandpur-Haruni wanda ke da mace-mace 89.34% a cikin awanni 24 bayan fallasa) wataƙila suna da juriya ga cypermethrin mai tasiri sosai [25]. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da wannan juriya shine matsin lamba da feshi na yau da kullun na cikin gida (IRS) da shirye-shiryen feshi na gida bisa ga shari'o'i ke haifarwa, waɗanda sune hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su don magance barkewar cutar kala-azar a yankuna/bungaye/ƙauyuka masu fama da cutar (Tsarin Aiki na Daidaitacce don Binciken Barkewar Barkewa da Gudanar da Barkewa [30]. Sakamakon wannan binciken ya ba da alamun farko na ci gaban matsin lamba na zaɓi akan cypermethrin mai inganci. Abin takaici, bayanan kamuwa da cutar na tarihi na wannan yanki, wanda aka samu ta amfani da bioassay na kwalbar CDC, ba a samu don kwatantawa ba; duk binciken da suka gabata sun sa ido kan kamuwa da cutar P. argentipes ta amfani da takardar da aka sanya wa maganin kwari ta WHO. Yawan maganin kwari a cikin gwajin WHO shine yawan gano ƙwayoyin cuta da aka ba da shawarar don amfani da su akan ƙwayoyin cuta na malaria (Anopheles gambiae), kuma ba a san yadda waɗannan yawan ke aiki ga ƙwari ba saboda ƙwari yashi suna tashi ƙasa da sauro akai-akai, kuma suna ɓatar da ƙarin lokaci suna hulɗa da substrate a cikin bioassay [23].
An yi amfani da pyrethroids na roba a yankunan da ke fama da VL a Nepal tun daga shekarar 1992, suna maye gurbin SPs alpha-cypermethrin da lambda-cyhalothrin don sarrafa yashi [31], kuma ana amfani da deltamethrin a Bangladesh tun daga 2012 [32]. An gano juriyar phenotypic a cikin yawan kwari masu kafafun azurfa a wuraren da aka daɗe ana amfani da pyrethroids na roba [18, 33, 34]. An gano maye gurbi mara kama da juna (L1014F) a cikin yawan kwari masu kwari na Indiya kuma an danganta shi da juriya ga DDT, yana nuna cewa juriyar pyrethroid tana tasowa a matakin kwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda DDT da pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) ke kai hari ga kwayar halitta ɗaya a cikin tsarin jijiyoyin kwari [17, 34]. Saboda haka, kimantawa ta tsari na kamuwa da cypermethrin da sa ido kan juriyar sauro suna da mahimmanci a lokacin kawar da su da kuma bayan kawar da su.
Wani ƙayyadadden iyaka na wannan binciken shine mun yi amfani da gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na CDC don auna saurin kamuwa da cutar, amma duk kwatancen sun yi amfani da sakamakon binciken da aka yi a baya ta amfani da kayan gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na WHO. Sakamakon binciken ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu ba za a iya kwatanta su kai tsaye ba saboda gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na CDC yana auna raguwar kamuwa da cutar a ƙarshen lokacin ganewar cutar, yayin da gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta na WHO ke auna mace-mace a cikin awanni 24 ko 72 bayan kamuwa da cutar (na ƙarshen don mahaɗan da ke aiki a hankali) [35]. Wani iyakancewar yuwuwar ita ce adadin ƙauyukan IRS a cikin wannan binciken idan aka kwatanta da ɗaya wanda ba IRS ba da ɗaya wanda ba IRS ba/tsohon ƙauyen IRS. Ba za mu iya ɗauka cewa matakin saurin kamuwa da cutar sauro da aka lura a ƙauyuka daban-daban a cikin gunduma ɗaya yana wakiltar matakin saurin kamuwa da cutar a wasu ƙauyuka da gundumomi a Bihar. Yayin da Indiya ke shiga matakin bayan kawar da cutar sankarar bargo, yana da mahimmanci a hana ci gaban juriya mai mahimmanci. Ana buƙatar sa ido cikin sauri kan juriya a cikin yawan ƙwari masu yashi daga gundumomi, tubalan da yankunan ƙasa daban-daban. Bayanan da aka gabatar a cikin wannan binciken na farko ne kuma ya kamata a tabbatar da su ta hanyar kwatanta yawan gano ƙwayoyin cuta da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta buga [35] don samun ƙarin ra'ayi game da yanayin kamuwa da cutar P. argentipes a waɗannan yankuna kafin a gyara shirye-shiryen kula da ƙwayoyin cuta don kiyaye ƙarancin yawan ƙwari da kuma tallafawa kawar da ƙwayoyin cutar sankarar bargo.
Sauro P. argentipes, wanda shine kwayar cutar leukosis, na iya fara nuna alamun farko na juriya ga cypermethrin mai tasiri sosai. Kulawa akai-akai na juriyar maganin kwari a cikin daji na P. argentipes yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye tasirin cututtukan da ke tattare da hanyoyin magance cututtukan vector. Juya magungunan kwari tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na aiki da/ko kimantawa da yin rijistar sabbin magungunan kwari ya zama dole kuma ana ba da shawarar don sarrafa juriyar maganin kwari da kuma tallafawa kawar da kwayar cutar leukosis a Indiya.
Lokacin Saƙo: Fabrairu-17-2025