Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), wanda aka fi sani da kala-azar a cikin yankin Indiya, cuta ce ta parasitic cuta ce da ta haifar da wata alama ta protozoan Leishmania wacce za ta iya mutuwa idan ba a yi gaggawar magance ta ba. Sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes shine kawai tabbataccen vector na VL a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, inda ake sarrafa shi ta hanyar feshin cikin gida (IRS), maganin kwari na roba. Yin amfani da DDT a cikin shirye-shiryen sarrafawa na VL ya haifar da haɓaka juriya a cikin sandflies, don haka an maye gurbin DDT da maganin kwari alpha-cypermethrin. Duk da haka, alpha-cypermethrin yana aiki daidai da DDT, don haka haɗarin juriya a cikin sandflies yana ƙaruwa a ƙarƙashin damuwa da ya haifar da maimaitawa ga wannan maganin kwari. A cikin wannan binciken, mun tantance yiwuwar sauro na daji da zuriyarsu ta F1 ta amfani da kwalaben bioassay na CDC.
Mun tattara sauro daga kauyuka 10 a gundumar Muzaffarpur ta Bihar, Indiya. Kauyuka takwas sun ci gaba da yin amfani da karfin gaskecypermethrindon feshin cikin gida, wani ƙauye ya daina amfani da cypermethrin mai ƙarfi don feshin cikin gida, kuma wani ƙauye bai taɓa amfani da cypermethrin mai ƙarfi ba don feshin cikin gida. Sauro da aka tattara an fallasa su zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙwayar cuta don ƙayyadadden lokaci (3 μg / ml na 40 min), kuma an rubuta ƙimar bugun ƙasa da mace-mace 24 h bayan fallasa.
Adadin kashe sauro na daji ya tashi daga 91.19% zuwa 99.47%, kuma na zuriyarsu ta F1 ya kai daga 91.70% zuwa 98.89%. Sa'o'i 24 bayan fallasa, yawan mace-macen sauron daji ya tashi daga 89.34% zuwa 98.93%, kuma na ƙarnin su na F1 ya tashi daga 90.16% zuwa 98.33%.
Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa juriya na iya tasowa a cikin P. argentipes, yana nuna buƙatar ci gaba da kulawa da kulawa don kula da kulawa da zarar an sami nasarar kawar da shi.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), wanda aka fi sani da kala-azar a cikin yankin Indiya, cuta ce ta parasitic ta hanyar leishmania mai alamar protozoan kuma ana yaduwa ta hanyar cizon yashi na mata masu kamuwa da cuta (Diptera: Myrmecophaga). Sand kwari shine kawai tabbataccen vector na VL a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Indiya ta kusa cimma burin kawar da VL. Koyaya, don kula da ƙarancin abubuwan da suka faru bayan an kawar da su, yana da mahimmanci a rage yawan ƙwayoyin cuta don hana yiwuwar watsawa.
Ana samun nasarar sarrafa sauro a kudu maso gabashin Asiya ta hanyar feshin cikin gida (IRS) ta amfani da maganin kwari. Halin hutu na sirri na ƙafafu na azurfa ya sa ya zama manufa mai dacewa don sarrafa maganin kwari ta hanyar fesa saura na cikin gida [1]. Fashin cikin gida na dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Kula da Maleriya na Ƙasa a Indiya yana da tasiri mai yawa wajen sarrafa yawan sauro da rage yawan cutar VL [2]. Wannan kulawar da ba ta da shiri na VL ya sa Shirin Kawar da VL na Indiya ya ɗauki saura feshin cikin gida azaman hanyar farko ta sarrafa ƙafafu na azurfa. A cikin 2005, gwamnatocin Indiya, Bangladesh, da Nepal sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da manufar kawar da VL ta 2015 [3]. Ƙoƙarin kawarwa, wanda ya haɗa da haɗakar sarrafa ƙwayar cuta da saurin ganewa da kuma kula da lamuran ɗan adam, an yi niyya ne don shigar da lokacin ƙarfafawa ta 2015, manufa daga baya aka sake bitar zuwa 2017 sannan 2020.[4] Sabuwar taswirar duniya don kawar da cututtukan wurare masu zafi da aka yi watsi da su sun haɗa da kawar da VL nan da 2030.[5]
Yayin da Indiya ta shiga cikin lokacin kawar da BCVD, yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da cewa gagarumin juriya ga beta-cypermethrin ba ya tasowa. Dalilin juriya shine duka DDT da cypermethrin suna da tsarin aiki iri ɗaya, wato, suna hari akan furotin VGSC[21]. Don haka, haɗarin haɓaka juriya a cikin ƙwalƙashin yashi na iya ƙaruwa ta hanyar damuwa da ke haifarwa ta yau da kullun zuwa cypermethrin mai ƙarfi sosai. Don haka ya zama wajibi a saka idanu da gano yuwuwar yawan ƴan yashi masu jure wa wannan maganin kwari. A cikin wannan mahallin, makasudin wannan binciken shine a sa ido kan yanayin kamuwa da yashi na daji ta amfani da alluran bincike da tsawon lokacin bayyanar da Chaubey et al ya ƙaddara. [20] yayi nazarin P. argentipes daga ƙauyuka daban-daban a gundumar Muzaffarpur na Bihar, Indiya, waɗanda ke ci gaba da yin amfani da tsarin feshin cikin gida da ake bi da su tare da cypermethrin (ci gaba da ƙauyukan IPS). Halin rashin lafiyar daji na P. argentipes daga ƙauyukan da suka daina amfani da tsarin feshin cikin gida na cypermethrin (tsohuwar ƙauyukan IPS) da waɗanda ba su taɓa yin amfani da tsarin feshin cikin gida na cypermethrin ba (ƙauyukan da ba na IPS ba) an kwatanta su ta amfani da bioassay kwalban CDC.
An zaɓi ƙauyuka goma don binciken (Fig. 1; Table 1), wanda takwas suna da tarihin ci gaba da fesa cikin gida na pyrethroids na roba (hypermethrin; wanda aka tsara a matsayin ci gaba da ƙauyukan hypermethrin) kuma suna da lokuta na VL (aƙalla guda ɗaya) a cikin shekaru 3 na ƙarshe. Daga cikin ƙauyuka biyu da suka rage a cikin binciken, an zaɓi ƙauyen ɗaya wanda bai aiwatar da feshin cikin gida na beta-cypermethrin (ƙauyen spraying ba na cikin gida) a matsayin ƙauyen sarrafawa da ɗayan ƙauyen da ke da tsaka-tsaki na cikin gida na beta-cypermethrin (ƙauyen spraying na cikin gida / tsohon ƙauyen feshin cikin gida) an zaɓi ƙauyen sarrafawa. Zaɓin waɗannan ƙauyuka ya dogara ne akan haɗin kai tare da Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ƙungiyar Fashewar Cikin Gida da kuma tabbatar da Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Cikin Gida a cikin Gundumar Muzaffarpur.
Taswirar yanki na gundumar Muzaffarpur da ke nuna wuraren ƙauyuka da ke cikin binciken (1-10). Wuraren karatu: 1, Manifulkaha; 2, Ramdas Majhauli; 3, Madhubani; 4, Anandpur Haruna; 5, Pandey; 6, Hirapur; 7, Madhopur Hazari; 8, Hamidpur; 9, Noonfara; 10, Simara. An shirya taswirar ta amfani da software na QGIS (sigar 3.30.3) da Buɗe Siffar Kima.
An shirya kwalabe don gwaje-gwajen nunawa bisa ga hanyoyin Chaubey et al. [20] da Denlinger et al. [22]. A taƙaice, an shirya kwalabe na gilashin 500 ml kwana ɗaya kafin gwajin kuma an rufe bangon ciki na kwalabe tare da maganin kashe kwari da aka nuna (kashin binciken α-cypermethrin shine 3 μg / mL) ta hanyar amfani da maganin acetone na maganin kwari (2.0 mL) zuwa kasa, ganuwar da hular kwalabe. Sannan an bushe kowace kwalban akan abin nadi na tsawon mintuna 30. A wannan lokacin, sannu a hankali cire hular don ba da damar acetone ya ƙafe. Bayan minti 30 na bushewa, cire hular kuma juya kwalban har sai duk acetone ya ƙafe. Daga nan aka bar kwalaben a bude har dare ya yi. Ga kowane gwajin kwafi, kwalba ɗaya, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman sarrafawa, an lulluɓe shi da 2.0 ml na acetone. An sake amfani da duk kwalabe a cikin gwaje-gwajen bayan tsaftacewa mai dacewa bisa ga tsarin da Denlinger et al ya bayyana. da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya [22, 23].
A ranar da aka shirya maganin kwari, an cire sauro 30-40 na daji (mata masu fama da yunwa) daga cikin kejin da ke cikin kwalabe kuma a hankali a busa su cikin kowace vial. An yi amfani da kusan adadin ƙudaje ga kowane kwalban da aka rufe da maganin kwari, gami da sarrafawa. Maimaita wannan aƙalla sau biyar zuwa shida a kowane ƙauye. Bayan mintuna 40 na kamuwa da maganin kashe kwari, an rubuta adadin ƙudaje da aka yi. An kama duk kudaje tare da injin injin, an sanya su a cikin kwantena na kwali da aka rufe da raga mai kyau, kuma an sanya su a cikin incubator daban a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi iri ɗaya da yanayin zafi tare da tushen abinci iri ɗaya (ƙwallan auduga da aka jiƙa a cikin 30% na sukari) azaman mazaunan da ba a kula da su ba. An yi rikodin mace-mace sa'o'i 24 bayan kamuwa da maganin kashe kwari. An rarraba dukkan sauro kuma an bincika don tabbatar da asalin jinsin. An yi wannan hanya tare da zuriya F1 kwari. An yi rikodin kashe-kashe da mace-mace sa'o'i 24 bayan fallasa. Idan mace-mace a cikin kwalabe masu sarrafawa ya kasance <5%, ba a gyara mace-mace ba a cikin kwafin. Idan mace-mace a cikin kwalaben sarrafawa ya kasance ≥ 5% da ≤ 20%, an gyara mace-mace a cikin kwalaben gwajin wannan kwafin ta amfani da dabarar Abbott. Idan mace-mace a cikin rukunin kulawa ya wuce 20%, an yi watsi da duk rukunin gwajin [24, 25, 26].
Ma'anar mace-mace na sauro P. argentipes da aka kama. Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar daidaitattun kurakurai na ma'ana. Matsakaicin jajayen layukan kwance biyu tare da jadawali (90% da 98% mace-mace, bi da bi) yana nuna taga mace-mace wacce juriya zata iya tasowa.[25]
Ma'anar mace-mace na zuriyar F1 na daji da aka kama P. Argentina. Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar daidaitattun kurakurai na ma'ana. Matsakaicin da jajayen layuka biyu na kwance (90% da 98% mace-mace, bi da bi) ke wakiltar kewayon mace-mace wanda juriya na iya tasowa[25].
An gano sauro a cikin iko/kauyen da ba na IRS ba (Manifulkaha) suna da matukar kula da maganin kwari. Matsakaicin mace-mace (± SE) na sauro da aka kama 24 h bayan ƙwanƙwasa da fallasa shine 99.47 ± 0.52% da 98.93 ± 0.65%, bi da bi, kuma ma'anar mace-mace na zuriyar F1 shine 98.89 ± 1.11% da 98.3 (T) bi da bi, 3).
Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa ƙuda mai yashi na ƙafar azurfa na iya haɓaka juriya ga pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin a cikin ƙauyuka inda aka yi amfani da pyrethroid (SP) α-cypermethrin akai-akai. Sabanin haka, ƙudaje masu ƙafafu na azurfa da aka tattara daga ƙauyukan da IRS/ shirin sarrafawa ba su rufe ba an gano suna da saurin kamuwa da su. Sa ido kan yiwuwar kamuwa da yashin daji yana da mahimmanci don lura da tasirin maganin kwari da ake amfani da shi, saboda wannan bayanin na iya taimakawa wajen sarrafa juriyar kwari. An ba da rahoton babban matakan juriya na DDT akai-akai a cikin yashi kwari daga yankunan da ke cikin Bihar saboda matsa lamba na zaɓi na tarihi daga IRS ta amfani da wannan maganin kwari [1].
Mun sami P. argentipes suna da matukar damuwa ga pyrethroids, kuma gwaje-gwajen filin a Indiya, Bangladesh da Nepal sun nuna cewa IRS yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci na entomological lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da cypermethrin ko deltamethrin [19, 26, 27, 28, 29]. Kwanan nan, Roy et al. [18] ya ruwaito cewa P. argentipes sun haɓaka juriya ga pyrethroids a Nepal. Binciken yanayin yanayin mu ya nuna cewa ƙudaje masu yashi da aka tattara daga ƙauyukan da ba na IRS ba suna da sauƙi sosai, amma ƙudaje da aka tattara daga tsaka-tsaki / tsohon IRS da ƙauyukan IRS na ci gaba (mutuwar ta kasance daga 90% zuwa 97% ban da yashi kwari daga Anandpur-Haruni wanda ke da tasirin 89.34% na mutuwa a cikin 24) [25]. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da zai iya haifar da wannan tsayin daka shine matsin lamba ta hanyar feshin cikin gida na yau da kullun (IRS) da shirye-shiryen feshin gida na tushen shari'a, waɗanda sune daidaitattun hanyoyin magance barkewar cutar kala-azar a cikin yankuna / tubalan / ƙauyuka (Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Gudanar da Bullar Cutar [30]. Bayanan mai saukin kamuwa ga wannan yanki, wanda aka samu ta amfani da bioassay kwalban CDC, ba a samuwa don kwatantawa; duk binciken da aka yi a baya sun lura da rashin lafiyar P. Argentina ta amfani da takarda na maganin kwari na WHO. Sandflies ba a sani ba saboda ƙudaje masu yashi ba su da yawa fiye da sauro, kuma suna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa don saduwa da substrate a cikin bioassay [23].
An yi amfani da pyrethroids na roba a cikin VL endemic yankunan Nepal tun 1992, musanya tare da SPs alpha-cypermethrin da lambda-cyhalothrin don sarrafa sandfly [31], kuma deltamethrin kuma ana amfani dashi a Bangladesh tun 2012 [32]. An gano juriya na phenotypic a cikin yawan daji na sandflies na azurfa a wuraren da aka yi amfani da pyrethroids na roba na dogon lokaci [18, 33, 34]. An gano maye gurbin da ba daidai ba (L1014F) a cikin yawan daji na yashi na Indiya kuma yana da alaƙa da juriya ga DDT, yana nuna cewa juriya na pyrethroid ya taso a matakin kwayoyin, kamar yadda DDT da pyrethroid (alpha-cypermethrin) ke kaiwa ga kwayar halitta iri ɗaya a cikin tsarin jin tsoro na kwari [17]. Sabili da haka, ƙididdige tsarin ƙima na cypermethrin mai sauƙi da kuma kula da juriya na sauro yana da mahimmanci a lokacin shafewa da kuma bayan lokaci.
Iyakance mai yuwuwar wannan binciken shine mun yi amfani da CDC vial bioassay don auna mai saukin kamuwa, amma duk kwatancen sun yi amfani da sakamakon binciken da suka gabata ta amfani da kit ɗin bioassay na WHO. Sakamako daga bioassays biyu na iya zama ba kwatankwacin kai tsaye ba saboda CDC vial bioassay matakan ƙwanƙwasa a ƙarshen lokacin bincike, yayin da kit ɗin bioassay na WHO yana auna mace-mace a cikin sa'o'i 24 ko 72 bayan fallasa (na ƙarshe don mahaɗan jinkirin aiki) [35]. Wani ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙauyuka na IRS a cikin wannan binciken idan aka kwatanta da wanda ba IRS ba da ɗaya wanda ba IRS/tsohon ƙauyen IRS ba. Ba za mu iya ɗauka cewa matakin kamuwa da cutar sauro da aka gani a ƙauyuka ɗaya a cikin gundumar ɗaya yana wakiltar matakin kamuwa da cutar a wasu ƙauyuka da gundumomi a Bihar. Yayin da Indiya ta shiga cikin yanayin kawar da cutar sankarar bargo, yana da mahimmanci don hana gagarumin ci gaban juriya. Ana buƙatar sa ido cikin sauri na juriya a cikin yawan masu yashi daga gundumomi daban-daban, tubalan da wuraren yanki. Bayanan da aka gabatar a cikin wannan binciken sune na farko kuma ya kamata a tabbatar da su ta hanyar kwatantawa tare da ƙididdigar ganowa da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta buga [35] don samun ƙarin takamaiman ra'ayi game da yanayin rashin lafiyar P. argentipe a cikin waɗannan yankunan kafin gyare-gyaren shirye-shiryen sarrafa kayan aiki don kula da ƙananan yashi da kuma tallafawa kawar da cutar sankarar bargo.
Sauro P. Argentipes, vector na cutar sankarar bargo, na iya fara nuna alamun juriya ga cypermethrin mai matukar tasiri. Kulawa na yau da kullun na juriya na kwari a cikin al'ummomin daji na P. argentipes ya zama dole don kula da tasirin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Juyawa na maganin kwari tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na aiki da / ko kimantawa da rajista na sababbin magungunan kwari ya zama dole kuma an ba da shawarar don sarrafa juriya na kwari da tallafawa kawar da cutar sankarar bargo a Indiya.
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-17-2025