Yaɗuwar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa, ciki har da bullar kwayoyin halitta masu juriya, gurɓacewar muhalli da cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam.Don haka, ana buƙatar sabbin magungunan kashe qwari waɗanda ke da aminci ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli cikin gaggawa.A cikin wannan binciken, rhamnolipid biosurfactant wanda Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ya samar an yi amfani dashi don kimanta guba ga sauro (Culex quinquefasciatus) da tsutsa (Odontotermes obesus).Sakamakon ya nuna cewa akwai adadin mace-mace mai dogaro da kashi tsakanin jiyya.Ƙimar LC50 (50% na kisa) a cikin sa'o'i 48 don ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta da tsutsa na sauro an ƙaddara ta amfani da hanyar dacewa da jujjuyawar da ba ta dace ba.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ƙimar LC50 na sa'o'i 48 (95% tazara tazara) na larvicidal da ayyukan antitermite na biosurfactant sune 26.49 mg / L (kewayon 25.40 zuwa 27.57) da 33.43 mg / L (kewayon 31.09 zuwa 35.68)Bisa ga binciken tarihi, jiyya tare da biosurfactants ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga kyallen jikin kwayoyin halitta na larvae da terites.Sakamakon wannan binciken ya nuna cewa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta wanda Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ke samarwa shine kayan aiki mai kyau kuma mai yuwuwa don sarrafa Cx.quinquefasciatus da O. obesus.
Kasashe masu zafi suna fama da yawan cututtukan da sauro ke haifarwa1.Muhimmancin cututtukan da ke haifar da sauro ya yadu.Sama da mutane 400,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon zazzabin cizon sauro, kuma wasu manyan biranen kasar na fama da cututtuka masu tsanani kamar su dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya da Zika. Muhimman lokuta3,4.Culex, Anopheles da Aedes sune nau'in sauro guda uku da aka fi dangantawa da watsa cututtuka5.Yawan zazzabin dengue, kamuwa da cutar sauro Aedes aegypti, ya karu cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata kuma yana haifar da babbar barazana ga lafiyar jama'a4,7,8.A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), fiye da kashi 40% na al'ummar duniya na cikin hadarin kamuwa da zazzabin Dengue, tare da sabbin masu kamuwa da cutar miliyan 50-100 a duk shekara a cikin kasashe sama da 1009,10,11.Zazzabin Dengue ya zama babbar matsalar lafiyar jama'a yayin da cutar ta karu a duniya 12,13,14.Anopheles gambiae, wanda aka fi sani da sauro na Anopheles na Afirka, shine mafi mahimmancin maganin zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin yankuna masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi15.Kwayar cutar ta West Nile, St. Louis encephalitis, Jafananci encephalitis, da ƙwayoyin cuta na dawakai da tsuntsaye suna yaduwa ta hanyar sauro Culex, sau da yawa ana kiran su sauro na gida.Bugu da kari, su ma masu dauke da cututtuka ne na kwayoyin cuta da na parasitic16.Akwai fiye da nau'in tururuwa 3,000 a duniya, kuma sun kasance fiye da shekaru miliyan 15017.Yawancin kwari suna rayuwa a cikin ƙasa kuma suna ciyar da itace da kayan itace masu ɗauke da cellulose.Tushen Indiya Odontotermes obesus wata muhimmiyar kwaro ce da ke haifar da mummunar illa ga muhimman amfanin gona da bishiyar shuka18.A yankunan noma, kamuwa da kutu a matakai daban-daban na iya haifar da babbar illa ga tattalin arziki ga amfanin gona daban-daban, nau'ikan itatuwa da kayan gini.Har ila yau tsutsotsi na iya haifar da matsalolin lafiyar ɗan adam19.
Batun juriya daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kwari a cikin masana'antar harhada magunguna da noma na yau yana da rikitarwa20,21.Don haka, ya kamata kamfanonin biyu su nemi sabbin magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta masu inganci da amintattun ƙwayoyin cuta.Ana samun magungunan kashe qwari na roba a yanzu kuma an nuna cewa suna da kamuwa da cuta kuma suna korar kwari masu amfani da ba su kai hari ba22.A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, bincike kan biosurfactants ya fadada saboda aikace-aikacen su a masana'antu daban-daban.Biosurfactants suna da matukar amfani kuma suna da mahimmanci a aikin noma, gyaran ƙasa, hakar mai, ƙwayoyin cuta da kawar da kwari, da sarrafa abinci23,24.Biosurfactants ko microbial surfactants sune sinadarai na biosurfactant da ƙwayoyin cuta ke samarwa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, yeasts da fungi a wuraren zama na bakin teku da gurɓataccen mai25,26.Surufactants da aka samu ta hanyar sinadarai da biosurfactants iri biyu ne waɗanda ake samu kai tsaye daga yanayin yanayi27.Ana samun nau'ikan biosurfactants daga wuraren zama na ruwa28,29.Saboda haka, masana kimiyya suna neman sababbin fasaha don samar da biosurfactants bisa ga kwayoyin halitta30,31.Ci gaba a cikin irin wannan bincike yana nuna mahimmancin waɗannan mahadi na halitta don kare muhalli32.Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Alcaligenes, Corynebacterium da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna da kyakkyawan nazari na wakilai23,33.
Akwai nau'ikan biosurfactants da yawa tare da kewayon aikace-aikace34.Babban fa'idar waɗannan mahadi shine cewa wasu daga cikinsu suna da aikin ƙwayoyin cuta, larvicidal da aikin kwari.Wannan yana nufin ana iya amfani da su a cikin masana'antar noma, sinadarai, magunguna da masana'antar kwaskwarima35,36,37,38.Saboda ƙwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya suna da lalacewa kuma suna da fa'ida ga muhalli, ana amfani da su a haɗaɗɗen shirye-shiryen sarrafa kwari don kare amfanin gona39.Don haka, an sami ilimin asali game da ayyukan larvicidal da antitermite na ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ke samarwa.Mun bincika mace-mace da sauye-sauyen tarihi lokacin da aka fallasa su zuwa nau'ikan rhamnolipid biosurfactants daban-daban.Bugu da ƙari, mun ƙididdige shirin komfuta da ake amfani da shi a ko'ina (QSAR) Tsarin Tsarin Halittu-Aiki (ECOSAR) don tantance tsananin guba ga microalgae, daphnia, da kifi.
A cikin wannan binciken, an gwada aikin antitermite (mai guba) na tsarkakewar biosurfactants a wurare daban-daban daga 30 zuwa 50 mg / ml (a 5 mg / ml intervals) a kan ƙananan Indiya, O. obesus da nau'in nau'i na hudu ) Yi kimantawa.Larvae na instar Cx.Larvae na sauro quinquefasciatus.Ƙididdigar Biosurfactant LC50 sama da awanni 48 akan O. obesus da Cx.C. solanacearum.An gano tsutsar sauro ta hanyar yin amfani da hanyar da ba ta dace ba.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa yawan mace-mace ya karu tare da karuwar maida hankali na biosurfactant.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa biosurfactant yana da aikin larvicidal (Hoto 1) da aikin anti-termite (Hoto 2), tare da ƙimar LC50 na 48-hour (95% CI) na 26.49 mg / L (25.40 zuwa 27.57) da 33.43 mg / l (Fig. 31.09 zuwa 35.68), bi da bi (Table 1).Dangane da m guba (48 hours), biosurfactant an classified a matsayin "mai lahani" ga gwajin kwayoyin.Biosurfactant da aka samar a cikin wannan binciken ya nuna kyakkyawan aikin larvicidal tare da 100% mace-mace a cikin sa'o'i 24-48 na fallasa.
Yi ƙididdige ƙimar LC50 don ayyukan larvicidal.Madaidaicin madaidaicin juzu'i mara kyau (layi mai ƙarfi) da tazarar amincewa 95% (yankin inuwa) don mace-mace (%).
Yi ƙididdige ƙimar LC50 don aikin anti-termite.Madaidaicin madaidaicin juzu'i mara kyau (layi mai ƙarfi) da tazarar amincewa 95% (yankin inuwa) don mace-mace (%).
A ƙarshen gwajin, an ga canje-canjen yanayin halitta da abubuwan da ba su da kyau a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa.An lura da canje-canjen ilimin halittar jiki a cikin kulawa da ƙungiyoyi masu kulawa a 40x haɓakawa.Kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 3, rashin ci gaba ya faru a yawancin larvae da aka yi amfani da su tare da biosurfactants.Hoto 3a yana nuna Cx na al'ada.quinquefasciatus, Hoto 3b yana nuna Cx mara kyau.Yana haifar da tsutsa nematode guda biyar.
Tasirin allurai na sublethal (LC50) na biosurfactants akan haɓakar Culex quinquefasciatus larvae.Hoton microscopy mai haske (a) na Cx na al'ada a 40 × haɓakawa.quinquefasciatus (b) Rashin al'ada Cx.Yana haifar da tsutsa nematode guda biyar.
A cikin binciken da aka yi a yanzu, nazarin tarihin tarihi na tsutsa da aka yi amfani da su (Fig. 4) da kuma tururuwa (Fig. 5) sun nuna rashin daidaituwa da yawa, ciki har da raguwa a cikin yanki na ciki da lalacewa ga tsokoki, epithelial layers da fata.midgut.Histology ya bayyana tsarin aikin hanawa na biosurfactant da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan binciken.
Histopathology na al'ada marasa magani na 4th instar Cx tsutsa.quinquefasciatus larvae (control: (a,b)) da kuma bi da su tare da biosurfactant (maganin: (c,d)).Kibiyoyi suna nuna epithelium na hanji (epi), nuclei (n), da tsoka (mu).Bar = 50 µm.
Histopathology na al'ada untreated O. obesus (control: (a,b)) da biosurfactant magani (maganin: (c,d)).Kibiyoyi suna nuna epithelium na hanji (epi) da tsoka (mu), bi da bi.Bar = 50 µm.
A cikin wannan binciken, an yi amfani da ECOSAR don tsinkaya mummunan guba na samfuran biosurfactant na rhamnolipid ga masu kera na farko (koren algae), masu amfani da farko (ƙuman ruwa) da masu cin abinci na biyu (kifi).Wannan shirin yana amfani da ƙayyadaddun tsarin ƙididdigewa-ayyukan dandali don kimanta guba bisa tsarin kwayoyin halitta.Samfurin yana amfani da software na tsarin aiki (SAR) don ƙididdige matsananciyar guba da na dogon lokaci na abubuwa zuwa nau'ikan ruwa.Musamman, Tebur 2 yana taƙaita ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga (LC50) da ma'anar tasiri mai tasiri (EC50) ga nau'o'in nau'o'i da yawa.An karkasa abubuwan da ake zargi da guba zuwa matakai huɗu ta amfani da Tsarin Rarrabawa da Lakabi na Sinadarai (Table 3).
Kula da cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta, musamman nau'in sauro da sauro Aedes.Masarawa, yanzu aiki mai wahala 40,41,42,43,44,45,46.Ko da yake wasu magungunan kashe qwari, irin su pyrethroids da organophosphates, suna da ɗan fa'ida, suna haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam, ciki har da ciwon sukari, cututtukan haifuwa, cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki, ciwon daji, da cututtukan numfashi.Bugu da ƙari, bayan lokaci, waɗannan kwari za su iya jure musu13,43,48.Don haka, ingantattun matakan kula da halittu masu inganci da muhalli za su zama mafi shaharar hanyar sarrafa sauro49,50.Benelli51 ya ba da shawarar cewa tun da wuri na rigakafin cututtukan sauro zai fi tasiri a cikin birane, amma ba su ba da shawarar yin amfani da lardi a yankunan karkara ba52.Tom et al.
Samar da Biosurfactant ta wani nau'i mai ƙarfi (Enterobacter cloacae SJ2) ya nuna daidaito da ingantaccen inganci.Bincikenmu na baya ya ruwaito cewa Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 yana haɓaka samar da biosurfactant ta amfani da sigogi na physicochemical26.Dangane da binciken su, mafi kyawun yanayi don samar da biosurfactant ta hanyar yuwuwar E. cloacae keɓewa sune shiryawa na sa'o'i 36, tashin hankali a 150 rpm, pH 7.5, 37 ° C, salinity 1 ppt, 2% glucose azaman tushen carbon, 1% yisti. .An yi amfani da tsantsa azaman tushen nitrogen don samun 2.61 g/L biosurfactant.Bugu da kari, an siffanta abubuwan da suka shafi biosurfactant ta amfani da TLC, FTIR da MALDI-TOF-MS.Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa rhamnolipid biosurfactant ne.Glycolipid biosurfactants sune mafi yawan binciken ajin na sauran nau'ikan biosurfactants55.Sun ƙunshi sassan carbohydrate da lipid, galibi sarƙoƙi na fatty acid.Daga cikin glycolipids, manyan wakilai sune rhamnolipid da sophorolipid56.Rhamnolipids sun ƙunshi nau'ikan rhamnose guda biyu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mono- ko di-β-hydroxydecanoic acid 57.Yin amfani da rhamnolipids a cikin masana'antu na likita da magunguna an kafa su da kyau 58, ban da amfani da su na kwanan nan a matsayin magungunan kashe qwari 59.
Ma'amala na biosurfactant tare da yankin hydrophobic na siphon na numfashi yana ba da damar ruwa ya ratsa ta cikin rami na stomatal, ta haka yana kara yawan hulɗar tsutsa tare da yanayin ruwa.Kasancewar kwayoyin halitta kuma yana shafar trachea, wanda tsawonsa yana kusa da saman, wanda ke ba da sauƙi ga tsutsa don yin rarrafe sama da numfashi.A sakamakon haka, yanayin ruwa yana raguwa.Tun da tsutsa ba za su iya haɗawa da ruwa ba, sai su faɗo zuwa kasan tanki, suna rushe matsa lamba na hydrostatic, wanda ya haifar da kashe kudi mai yawa da kuma mutuwa ta hanyar nutsewa38,60.An samu irin wannan sakamakon ta Ghribi61, inda wani biosurfactant da Bacillus subtilis ya samar ya nuna ayyukan larvicidal akan Ephestia kuehniella.Hakazalika, aikin larvicidal na Cx.Das da Mukherjee23 kuma sun tantance tasirin lipopeptides na cyclic akan quinquefasciatus larvae.
Sakamakon wannan binciken ya shafi ayyukan larvicidal na rhamnolipid biosurfactants akan Cx.Kashe quinquefasciatus sauro ya yi daidai da sakamakon da aka buga a baya.Alal misali, ana amfani da abubuwan da ake amfani da su na biosurfactin da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban na Bacillus.da kuma Pseudomonas spp.Wasu rahotannin farko 64,65,66 sun ba da rahoton ayyukan kashe tsutsa na ƙwayoyin cuta na lipopeptide daga Bacillus subtilis23.Deepali et al.63 ya gano cewa rhamnolipid biosurfactant wanda aka keɓe daga Stenotropomonas maltophilia yana da aiki mai ƙarfi na larvicidal a maida hankali na 10 mg / L.Silva et al.67 ya ruwaito aikin larvicidal na rhamnolipid biosurfactant akan Ae a maida hankali na 1 g/L.Aedes a egypti.Kanakdande et al.68 ya ruwaito cewa lipopeptide biosurfactants samar da Bacillus subtilis ya haifar da mace-mace gabaɗaya a cikin Culex larvae da tururuwa tare da juzu'in lipophilic na Eucalyptus.Hakanan, Masendra et al.69 ya ruwaito ma'aikacin tururuwa (Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light.) Mutuwar 61.7% a cikin lipophilic n -hexane da EtOAc ɓangarorin E. mai cirewa.
Parthipan et al 70 sun ba da rahoton amfani da maganin kwari na lipopeptide biosurfactants wanda Bacillus subtilis A1 da Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 suka samar akan Anopheles Stephensi, wani vector na cutar zazzabin cizon sauro Plasmodium.Sun lura cewa tsutsa da kuma pupae sun rayu tsawon lokaci, suna da gajeriyar lokacin oviposition, ba su da haihuwa, kuma suna da gajeriyar tsawon rayuwa lokacin da aka bi da su tare da nau'o'in halittu daban-daban.Abubuwan da aka lura na LC50 na B. subtilis biosurfactant A1 sun kasance 3.58, 4.92, 5.37, 7.10 da 7.99 mg/L don jihohi daban-daban na tsutsa (watau tsutsa I, II, III, IV da mataki pupae) bi da bi.A kwatancen, biosurfactants na matakan tsutsa I-IV da matakan pupal na Pseudomonas stutzeri NA3 sun kasance 2.61, 3.68, 4.48, 5.55 da 6.99 mg/L, bi da bi.An yi tunanin jinkirin jinkirin larvae da kututturen rayuwa sakamakon manyan rikice-rikice na physiological da na rayuwa da ke haifar da maganin kwari71.
Wickerhamomyces anomalus iri CCMA 0358 yana samar da biosurfactant tare da aikin larvicidal 100% akan sauro Aedes.aegypti tazarar awa 24 38 ya fi girma fiye da rahoton Silva et al.A biosurfactant samu daga Pseudomonas aeruginosa ta yin amfani da sunflower man a matsayin carbon tushen da aka nuna ya kashe 100% na tsutsa a cikin 48 hours 67 .Abinaya et al.72 da Pradhan et al.73 kuma sun nuna sakamakon larvicidal ko kwari na surfactants da aka samar da dama daga cikin genus Bacillus.Binciken da aka buga a baya ta Senthil-Nathan et al.ya gano cewa kashi 100% na tsutsar sauro da aka fallasa a cikin lagos na iya mutuwa.74.
Yin la'akari da illolin kwari a kan ilimin halittun kwari yana da mahimmanci ga haɗaɗɗun shirye-shiryen sarrafa kwari saboda ƙananan allurai/matsuguni ba sa kashe kwari amma yana iya rage yawan kwari a cikin al'ummomi masu zuwa ta hanyar lalata halayen halittu10.Siqueira et al.Matsayin tsutsa na nau'in Aedes aegypti.Sun yi nazarin illolin lokaci zuwa mutuwa da ɗimbin yawa akan rayuwar tsutsa da ayyukan iyo.Bugu da ƙari, sun lura da raguwar saurin ninka bayan sa'o'i 24-48 na fallasa zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin biosurfactant (misali, 50 MG / ml da 100 mg / ml).Guba da ke da ƙwaƙƙwaran ayyuka masu banƙyama ana tsammanin sun fi tasiri wajen haifar da lahani da yawa ga kwari da aka fallasa76.
Binciken tarihi na sakamakon mu yana nuna cewa biosurfactants da Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ke samarwa yana canza canjin kyallen takarda na sauro (Cx. quinquefasciatus) da tsutsa (O. obesus).Makamantan matsalolin sun faru ta hanyar shirye-shiryen man basil a cikin An.gambiya.s da An.Arabica aka bayyana ta Ochola77.Kamaraj et al.78 kuma sun bayyana irin abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba a cikin An.An fallasa tsutsa ta Stephanie ga gwanayen nanoparticles.Vasantha-Srinivasan et al.79 kuma sun bayar da rahoton cewa makiyayi mai mahimmancin mai ya lalata ɗakin da epithelial yadudduka na Aedes albopictus.Aedes a egypti.Raghavendran et al ya ruwaito cewa an kula da tsutsa sauro tare da 500 mg / ml mycelial tsantsa na naman gwari na Penicillium na gida.Ae yana nuna mummunar lalacewar tarihi.aegypti da Cx.Yawan mace-mace 80. A baya, Abinaya et al.An yi nazarin larvae na taurari na huɗu na An.Stephensi da Ae.aegypti ya sami sauye-sauye na tarihi da yawa a cikin Aedes aegypti da aka yi da B. licheniformis exopolysaccharides, gami da cecum na ciki, atrophy na tsoka, lalacewa da rashin tsari na igiyar jijiya ganglia72.A cewar Raghavendran et al., Bayan jiyya tare da P. daleae mycelial tsantsa, ƙwayoyin midgut na sauro da aka gwada (4th instar larvae) sun nuna kumburi na lumen intestinal, raguwa a cikin abun ciki na intercellular, da kuma lalata nukiliya81.Hakanan an sami canje-canjen tarihin tarihi a cikin tsutsar sauro da aka bi da su tare da tsantsa leaf echinacea, wanda ke nuna yuwuwar ƙwayar kwari na mahaɗan da aka kula da su50.
Amfani da software na ECOSAR ya sami karɓuwa na duniya82.Bincike na yanzu yana nuna cewa mummunan guba na ECOSAR biosurfactants zuwa microalgae (C. vulgaris), kifi da ruwa fleas (D. magna) sun fada cikin nau'in "mai guba" da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ayyana83.Samfurin ecotoxicity na ECOSAR yana amfani da SAR da QSAR don yin tsinkaya mai tsanani da kuma na dogon lokaci guba na abubuwa kuma galibi ana amfani dashi don tsinkayar gubar gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin halitta82,84.
Paraformaldehyde, sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) da duk wasu sinadarai da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken an saya su daga HiMedia Laboratories, Indiya.
An gudanar da samar da Biosurfactant a cikin 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks dauke da 200 ml na bakararre Bushnell Haas matsakaici da aka kara da 1% danyen mai a matsayin kawai tushen carbon.An yi allurar riga-kafin Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 (1.4 × 104 CFU/ml) kuma an yi al'adar a kan girgizar orbital a 37 ° C, 200 rpm na kwanaki 7.Bayan lokacin shiryawa, an fitar da biosurfactant ta hanyar centrifuging matsakaicin al'ada a 3400 × g na 20 min a 4 ° C kuma an yi amfani da abin da ya haifar don dalilai na nunawa.Hanyoyin ingantawa da halayen biosurfactants an karɓi su daga bincikenmu na farko26.
Culex quinquefasciatus larvae an samo su ne daga Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba a cikin Biology na Marine (CAS), Palanchipetai, Tamil Nadu (Indiya).An yi kiwon tsutsa a cikin kwantena filastik cike da ruwa mai lalacewa a 27 ± 2 ° C da lokacin daukar hoto na 12:12 (haske: duhu).An ciyar da tsutsa sauro maganin glucose 10%.
An samu Culex quinquefasciatus larvae a cikin buɗaɗɗen tankunan buɗaɗɗe da marasa kariya.Yi amfani da daidaitattun jagororin rarrabuwa don ganowa da tsutsa al'adu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje85.An gudanar da gwajin larvicidal bisa ga shawarwarin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya 86.SH.An tattara larvae na huɗu na quinquefasciatus a cikin rufaffiyar bututu a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 25 ml da 50 ml tare da tazarar iska na kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙarfinsu.An saka Biosurfactant (0-50 mg/ml) a kowane bututu daban-daban kuma an adana shi a 25 ° C.An yi amfani da bututun sarrafawa kawai ruwa mai narkewa (50 ml).An yi la'akari da matattun tsutsa a matsayin wadanda ba su nuna alamun yin iyo a lokacin lokacin shiryawa (12-48 hours) 87 .Yi lissafin adadin mace-macen tsutsa ta amfani da ma'auni.(1)88.
Iyalin Odontotermidae sun haɗa da Odontotermes obesus na Indiya, wanda aka samo a cikin gungu na ruɓe a Cibiyar Aikin Noma (Jami'ar Annamalai, Indiya).Gwada wannan biosurfactant (0-50 mg/ml) ta amfani da hanyoyin yau da kullun don sanin ko yana da illa.Bayan bushewa a cikin laminar iska kwarara na 30 min, kowane tsiri na Whatman takarda an rufi da biosurfactant a maida hankali na 30, 40, ko 50 mg/ml.An gwada ɗigon takarda da aka rigaya da ba a rufe ba kuma an kwatanta su a tsakiyar abincin Petri.Kowace abincin petri ya ƙunshi kusan tururuwa masu aiki talatin O. obesus.An ba da izini da gwajin tururuwa takarda rigar a matsayin tushen abinci.Duk faranti an ajiye su a zafin daki a duk tsawon lokacin shiryawa.Tsakanin ya mutu bayan awanni 12, 24, 36 da 4889,90.An yi amfani da ma'auni na 1 don ƙididdige adadin yawan mace-mace a ma'auni daban-daban na biosurfactant.(2).
An ajiye samfurori a kan kankara kuma an tattara su a cikin microtubes dauke da 100 ml na 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) kuma an aika zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya ta Tsakiya (CAPL) na Cibiyar Rajiv Gandhi don Aquaculture (RGCA).Laboratory Histology, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai.Gundumar Tamil Nadu, Indiya don ƙarin bincike.An gyara samfurori nan da nan a cikin 4% paraformaldehyde a 37 ° C na 48 hours.
Bayan lokacin gyarawa, an wanke kayan sau uku tare da 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), a cikin mataki na gaba a cikin ethanol kuma an jika shi a cikin resin LEICA na kwanaki 7.Daga nan sai a sanya abun a cikin gyambon filastik da aka cika da resin da polymerizer, sannan a sanya shi a cikin tanda mai zafi zuwa 37 ° C har sai shingen da ke dauke da abu ya zama polymerized gaba daya.
Bayan polymerization, an yanke tubalan ta amfani da microtome LEICA RM2235 (Rankin Biomedical Corporation 10,399 Enterprise Dr. Davisburg, MI 48,350, Amurka) zuwa kauri na 3 mm.An haɗa sassan a kan nunin faifai, tare da ɓangarori shida a kowane zane.An bushe nunin faifan a cikin zafin jiki, sannan a shafa shi da hematoxylin na mintuna 7 kuma an wanke shi da ruwan gudu na minti 4.Bugu da kari, a shafa maganin eosin a fata na tsawon mintuna 5 sannan a wanke da ruwan gudu na minti 5.
An annabta mummunan guba ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin ruwa daga matakan wurare masu zafi daban-daban: 96-hour kifi LC50, 48-hour D. magna LC50, da 96-hour koren algae EC50.An tantance gubar rhamnolipid biosurfactants zuwa kifi da koren algae ta amfani da sigar software ta ECOSAR 2.2 don Windows wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta haɓaka.(Akwai kan layi a https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/ecological-struct-activity-relationships-ecosar-predictive-model).
Dukkan gwaje-gwaje na aikin larvicidal da antitermite an yi su sau uku.An yi amfani da juzu'i marasa daidaituwa (login masu canji na amsa kashi) na tsutsa da bayanan mace-mace don ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdiga na tsaka-tsaki (LC50) tare da tazarar amincewa 95%, kuma an samar da matakan mayar da martani ta amfani da Prism® (version 8.0, GraphPad Software) Inc., Amurka) 84, 91.
Binciken da aka yi a halin yanzu yana nuna yiwuwar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 suka samar a matsayin sauro larvicidal da antitermite, kuma wannan aikin zai taimaka wajen fahimtar hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na larvicidal da antitermite.Nazarin tarihi na larvae da aka bi da su tare da biosurfactants sun nuna lalacewar tsarin narkewa, midgut, cortex na cerebral da hyperplasia na ƙwayoyin epithelial na hanji.Sakamako: Toxicological kimantawa na antitermite da larvicidal aiki na rhamnolipid biosurfactant samar da Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 ya bayyana cewa wannan warewa ne m biopesticide ga kula da vector-haifa cututtuka na sauro (Cx quinquefasciatus) da termites (O. obesus).Akwai buƙatar fahimtar daɗaɗɗen gurɓataccen muhalli na biosurfactants da yuwuwar tasirin muhallinsu.Wannan binciken yana ba da tushen kimiyya don tantance haɗarin muhalli na biosurfactants.
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-09-2024