Mamayar Anopheles stephensi a Habasha na iya haifar da karuwar kamuwa da cutar maleriya a yankin. Saboda haka, fahimtar yanayin juriyar maganin kwari da tsarin yawan jama'ar Anopheles stephensi da aka gano kwanan nan a Fike, Habasha yana da matukar muhimmanci don jagorantar kula da ƙwayoyin cuta don dakatar da yaɗuwar wannan nau'in maleriya mai mamaye a cikin ƙasar. Bayan sa ido kan ƙwayoyin cuta na Anopheles stephensi a Fike, Yankin Somaliya, Habasha, mun tabbatar da kasancewar Anopheles stephensi a cikin Fike a matakan siffofi da kwayoyin halitta. Halayyar wuraren tsutsotsi da gwajin kamuwa da cutar maleriya ya nuna cewa A. fixini an fi samunsa a cikin kwantena na wucin gadi kuma yana da juriya ga yawancin magungunan kwari na manya da aka gwada (organophosphates, carbamates,pyrethroids) banda pirimiphos-methyl da PBO-pyrethroid. Duk da haka, matakan tsutsotsi marasa girma sun kasance masu saurin kamuwa da temephos. An gudanar da ƙarin nazarin kwayoyin halitta na kwatantawa tare da nau'in Anopheles stephensi na baya. Binciken yawan Anopheles stephensi a Habasha ta amfani da SNPs 1704 na biallelic ya nuna alaƙar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin yawan A. fixais da Anopheles stephensi a tsakiya da gabashin Habasha, musamman A. jiggas. Bincikenmu kan halayen juriya ga kwari da kuma yiwuwar yawan Anopheles fixini na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka dabarun magance wannan ƙwayar cutar malaria a yankunan Fike da Jigjiga don iyakance yaɗuwarta daga waɗannan yankuna biyu zuwa wasu sassan ƙasar da kuma faɗin nahiyar Afirka.
Fahimtar wuraren kiwon sauro da yanayin muhalli yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen haɓaka dabarun magance sauro kamar amfani da larvicides (temephos) da kuma kula da muhalli (kawar da wuraren tsutsotsi). Bugu da ƙari, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar kula da tsutsotsi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin dabarun sarrafa kai tsaye na Anopheles stephensi a cikin birane da yankunan birane a yankunan da ke fama da annoba. 15 Idan ba za a iya kawar da ko rage tushen tsutsotsi ba (misali ma'ajiyar ruwa ta gida ko ta birni), ana iya la'akari da amfani da tsutsotsi. Duk da haka, wannan hanyar sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta tana da tsada wajen magance manyan wuraren tsutsotsi. 19 Saboda haka, kai hari ga takamaiman wuraren da sauro ke da yawa wani hanya ce mai rahusa. 19 Saboda haka, tantance yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar Anopheles stephensi a Fik City ga tsutsotsi kamar temephos na iya taimakawa wajen sanar da yanke shawara lokacin da ake haɓaka hanyoyin magance cututtukan zazzaɓin cizon sauro masu yaɗuwa a Fik City.
Bugu da ƙari, nazarin kwayoyin halitta na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka ƙarin dabarun sarrafawa ga sabbin Anopheles stephensi da aka gano. Musamman, tantance bambancin kwayoyin halitta da tsarin yawan jama'a na Anopheles stephensi da kwatanta su da al'ummomin da ke akwai a yankin na iya ba da haske game da tarihin yawan jama'arsu, yanayin yaɗuwarsu, da kuma yawan jama'ar da za a iya samu daga tushensu.
Saboda haka, shekara guda bayan gano Anopheles stephensi na farko a garin Fike, yankin Somaliya, Habasha, mun gudanar da wani bincike na entomological don fara gano mazaunin tsutsotsin Anopheles stephensi da kuma tantance yadda suke ji game da magungunan kwari, gami da larvicide temephos. Bayan gano yanayin halittarsu, mun gudanar da binciken kwayoyin halitta kuma muka yi amfani da hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta don nazarin tarihin yawan jama'a da tsarin yawan jama'ar Anopheles stephensi a garin Fike. Mun kwatanta wannan tsarin yawan jama'a da mutanen Anopheles stephensi da aka gano a baya a gabashin Habasha don tantance girman mulkin mallaka a garin Fike. Mun ƙara tantance dangantakarsu ta kwayoyin halitta da waɗannan al'ummomin don gano yawan tushensu a yankin.
An gwada sinadarin synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) akan pyrethroids guda biyu (deltamethrin da permethrin) akan Anopheles stephensi. An yi gwajin synergistic ta hanyar fallasa sauro zuwa takardar PBO mai kashi 4% na tsawon mintuna 60. Daga nan aka mayar da sauro zuwa bututun da ke dauke da sinadarin pyrethroid da aka yi niyya na tsawon mintuna 60 kuma an tantance yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar bisa ga ka'idojin mace-mace na WHO da aka bayyana a sama24.
Domin samun ƙarin bayani game da yiwuwar tushen yawan jama'ar Fiq Anopheles stephensi, mun yi nazarin hanyar sadarwa ta amfani da haɗin bayanan SNP na biallelic daga jerin Fiq (n = 20) kuma Genbank ya cire jerin Anopheles stephensi daga wurare 10 daban-daban a gabashin Habasha (n = 183, Samake et al. 29). Mun yi amfani da EDENetworks41, wanda ke ba da damar nazarin hanyar sadarwa bisa ga matrices na nisa na kwayoyin halitta ba tare da zato na farko ba. Cibiyar sadarwa ta ƙunshi nodes da ke wakiltar al'ummomi da aka haɗa ta gefuna/haɗin da aka auna ta hanyar nisan kwayoyin Reynolds (D)42 bisa Fst, wanda ke ba da ƙarfin haɗin tsakanin nau'i-nau'i na al'ummomi41. Mafi kauri gefen/haɗin, haka dangantakar kwayoyin halitta ke ƙaruwa tsakanin al'ummomin biyu. Bugu da ƙari, girman nodes ɗin yana daidai da tarin haɗin gefen kowane al'umma. Saboda haka, girman nodes ɗin, mafi girman wurin haɗuwa na haɗin. An tantance mahimmancin ƙididdiga na nodes ta amfani da kwafi bootstrap 1000. Ana iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin da ke bayyana a cikin manyan jerin 5 da 1 na ƙimar tsakanin tsaka-tsaki (BC) (adadin gajerun hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar kumburin) a matsayin masu mahimmanci a kididdiga43.
Mun bayar da rahoton kasancewar An. stephensi a adadi mai yawa a lokacin damina (Mayu-Yuni 2022) a Fike, Yankin Somaliya, Habasha. Daga cikin sama da tsutsotsin Anopheles 3,500 da aka tattara, duk an kiwo su kuma an gano su a siffar Anopheles stephensi. Gano ƙwayoyin halitta na wani ɓangare na tsutsotsi da ƙarin nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta ya tabbatar da cewa samfurin da aka yi nazari a kai na Anopheles stephensi ne. Duk wuraren da tsutsotsin An. stephensi da aka gano wurare ne na kiwo na wucin gadi kamar tafkuna masu rufin filastik, tankunan ruwa da aka rufe da buɗewa, da ganga, wanda ya yi daidai da sauran wuraren da tsutsotsin An. stephensi da aka ruwaito a gabashin Habasha45. Gaskiyar cewa an tattara tsutsotsin wasu nau'ikan An. stephensi yana nuna cewa An. stephensi zai iya tsira daga lokacin rani a Fike15, wanda gabaɗaya ya bambanta da An. arabiensis, babban mai cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a Habasha46,47. Duk da haka, a Kenya, an sami tsutsotsi na Anopheles stephensi… a cikin kwantena na wucin gadi da kuma muhallin da ke cikin ruwa48, wanda ke nuna yiwuwar bambancin mazaunin waɗannan tsutsotsin Anopheles stephensi masu mamaye, wanda ke da tasiri ga sa ido kan wannan cuta mai yaɗuwa a Habasha da Afirka nan gaba.
Binciken ya gano yawan sauro masu yaɗa cutar malaria ta Anopheles a Fickii, wuraren da tsutsotsi ke zama, yanayin juriyar kwari ga manya da tsutsotsi, bambancin kwayoyin halitta, tsarin jama'a da kuma yawan masu yaɗuwa. Sakamakon bincikenmu ya nuna cewa yawan Anopheles fickii yana da saurin kamuwa da pirimiphos-methyl, PBO-pyrethrin da temetafos. B1 Don haka, ana iya amfani da waɗannan magungunan kwari yadda ya kamata a dabarun shawo kan wannan ƙwayar cuta ta malaria a yankin Fickii. Mun kuma gano cewa yawan Anopheles fik yana da alaƙa da kwayoyin halitta da manyan cibiyoyin Anopheles guda biyu a gabashin Habasha, wato Jig Jiga da Dire Dawa, kuma yana da alaƙa da Jig Jiga. Saboda haka, ƙarfafa ikon sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta a waɗannan yankuna na iya taimakawa wajen hana ƙarin mamaye sauro na Anopheles zuwa Fike da sauran yankuna. A ƙarshe, wannan binciken yana ba da cikakkiyar hanyar nazarin barkewar cutar Anopheles kwanan nan. Ana faɗaɗa ƙarfin stem borer na Stephenson zuwa sabbin yankuna na ƙasa don tantance girman yaɗuwarsa, tantance ingancin magungunan kwari, da kuma gano yawan masu yaɗuwa don hana ƙarin yaɗuwa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-19-2025