Maganin kwari na cikin gidaspraying (IRS) hanya ce mai mahimmanci don rage yaduwar cutar ta Trypanosoma cruzi, wanda ke haifar da cutar Chagas a yawancin Kudancin Amirka.Koyaya, nasarar IRS a yankin Grand Chaco, wanda ya shafi Bolivia, Argentina da Paraguay, ba zai iya yin hamayya da na sauran ƙasashen Kudancin Cone ba.
Wannan binciken ya kimanta ayyukan IRS na yau da kullun da kuma kula da ingancin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin al'ummar da ke fama da cutar a Chaco, Bolivia.
Sinadarin aikialpha-cypermethrin(ai) an kama shi akan takarda mai tacewa da aka saka akan bangon bangon mai fesa kuma auna a cikin shirye-shiryen tankin feshi ta amfani da ingantaccen Kit ɗin Insecticide Quantitative Kit (IQK™) wanda aka inganta don hanyoyin HPLC masu ƙididdigewa.An yi nazarin bayanai ta amfani da samfurin koma baya ga haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe mara kyau don bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin tattarawar kwari da aka yi amfani da shi don tace takarda da fesa tsayin bango, ɗaukar hoto (yankin fesa / lokacin fesa [m2 / min]), da lura / tsammanin fesa.rabon rabo.An kuma tantance bambance-bambance tsakanin masu ba da kiwon lafiya da bin masu gida tare da buƙatun da ba kowa a cikin gida na IRS.Matsakaicin adadin alpha-cypermethrin bayan haɗuwa a cikin tankunan feshi da aka shirya an ƙididdige su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje.
An lura da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙididdigar alpha-cypermethrin AI, tare da kawai 10.4% (50/480) na masu tacewa da 8.8% (5/57) na gidajen da ke cimma burin ƙaddamar da 50 mg ± 20% AI / m2.Abubuwan da aka nuna sun kasance masu zaman kansu daga yawan abubuwan da aka samo a cikin maganin feshi daban-daban.Bayan hadawa alpha-cypermethrin ai a cikin shirin da aka shirya na tankin fesa ya daidaita da sauri, wanda ya haifar da asarar alpha-cypermethrin ai a minti daya da asarar 49% bayan mintuna 15.Kashi 7.5% (6/80) na gidaje ne kawai aka yi wa magani bisa shawarar WHO ta ba da shawarar adadin feshi na 19 m2/min (± 10%), yayin da kashi 77.5% (62/80) na gidaje aka yi musu magani ƙasa da yadda ake tsammani.Matsakaicin ma'auni na kayan aikin da aka kawo zuwa gida bai da alaƙa da ɗaukar hoto da aka gani.Yarda da gida bai yi tasiri sosai game da feshi ba ko matsakaicin adadin cypermethrin da aka kawo zuwa gidaje.
Isar da mafi kyawun IRS na iya kasancewa saboda wani ɓangare na kayan aikin kashe qwari da buƙatar duba hanyoyin isar da magungunan kashe qwari, gami da horar da ƙungiyoyin IRS da ilimin jama'a don ƙarfafa yarda.IQK™ kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci na filin da ke haɓaka ingancin IRS kuma yana sauƙaƙe horar da masu ba da lafiya da yanke shawara ga manajoji a cikin sarrafa vector na Chagas.
Cutar Chagas tana haifar da kamuwa da cuta tare da parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (kinetoplastid: Trypanosomatidae), wanda ke haifar da cututtuka iri-iri a cikin mutane da sauran dabbobi.A cikin mutane, kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani yana faruwa makonni zuwa watanni bayan kamuwa da cuta kuma yana da zazzabi, rashin lafiya, da hepatosplenomegaly.An kiyasta 20-30% na cututtuka suna ci gaba zuwa nau'i na yau da kullum, mafi yawan cututtukan zuciya, wanda ke da lahani na tsarin tafiyarwa, arrhythmias na zuciya, rashin aiki na ventricular na hagu, da kuma rashin ciwon zuciya da kuma, ƙananan ƙwayar cuta.Waɗannan sharuɗɗan na iya dawwama shekaru da yawa kuma suna da wahala a bi da su [1].Babu maganin rigakafi.
An kiyasta nauyin duniya na cutar Chagas a cikin 2017 a cikin mutane miliyan 6.2, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar 7900 da kuma 232,000 nakasa-daidaita shekarun rayuwa (DALYs) na dukan shekaru [2,3,4].Ana yada Triatominus cruzi a ko'ina cikin Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amirka, kuma a cikin sassan kudancin Amirka ta Arewa, ta Triatominus cruzi (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), wanda ke lissafin 30,000 (77%) na adadin sababbin lokuta a Latin Amurka a 2010 [5].Sauran hanyoyin kamuwa da cuta a yankunan da ba su da yawa kamar Turai da Amurka sun haɗa da watsawar haihuwa da kuma ƙarin jini mai cutar.Misali, a cikin Spain, akwai kusan cututtukan 67,500 na kamuwa da cuta tsakanin baƙi na Latin Amurka [6], wanda ya haifar da farashin tsarin kiwon lafiya na shekara-shekara na dalar Amurka miliyan 9.3 [7].Tsakanin 2004 da 2007, 3.4% na mata baƙi na Latin Amurka masu juna biyu da aka bincika a wani asibitin Barcelona sun kasance masu cutarwa ga Trypanosoma cruzi [8].Don haka, ƙoƙarin sarrafa ƙwayar cuta a cikin ƙasashen da ke fama da cutar yana da mahimmanci don rage nauyin cutar a cikin ƙasashe marasa ƙwayoyin cuta na triatomine [9].Hanyoyin sarrafawa na yanzu sun haɗa da feshin cikin gida (IRS) don rage yawan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin gidaje da kewaye, duban mata masu ciki don ganowa da kawar da yaduwar haihuwa, nazarin jini da bankunan dashen gabobin jiki, da shirye-shiryen ilimi [5,10,11,12].
A cikin Kudancin Mazugi na Kudancin Amurka, babban ƙwayar cuta shine ƙwayar triatomine pathogenic.Wannan nau'i na farko yana da ban sha'awa kuma mai ban sha'awa kuma yana girma a cikin gidaje da wuraren kiwon dabbobi.A cikin gine-ginen da ba a gina su ba, tsagewar bango da rufin suna ɗauke da kwarorin triatomine, da kamuwa da cuta a cikin gidaje suna da muni musamman [13, 14].The Southern Cone Initiative (INCOSUR) yana haɓaka ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwar ƙasashen duniya don yaƙar cututtukan gida a Tri.Yi amfani da IRS don gano ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran takamaiman takamaiman rukunin yanar gizo [15, 16].Wannan ya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin kamuwa da cutar Chagas da kuma tabbacin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi cewa an kawar da kwayar cutar ta hanyar ƙwayar cuta a wasu ƙasashe (Uruguay, Chile, sassan Argentina da Brazil) [10, 15].
Duk da nasarar INCOSUR, vector Trypanosoma cruzi ya ci gaba da kasancewa a yankin Gran Chaco na Amurka, yanayin yanayin dazuzzukan busasshen yanayi na yanayi mai tsawon murabba'in kilomita miliyan 1.3 a kan iyakokin Bolivia, Argentina da Paraguay [10].Mazauna yankin suna cikin mafi yawan ƙungiyoyin da aka ware kuma suna rayuwa cikin matsanancin talauci tare da ƙarancin damar samun kulawar lafiya [17].Abubuwan da suka faru na kamuwa da cutar T. cruzi da watsa vector a cikin waɗannan al'ummomi suna cikin mafi girma a duniya [5,18,19,20] tare da 26-72% na gidajen da ke cike da trypanosomatids.infestans [13, 21] da 40-56% Tri.Kwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa suna cutar da Trypanosoma cruzi [22, 23].Yawancin (> 93%) na duk cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar Chagas a cikin yankin Kudancin Cone suna faruwa a Bolivia [5].
IRS a halin yanzu ita ce kawai hanyar da aka yarda da ita don rage triacine a cikin mutane.infestans wata dabara ce ta tarihi da aka tabbatar don rage nauyin cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa [24, 25].Rabon gidaje a ƙauyen Tri.infestans (ƙididdiga kamuwa da cuta) wata maɓalli ce mai nuna alama da hukumomin kiwon lafiya ke amfani da su don yanke shawara game da tura IRS kuma, mahimmanci, don tabbatar da jiyya ga yara masu kamuwa da cuta ba tare da haɗarin sake kamuwa da cuta ba [16,26,27,28,29].Tasirin IRS da dagewar watsawar vector a cikin yankin Chaco suna da tasiri da abubuwa da yawa: ƙarancin ingancin ginin gini [19, 21], aiwatar da ingantaccen IRS da hanyoyin sa ido na ɓarna [30], rashin tabbas na jama'a game da buƙatun IRS Ƙananan yarda. 31].infestans sun rage juriya da / ko hankali ga maganin kwari [22, 34].
Magungunan pyrethroid na roba ana amfani da su akai-akai a cikin IRS saboda cutarwarsu ga yawancin kwarorin triatomine.A ƙananan ƙididdiga, an yi amfani da magungunan kwari na pyrethroid a matsayin masu tayar da hankali don fitar da vectors daga bangon bango don dalilai na sa ido [35].Bincike kan kula da ingancin ayyukan IRS yana da iyakancewa, amma a wasu wurare an nuna cewa akwai manyan bambance-bambance a cikin yawan abubuwan da ake amfani da su na magungunan kashe qwari (AIs) da aka kawo a cikin gidaje, tare da matakan sau da yawa suna faɗuwa ƙasa da ingantacciyar manufa ta taro [33,36, 37,38].Ɗayan dalili na rashin ingantaccen bincike mai kula da inganci shine babban aikin chromatography na ruwa (HPLC), ma'auni na zinariya don auna yawan abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin magungunan kashe qwari, yana da wuyar gaske, tsada, kuma sau da yawa bai dace da yanayin da ake ciki a cikin al'umma ba.Ci gaban kwanan nan a cikin gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje yanzu suna ba da madadin kuma ingantattun hanyoyin da ba su da tsada don tantance isar da magungunan kashe qwari da ayyukan IRS [39, 40].
An tsara wannan binciken don auna canje-canje a cikin yawan magungunan kashe qwari yayin kamfen na yau da kullun na IRS da ke niyya Tri.Phytophthora infestans na dankali a cikin Chaco yankin, Bolivia.An auna yawan abubuwan da ake amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin nau'ikan da aka shirya a cikin tankunan feshi da a cikin samfuran takarda masu tacewa waɗanda aka tattara a ɗakunan feshi.An kuma tantance abubuwan da za su iya yin tasiri kan isar da magungunan kashe qwari zuwa gidaje.Don wannan karshen, mun yi amfani da sinadari mai launi mai launi don ƙididdige yawan adadin pyrethroids a cikin waɗannan samfurori.
An gudanar da binciken a Itanambicua, gundumar Camili, sashen Santa Cruz, Bolivia (20°1′5.94″ S; 63°30′41″ W) (Fig. 1).Wannan yanki wani yanki ne na yankin Gran Chaco na Amurka kuma yana da yanayin dazuzzukan busassun yanayi tare da yanayin zafi na 0-49 ° C da hazo na 500-1000 mm / shekara [41].Itanambicua ɗaya ce daga cikin al'ummomin Guaraní guda 19 a cikin birnin, inda kusan mazauna garin 1,200 ke zaune a cikin gidaje 220 da aka gina da farko daga bulo na hasken rana (adobe), shingen gargajiya da tabiques (wanda aka fi sani da tabique a gida), itace, ko gaurayawan waɗannan kayan.Sauran gine-gine da gine-ginen da ke kusa da gidan sun hada da rumbun dabbobi, dakunan ajiya, dakunan dafa abinci da bandakuna, wadanda aka gina su daga irin kayan.Tattalin arzikin cikin gida ya dogara ne kan noman noma, musamman masara da gyada, da kuma kananan kaji, alade, awaki, agwagi da kifi, tare da rarar kayan amfanin gida da ake sayarwa a garin Kamili na cikin gida (kimanin kilomita 12).Garin Kamili ya kuma samar da guraben ayyukan yi ga al'umma musamman a bangaren gine-gine da na cikin gida.
A cikin binciken da aka yi yanzu, yawan kamuwa da cutar T. cruzi tsakanin yara Itanambiqua (shekaru 2-15) ya kasance 20% [20].Wannan ya yi kama da yaduwar cutar a tsakanin yara da aka ba da rahoton a cikin maƙwabtan gundumar Guarani, wanda kuma ya ga karuwar yaduwa tare da shekaru, tare da yawancin mazauna sama da shekaru 30 suna kamuwa da cutar [19].Ana ɗaukar watsa kwayar cutar a matsayin babbar hanyar kamuwa da cuta a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin, tare da Tri shine babban ƙwayar cuta.Infestans sun mamaye gidaje da gine-gine [21, 22].
Sabuwar hukumar lafiya ta karamar hukumar da aka zaba ba ta iya ba da rahotanni kan ayyukan IRS a Itanambicua kafin wannan binciken, duk da haka rahotanni daga al'ummomin da ke kusa da su sun nuna a fili cewa ayyukan IRS a cikin gundumar sun kasance a lokaci guda tun 2000 da kuma feshin 20% na beta cypermethrin;An gudanar da shi ne a cikin 2003, sannan kuma a mai da hankali kan feshin gidajen da aka mamaye daga 2005 zuwa 2009 [22] da feshi na tsari daga 2009 zuwa 2011 [19].
A cikin wannan al'umma, ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya guda uku da suka horar da al'umma ne suka yi IRS ta amfani da tsarin dakatarwar alpha-cypermethrin na kashi 20% [SC] (Alphamost®, Hockley International Ltd., Manchester, UK).An tsara maganin kashe kwari tare da ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa na 50 MG ai / m2 bisa ga buƙatun Shirin Kula da Cututtuka na Chagas na Sashen Gudanarwa na Santa Cruz (Servicio Departamental de Salud-SEDES).An yi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ta hanyar amfani da mai fesa jakunkuna na Guarany® (Guarany Indústria e Comércio Ltda, Itu, São Paulo, Brazil) tare da ingantaccen ƙarfin 8.5 l (lambar tanki: 0441.20), sanye take da bututun fesa mai lebur da ƙima na ƙima. 757 ml / min, samar da rafi na kusurwar 80 ° a daidaitaccen ma'aunin silinda na 280 kPa.Masu aikin tsafta sun kuma hada gwangwanin iska da feshin gidaje.A baya ma’aikatan sun samu horo daga sashen kula da lafiya na birnin domin shiryawa da kai maganin kashe kwari, da kuma fesa maganin kashe kwari a bangon gidaje da ciki da wajen.Ana kuma shawarce su da su buƙaci mazauna gida su share duk wani abu, gami da kayan daki (ban da firam ɗin gado), aƙalla sa'o'i 24 kafin IRS ta ɗauki mataki don ba da damar cikakken shiga cikin gida don fesa.Ana auna yarda da wannan buƙatu kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa.Ana kuma shawarci mazauna wurin su jira har sai bangon fenti ya bushe kafin su sake shiga gida, kamar yadda aka ba da shawarar [42].
Don ƙididdige yawan adadin lambda-cypermethrin AI da aka kawo a cikin gidaje, masu binciken sun sanya takarda tace (Whatman No. 1; 55 mm diamita) akan bangon bangon gidaje 57 a gaban IRS.Duk gidajen da ke karɓar IRS a wancan lokacin sun haɗa da (gidaje 25/25 a cikin Nuwamba 2016 da gidajen 32/32 a cikin Janairu-Fabrairu 2017).Wadannan sun hada da gidajen adobe 52 da gidajen tabik 5.An sanya takardar tacewa guda takwas zuwa tara a kowane gida, an raba su zuwa tsayin bango uku (0.2, 1.2 da 2 m daga ƙasa), an zaɓi kowane bangon ukun a kan agogo, yana farawa daga babban ƙofar.Wannan ya ba da kwafi uku a kowane tsayin bango, kamar yadda aka ba da shawarar don sa ido kan isar da magungunan kashe qwari [43].Nan da nan bayan shafa maganin kwari, masu binciken sun tattara takardar tacewa suka bushe daga hasken rana kai tsaye.Da zarar ta bushe, an nannade takardar tace da madaidaicin tef don karewa da kuma riƙe maganin a saman rufin, sannan a nannade shi a cikin foil na aluminum kuma a adana shi a 7 ° C har sai an gwada.Daga cikin jimillar takardun tacewa 513 da aka tattara, an samu 480 daga cikin gidaje 57 don yin gwaji, watau 8-9 takardan tacewa kowane gida.Samfurin gwajin sun hada da takardun tacewa guda 437 daga gidajen adobe 52 da kuma takardun tacewa guda 43 daga gidajen tabik 5.Samfurin ya yi daidai da ƙayyadaddun nau'ikan gidaje a cikin al'umma (76.2% [138/181] adobe da 11.6% [21/181] tabika) da aka rubuta a cikin binciken gida-gida na wannan binciken.Tattaunawar takarda ta amfani da Kit ɗin Quantification na Insecticide (IQK™) da ingancinta ta amfani da HPLC an bayyana su a cikin Ƙarin Fayil 1. Maƙasudin ƙaddamar da magungunan kashe qwari shine 50 mg ai/m2, wanda ke ba da damar jure wa ± 20% (watau 40-60 mg ai). /m2).
An ƙididdige yawan adadin AI a cikin gwangwani 29 da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suka shirya.Mun yi samfurin tankuna 1-4 da aka shirya a kowace rana, tare da matsakaicin 1.5 (kewaye: 1-4) tankuna da aka shirya kowace rana akan tsawon kwanaki 18.Jerin samfurin ya biyo bayan tsarin samfurin da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suka yi amfani da su a watan Nuwamba 2016 da Janairu 2017. Ci gaba na yau da kullum daga;Janairu Fabrairu.Nan da nan bayan haɗuwa sosai na abun da ke ciki, an tattara 2 ml na bayani daga saman abubuwan da ke ciki.An gauraya samfurin 2 ml a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar jujjuyawa na mintuna 5 kafin a tattara samfuran 5.2 μL guda biyu kuma a gwada ta amfani da IQK™ kamar yadda aka bayyana (duba Ƙarin fayil 1).
An auna adadin adadin abubuwan da ke aiki na maganin kwari a cikin tankunan feshi guda huɗu musamman waɗanda aka zaɓa don wakiltar maƙasudin kayan aikin farko (sifili) a cikin sama, ƙasa, da jeri na manufa.Bayan haɗuwa na mintuna 15 a jere, cire samfuran 5.2 µL guda uku daga saman saman kowane samfurin vortex na 2 ml a tazarar minti 1.Maƙasudin bayani mai mahimmanci a cikin tanki shine 1.2 mg ai / ml ± 20% (watau 0.96-1.44 mg ai / ml), wanda yayi daidai da cimma burin ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa zuwa takarda mai tacewa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama.
Don fahimtar alakar da ke tsakanin ayyukan feshin magungunan kashe qwari da isar da magungunan kashe qwari, wani mai bincike (RG) ya raka ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya na gida biyu na gida a yayin aikin IRS na yau da kullun zuwa gidaje 87 (gidaje 57 da aka kwatanta a sama da 30 daga cikin gidaje 43 da aka fesa maganin kashe qwari).Maris 2016).An cire 13 daga cikin waɗannan gidaje 43 daga binciken: masu shi shida sun ƙi, kuma gidaje bakwai an yi musu magani kaɗan.An kididdige jimillar filin da za a fesa (square meters) a ciki da wajen gida daki-daki, kuma jimlar lokacin da ma’aikatan lafiya suka kashe wajen fesa (minti) an rubuta a asirce.Ana amfani da waɗannan bayanan shigarwa don ƙididdige ƙimar feshin, wanda aka ayyana azaman yanki mai fesa a minti daya (m2/min).Daga waɗannan bayanan, ana iya ƙididdige adadin abin da aka lura / tsammanin za a iya ƙididdige shi azaman ma'aunin dangi, tare da shawarar da ake sa ran fesa shine 19 m2 / min ± 10% don ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin fesa [44].Don rabon da aka lura / tsammanin, kewayon haƙuri shine 1 ± 10% (0.8-1.2).
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, gidaje 57 sun sanya takarda tace a bangon su.Don gwada ko kasancewar takardar tacewa ya shafi adadin feshin ma'aikatan tsafta, an kwatanta adadin feshi a cikin gidajen nan guda 57 da adadin feshi a cikin gidaje 30 da aka yi magani a watan Maris na 2016 ba tare da sanya takardar tacewa ba.An auna yawan magungunan kashe qwari ne kawai a cikin gidajen da aka sanye da takarda tace.
Mazauna gidaje 55 an rubuta su don biyan buƙatun tsaftace gida na IRS na baya, gami da gidaje 30 waɗanda aka fesa a cikin Maris 2016 da gidaje 25 waɗanda aka fesa a cikin Nuwamba 2016. 0 – 2 (0 = duk ko yawancin abubuwa sun kasance a cikin gidan; 1 = mafi yawan abubuwan da aka cire; 2 = gidan gaba daya.An yi nazarin tasirin yarda da mai shi akan ƙimar feshi da yawan ƙwayoyin kwari na moxa.
An ƙididdige ikon ƙididdiga don gano manyan ɓatanci daga abubuwan da ake tsammani na alpha-cypermethrin da ake amfani da su don tace takarda, da kuma gano bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin yawan ƙwayoyin kwari da ƙimar fesa tsakanin rukunin gidaje da aka haɗe.Ƙarfin ƙididdiga mafi ƙarancin (α = 0.05) an ƙididdige shi don mafi ƙarancin adadin gidajen da aka ƙididdige don kowane rukuni (watau ƙayyadadden girman samfurin) da aka ƙaddara a asali.A taƙaice, kwatanta ma'anar ma'anar magungunan kashe qwari a cikin samfuri ɗaya a cikin 17 zaɓaɓɓun kaddarorin (wanda aka ƙidaya a matsayin waɗanda ba su cika ba) yana da ikon 98.5% don gano karkacewar 20% daga ma'anar ma'anar 50 mg ai/m2, inda bambance-bambance (SD = 10) an ƙididdige shi bisa lura da aka buga a wani wuri [37, 38].Kwatanta yawan ƙwayoyin kwari a cikin gwangwani aerosol da aka zaɓa a gida don daidaitaccen tasiri (n = 21)> 90%.
Kwatanta samfuran biyu na ma'anar ma'anar magungunan kashe qwari a cikin n = 10 da n = gidaje 12 ko ma'anar fesa a cikin n = 12 da n = gidaje 23 sun ba da ikon ƙididdiga na 66.2% da 86.2% don ganowa.Adadin da ake tsammani don bambancin 20% shine 50 mg ai/m2 da 19 m2/min, bi da bi.A ra'ayin mazan jiya, an ɗauka cewa za a sami manyan bambance-bambance a cikin kowace ƙungiya don ƙimar feshi (SD = 3.5) da kuma ƙwayar kwari (SD = 10).Ƙarfin ƙididdiga ya kasance> 90% don kwatankwacin kwatankwacin adadin feshi tsakanin gidaje tare da takarda tace (n = 57) da gidaje ba tare da takardar tacewa ba (n = 30).An yi duk lissafin wutar lantarki ta amfani da shirin SAMPSI a cikin software na STATA v15.0 [45]).
Takaddun tacewa da aka tattara daga gidan an bincika su ta hanyar dacewa da bayanan zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan an bincika su ne (tsarin MENBREG a cikin STATA v.15.0) tare da wurin ganuwar a cikin gidan (matakai uku) azaman sakamako bazuwar.Beta radiation maida hankali.-cypermethrin io Model An yi amfani da su don gwada canje-canje masu alaƙa da tsayin bangon nebulizer (matakai uku), ƙimar nebulization (m2 / min), kwanan watan shigar da IRS, da matsayin mai ba da lafiya (matakai biyu).An yi amfani da samfurin layi na gabaɗaya (GLM) don gwada alaƙa tsakanin matsakaicin maida hankali na alpha-cypermethrin akan takarda tace da aka kawo ga kowane gida da kuma maida hankali a cikin madaidaicin bayani a cikin tankin fesa.Sedimentation na pesticide maida hankali a cikin SPRAY tanki bayani a kan lokaci da aka yi nazari a cikin irin wannan hanya ta hada da farkon darajar (lokaci zero) a matsayin model biya diyya, gwada da hulda da tanki ID × lokaci (kwanaki).Ana gano mahimman bayanan x ta amfani da daidaitaccen ƙa'idar iyakar Tukey, inda x
An tabbatar da daidaiton ƙimar sinadarai na ai IQK ™ na ƙididdigar alpha-cypermethrin ta hanyar kwatanta ƙimar samfuran samfuran tacewa guda 27 daga gidajen kiwon kaji guda uku waɗanda IQK ™ da HPLC suka gwada, kuma sakamakon ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi ( r = 0.93; p <0.001) (Fig. 2).
Daidaita adadin alpha-cypermethrin a cikin samfuran takarda masu tacewa da aka tattara daga gidajen kiwon kaji bayan IRS, wanda HPLC da IQK™ suka ƙididdige su (n = 27 takaddun tacewa daga gidajen kiwon kaji uku)
An gwada IQK™ akan takaddun tacewa 480 da aka tattara daga gidajen kiwon kaji 57.A kan takarda tace, abun ciki na alpha-cypermethrin ya fito daga 0.19 zuwa 105.0 mg ai/m2 (tsakiyar 17.6, IQR: 11.06-29.78).Daga cikin waɗannan, kawai 10.4% (50/480) sun kasance a cikin kewayon ƙaddamarwa na 40-60 mg ai / m2 (Fig. 3).Yawancin samfurori (84.0% (403/480)) suna da 60 mg ai/m2.Bambanci a cikin ƙididdiga na tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin gida don 8-9 gwajin gwaji da aka tattara a kowane gida shine tsari na girma, tare da ma'anar 19.6 mg ai / m2 (IQR: 11.76-28.32, kewayon: 0. 60-67.45).Kashi 8.8% (5/57) na rukunin yanar gizon sun sami yawan adadin magungunan kashe qwari;89.5% (51 / 57) sun kasance a ƙasa da iyakacin iyaka, kuma 1.8% (1 / 57) sun kasance sama da iyakokin iyaka (Fig. 4).
Rarraba yawan adadin alpha-cypermethrin akan abubuwan tacewa da aka tattara daga gidajen da IRS ke kula da ita (n = gidaje 57).Layin tsaye yana wakiltar kewayon taro na cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai/m2).
Matsakaicin maida hankali na beta-cypermethrin av akan takaddun tacewa 8-9 kowane gida, waɗanda aka tattara daga gidajen da aka sarrafa IRS (n = gidaje 57).Layin kwance yana wakiltar kewayon taro na alpha-cypermethrin ai (50 mg ± 20% ai/m2).Kuskuren sanduna suna wakiltar ƙananan ƙima da babba na ƙimar tsaka-tsaki.
Matsakaicin matsakaicin da aka kawo zuwa tacewa tare da tsayin bango na 0.2, 1.2 da 2.0 m sune 17.7 mg ai/m2 (IQR: 10.70-34.26), 17.3 mg a .i./m2 (IQR: 11.43-26.91) da 17.6 mg ai .bi da bi (IQR: 10.85–31.37) (an nuna a Ƙarin fayil 2).Sarrafa don kwanan watan IRS, samfurin tasirin tasirin gauraye ya bayyana babu wani babban bambanci a cikin maida hankali tsakanin tsayin bango (z <1.83, p> 0.067) ko manyan canje-canje ta ranar fesa (z = 1.84 p = 0.070).Matsakaicin matsakaicin da aka bayar ga gidajen adobe 5 bai bambanta da matsakaicin matsakaicin da aka bayar ga gidajen adobe 52 (z = 0.13; p = 0.89).
Yawan AI a cikin gwangwani Guarany® aerosol 29 da aka shirya da kansa kafin aikace-aikacen IRS ya bambanta da 12.1, daga 0.16 MG AI/ml zuwa 1.9 MG AI/ml kowace iya (Hoto 5).Kawai 6.9% (2/29) na gwangwani na aerosol sun ƙunshi ƙididdigar AI a cikin kewayon adadin da aka yi niyya na 0.96-1.44 mg AI / ml, da 3.5% (1/29) na gwangwani aerosol sun ƙunshi ƙididdigar AI> 1.44 MG AI/ml..
Matsakaicin adadin alpha-cypermethrin ai an auna su a cikin hanyoyin feshi guda 29.Layin kwance yana wakiltar ƙaddamarwar AI da aka ba da shawarar don gwangwani aerosol (0.96-1.44 mg / ml) don cimma maƙasudin ƙaddamarwar AI na 40-60 mg / m2 a cikin gidan kaji.
Daga cikin gwangwani 29 da aka bincika, 21 sun yi daidai da gidaje 21.Matsakaicin tsaka-tsaki na ai isar da gidan ba a haɗa shi da maida hankali a cikin tankunan feshin mutum ɗaya da aka yi amfani da su don kula da gidan ba (z = -0.94, p = 0.345), wanda aka nuna a cikin ƙarancin daidaituwa (rSp2 = -0.02) ( Hoto .6).).
Daidaita tsakanin beta-cypermethrin AI maida hankali akan takaddun tacewa 8-9 waɗanda aka tattara daga gidajen da IRS ke kula da su da kuma maida hankali kan AI a cikin shirye-shiryen fesa na gida da ake amfani da su don kula da kowane gida (n = 21)
Ƙaddamar da AI a cikin hanyoyin da aka samo asali na masu sprayers hudu da aka tattara nan da nan bayan girgiza (lokaci 0) ya bambanta da 3.3 (0.68-2.22 mg AI / ml) (Fig. 7).Ga tanki ɗaya dabi'u suna cikin kewayon manufa, ga tanki ɗaya ƙimar suna sama da abin da ake nufi, ga sauran tankuna biyu ƙimar suna ƙasa da manufa;Matsakaicin magungunan kashe qwari sannan ya ragu sosai a cikin duk wuraren tafki guda huɗu yayin samfurin biyo bayan 15-min na gaba (b = -0.018 zuwa -0.084; z> 5.58; p <0.001).Idan aka yi la'akari da ƙimar farko na tanki ɗaya, lokacin hulɗar Tank ID x Time (mintuna) ba shi da mahimmanci (z = -1.52; p = 0.127).A cikin tafkuna huɗu, matsakaicin asarar MG ai / ml kwari shine 3.3% a minti daya (95% CL 5.25, 1.71), ya kai 49.0% (95% CL 25.69, 78.68) bayan mintuna 15 (Fig. 7).
Bayan da aka haɗu da mafita sosai a cikin tankuna, an auna yawan hazo na alpha-cypermethrin ai.a cikin tankuna guda huɗu a cikin tazara na minti 1 na mintuna 15.Ana nuna layin da ke wakiltar mafi dacewa ga bayanai don kowane tafki.Abubuwan lura (maki) suna wakiltar tsaka-tsaki na ƙananan samfura uku.
Matsakaicin yanki na bango a kowane gida don yuwuwar jiyya na IRS shine 128 m2 (IQR: 99.0-210.0, kewayon: 49.1-480.0) kuma matsakaicin lokacin da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ke kashewa shine mintuna 12 (IQR: 8. 2-17.5, kewayon: 1.5) – 36.6).) an fesa kowane gida (n = 87).Rufin fesa da aka lura a cikin waɗannan gidajen kaji ya kasance daga 3.0 zuwa 72.7 m2 / min (tsakiyar: 11.1; IQR: 7.90-18.00) (Hoto 8).An cire masu fita waje kuma an kwatanta adadin feshi da WHO ta ba da shawarar adadin feshi na 19 m2/min ± 10% (17.1-20.9 m2/min).7.5% (6/80) na gidaje ne kawai ke cikin wannan kewayon;77.5% (62/80) sun kasance a cikin ƙananan kewayon kuma 15.0% (12/80) sun kasance a cikin kewayon babba.Ba a sami dangantaka tsakanin matsakaicin maida hankali na AI da aka kai wa gidaje da kuma lura da ɗaukar hoto (z = -1.59, p = 0.111, n = gidajen 52).
Adadin feshin da aka lura (min/m2) a cikin gidajen kiwon kaji da aka yi wa IRS (n = 87).Layin tunani yana wakiltar kewayon jurewar ƙimar feshi da ake tsammanin na 19 m2/min (± 10%) shawarar da ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin tankin feshi.
Kashi 80% na gidaje 80 suna da rabon ɗaukar hoto da aka gani a waje da 1 ± 10% na haƙuri, tare da 71.3% (57/80) na gidaje sun kasance ƙasa, 11.3% (9/80) sun fi girma, kuma gidaje 16 sun faɗi cikin ƙasa. kewayon haƙuri a cikin kewayon.Rarraba mitar ƙimar rabon gani/tsammatan ana nunawa a Ƙarin fayil 3.
An sami babban bambanci a cikin ma'anar nebulization tsakanin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya guda biyu waɗanda ke yin IRS akai-akai: 9.7 m2 / min (IQR: 6.58-14.85, n = 68) da 15.5 m2 / min (IQR: 13.07-21.17, n = 12). ).(z = 2.45, p = 0.014, n = 80) (kamar yadda aka nuna a Ƙarin Fayil na 4A) da kuma lura / tsammanin rabo na fesa (z = 2.58, p = 0.010) (kamar yadda aka nuna a Ƙarin Fayil na 4B Show) .
Ban da yanayin da ba a saba ba, ma’aikacin lafiya daya ne kawai ya fesa gidaje 54 inda aka sanya takarda tace.Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaici a cikin waɗannan gidaje shine 9.23 m2/min (IQR: 6.57-13.80) idan aka kwatanta da 15.4 m2/min (IQR: 10.40 – 18.67) a cikin gidajen 26 ba tare da takardar tacewa ba (z = -2.38, p = 0.017).).
Yarda da gida tare da buƙatun barin gidajensu don isar da IRS ya bambanta: 30.9% (17/55) ba su bar gidajensu wani yanki ba kuma 27.3% (15/55) ba su bar gidajensu gaba ɗaya ba;sun lalata gidajensu.
Matakan feshin da aka lura a cikin gidajen da ba su da komai (17.5 m2/min, IQR: 11.00 – 22.50) sun kasance gabaɗaya sama da na gidajen da ba su da komai (14.8 m2/min, IQR: 10.29 – 18 .00) da gidajen da ba kowa (11.7 m2) )./min, IQR: 7.86-15.36), amma bambancin bai kasance mai mahimmanci ba (z> -1.58; p> 0.114, n = 48) (wanda aka nuna a Ƙarin fayil 5A).An sami irin wannan sakamako yayin la'akari da canje-canjen da ke da alaƙa da kasancewar ko rashin takarda mai tacewa, wanda ba a samo shi a matsayin mahimmanci mai mahimmanci a cikin samfurin ba.
A cikin rukunoni ukun, cikakken lokacin da ake buƙata don fesa gidaje bai bambanta tsakanin gidaje ba (z <-1.90, p> 0.057), yayin da tsaka-tsakin yanki ya bambanta: gidajen da ba komai (104 m2 [IQR: 60.0-169, 0) m2) ]) ƙididdiga ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da gidajen da ba su da komai (224 m2 [IQR: 174.0-284.0 m2]) da gidaje marasa gida (132 m2 [IQR: 108.0-384.0 m2]) (z> 2 .17; p Don ƙananan ƙananan gidaje (n = 25) tare da duka yarda da bayanan AI na pesticide, babu bambance-bambance a cikin ma'anar AI da aka kawo zuwa gidaje tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan yarda (z <0.93, p> 0.351) , kamar yadda aka ƙayyade a Ƙarin Fayil. 5B.An sami irin wannan sakamakon lokacin sarrafawa don kasancewar / rashin takardar tacewa da kuma lura da ɗaukar hoto (n = 22).
Wannan binciken yana kimanta ayyuka da hanyoyin IRS a cikin al'ummar karkara a cikin yankin Gran Chaco na Bolivia, yanki mai dogon tarihin watsawar vector [20].Matsakaicin alpha-cypermethrin ai da ake gudanarwa yayin IRS na yau da kullun ya bambanta da yawa tsakanin gidaje, tsakanin masu tacewa guda ɗaya a cikin gidan, da kuma tsakanin tankunan feshi guda ɗaya waɗanda aka shirya don cimma daidaitaccen taro na 50 mg ai/m2.8.8% kawai na gidaje (10.4% na masu tacewa) suna da ƙima a cikin kewayon 40-60 mg ai/m2, tare da mafi rinjaye (89.5% da 84% bi da bi) suna da ƙima a ƙasa da ƙananan ƙayyadaddun izini.
Ɗayan yuwuwar dalilin isar da alpha-cypermethrin a cikin gida shine rashin daidaitaccen dilution na magungunan kashe qwari da rashin daidaiton matakan dakatarwa da aka shirya a cikin tankunan feshi [38, 46].A cikin binciken da aka yi a yanzu, lura da masu binciken na ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya sun tabbatar da cewa sun bi tsarin girke-girke na maganin kashe kwari kuma SEDES sun horar da su don ƙarfafa maganin da karfi bayan shafewa a cikin tanki na feshi.Duk da haka, nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin tafki ya nuna cewa maida hankali na AI ya bambanta ta hanyar 12, tare da kawai 6.9% (2/29) na maganin tafki na gwaji yana cikin kewayon manufa;Don ƙarin bincike, an ƙididdige mafita a saman tankin mai fesa a cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje.Wannan yana nuna raguwar layin layi a cikin alpha-cypermethrin ai na 3.3% a cikin minti daya bayan haɗawa da asarar tarin ai na 49% bayan mintuna 15 (95% CL 25.7, 78.7).Matsakaicin yawan ƙwayar cuta saboda haɗuwa da dakatarwar magungunan kashe qwari da aka kafa akan dilution na foda mai laushi (WP) ba sabon abu ba ne (misali, DDT [37, 47]), kuma binciken na yanzu ya kara nuna wannan don tsarin SA pyrethroid.Ana amfani da abubuwan dakatarwa sosai a cikin IRS kuma, kamar duk shirye-shiryen kwari, kwanciyar hankalin jikinsu ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa, musamman girman ɓangarorin abun da ke aiki da sauran kayan abinci.Har ila yau, ƙaƙƙarfan ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi don shirya slurry zai iya shafar lalatawar, al'amarin da ke da wuyar sarrafawa a filin.Misali, a cikin wannan wurin binciken, samun ruwa yana iyakance ga kogunan gida waɗanda ke nuna bambance-bambancen yanayi na yanayi da kuma dakatarwar barbashi na ƙasa.Hanyoyi don lura da kwanciyar hankali na zahiri na abubuwan SA suna ƙarƙashin bincike [48].Koyaya, an yi nasarar amfani da magungunan da ke cikin ƙasa don rage cututtukan gida a Tri.kwayoyin cuta na pathogenic a wasu sassa na Latin Amurka [49].
Hakanan an ba da rahoton rashin isassun magungunan kashe kwari a wasu shirye-shiryen sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta.Misali, a cikin shirin sarrafa leishmaniasis na visceral a Indiya, kawai kashi 29% na ƙungiyoyin masu feshi 51 ne suka sanya ido a kan shirye-shiryen da aka shirya da kuma gauraya hanyoyin DDT, kuma babu wanda ya cika tankunan feshi kamar yadda aka ba da shawarar [50].Kididdigar ƙauyuka a Bangladesh ya nuna irin wannan yanayin: kawai 42-43% na ƙungiyoyin sashin IRS sun shirya maganin kwari da cika gwangwani kamar yadda aka saba, yayin da a cikin yanki ɗaya adadin ya kasance kawai 7.7% [46].
Canje-canjen da aka lura a cikin tattarawar AI da aka kawo cikin gida shima ba na musamman bane.A Indiya, kawai 7.3% (41 na 560) na gidajen da aka kula da su sun sami maƙasudin maida hankali na DDT, tare da bambance-bambance a ciki da tsakanin gidaje suna da girma daidai da [37].A Nepal, takarda mai tacewa ta shafe matsakaicin 1.74 MG ai / m2 (kewaye: 0.0-17.5 mg / m2), wanda shine kawai 7% na ƙaddamar da manufa (25 mg ai / m2) [38].Binciken HPLC na takarda tace ya nuna babban bambance-bambance a cikin deltamethrin ai maida hankali akan bangon gidaje a Chaco, Paraguay: daga 12.8-51.2 mg ai / m2 zuwa 4.6-61.0 mg ai / m2 akan rufin [33].A cikin Tupiza, Bolivia, Shirin Kula da Chagas ya ba da rahoton isar da deltamethrin zuwa gidaje biyar a adadin 0.0-59.6 mg/m2, wanda HPLC ta ƙididdige shi [36].
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-16-2024