Amfani dapermethrin(pyrethroid) wani abu ne mai mahimmanci wajen magance kwari a cikin dabbobi, kaji da kuma birane a duk duniya, mai yiwuwa saboda ƙarancin guba ga dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma tasiri mai yawa akan kwari 13 . Permethrin shine nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'imaganin kashe kwariwanda ya tabbatar da tasiri akan nau'ikan kwari iri-iri, gami da kwari na gida. Magungunan kwari na Pyrethroid suna aiki akan sunadaran tashar sodium mai ƙarfin lantarki, suna rushe ayyukan yau da kullun na tashoshi na pore, haifar da maimaita harbe-harbe, gurgunta, da kuma mutuwar jijiyoyi a cikin hulɗa da kwari. Yin amfani da permethrin akai-akai a cikin shirye-shiryen kula da kwari ya haifar da juriya mai yawa a cikin kwari iri-iri, 16,17,18,19, gami da houseflies20,21. Ƙara yawan magana na enzymes detoxification na rayuwa irin su glutathione transferases ko cytochrome P450, da kuma rashin jin daɗin wurin da aka yi niyya an gano su ne manyan hanyoyin da ke haifar da juriya na permethrin22.
Idan wani nau'i ya haifar da farashin daidaitawa ta hanyar haɓaka juriya na kwari, wannan zai iyakance haɓakar juriya yayin da muka ƙara matsa lamba ta hanyar dakatar da amfani da wasu magungunan kwari na ɗan lokaci ko musanya madadin maganin kwari. Ƙwararrun masu juriya za su dawo da hankalinsu. Ba ya nuna juriyar giciye27,28. Sabili da haka, don samun nasarar sarrafa kwari da juriya na kwari, yana da mahimmanci don ƙarin fahimtar juriya na kwari, juriya, da bayyana halayen ƙwayoyin cuta na kwari masu juriya. A baya an ba da rahoton juriya da juriya ga permethrin a cikin kudaje gida a Punjab, Pakistan7,29. Duk da haka, bayanai game da daidaitawar dabi'un halittu na kwari na gida sun rasa. Manufar wannan binciken shine don bincika halayen ilimin halitta da kuma nazarin tebur na rayuwa don sanin ko bambance-bambance a cikin dacewa ya kasance tsakanin nau'ikan juriya na permethrin da nau'ikan masu saurin kamuwa da cuta. Wadannan bayanan zasu taimaka wajen kara fahimtar tasirin juriya na permethrin a cikin filin da kuma bunkasa tsare-tsaren gudanarwa na juriya.
Canje-canje a cikin dacewa da halayen halittu na mutum ɗaya a cikin yawan jama'a na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana gudummawar jinsinsu da hasashen makomar yawan jama'a. Kwari suna fuskantar damuwa da yawa yayin ayyukansu na yau da kullun a cikin muhalli. Bayyanar da sinadarin agrochemicals yana haifar da damuwa, kuma kwari suna amfani da makamashi mai yawa don canza tsarin kwayoyin halitta, ilimin halittar jiki, da kuma dabi'u don amsa wadannan sinadarai, wani lokaci yana haifar da juriya ta hanyar haifar da maye gurbi a wuraren da ake nufi ko samar da abubuwa masu lalata. Enzyme 26. Irin waɗannan ayyuka suna da tsada sau da yawa kuma suna iya yin tasiri ga iyawar kwari masu juriya27. Koyaya, rashin ƙimar dacewa a cikin kwari masu jurewa kwari na iya zama saboda rashin mummunan tasirin pleiotropic mai alaƙa da juriya alleles42. Idan babu daya daga cikin kwayoyin halittar juriya da ke da wani mummunan tasiri a kan ilimin halittar dan adam mai juriya, juriyar kwari ba zai yi tsada ba, kuma kwarin da ke juriya ba zai nuna adadin abubuwan da suka faru na halitta fiye da nau'in mai saukin kamuwa ba. Daga mummunan ra'ayi 24. Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyin hanawa na detoxification enzymes43 da / ko kasancewar gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta44 a cikin kwari masu tsayayya da kwari na iya inganta lafiyar su.
Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa nau'in Permethrin-resistant Perm-R da Perm-F suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwa kafin girma, tsawon rayuwa, ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin oviposition, da 'yan kwanaki kafin oviposition idan aka kwatanta da permethrin-sensitive strain Perm-S da kwai mai tsayi. yawan aiki da mafi girman rayuwa. Waɗannan dabi'un sun haifar da haɓaka tasha, na asali, da ƙimar haifuwa da gajeriyar lokacin tsarawa don nau'ikan Perm-R da Perm-F idan aka kwatanta da nau'in Perm-S. Farkon abin da ya faru na kololuwa da vxj don nau'ikan Perm-R da Perm-F suna nuna cewa yawan waɗannan nau'ikan za su yi girma da sauri fiye da nau'in Perm-S. Idan aka kwatanta da nau'in Perm-S, Perm-F da Perm-R sun nuna ƙananan matakan juriya na permethrin, bi da bi29,30. Canje-canjen da aka lura a cikin sigogin nazarin halittu na nau'ikan juriya na permethrin suna nuna cewa juriya na permethrin ba shi da tsada sosai kuma yana iya zama ba ya nan a cikin rabon albarkatun ilimin lissafi don shawo kan juriya na kwari da aiwatar da ayyukan nazarin halittu. Amincewa 24.
An tantance ma'auni na nazarin halittu ko farashin dacewa na nau'ikan nau'ikan kwari masu jure wa kwari a cikin bincike daban-daban, amma tare da sakamako masu karo da juna. Misali, Abbas et al. 45 yayi nazarin tasirin zaɓin dakin gwaje-gwaje na maganin kwari na imidacloprid akan halayen halittu na kwari na gida. Juriya na Imidacloprid yana sanya farashin daidaitawa akan nau'ikan mutum ɗaya, yana haifar da mummunan tasiri akan haifuwar gida, rayuwa a matakan haɓaka daban-daban, lokacin haɓakawa, lokacin tsarawa, yuwuwar ilimin halitta da ƙimar girma na ciki. An ba da rahoton bambance-bambance a farashin dacewa na kudaje gida saboda juriya ga maganin kwari na pyrethroid da rashin kamuwa da maganin kwari46. Zaɓin dakin gwaje-gwaje na ƙwayoyin cuta na gida tare da spinosad kuma yana ƙaddamar da ƙimar dacewa akan kewayon abubuwan da suka faru na halitta idan aka kwatanta da masu hankali ko waɗanda ba a zaɓa ba27. Basit et al24 ya ruwaito cewa zaɓin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) tare da acetamiprid ya haifar da rage farashin motsa jiki. Matsalolin da aka bincika don acetamiprid sun nuna ƙimar haifuwa mafi girma, ƙimar shiga ciki, da yuwuwar ilimin halitta fiye da nau'ikan da ke da saurin kamuwa da dakin gwaje-gwaje da nau'ikan filin da ba a gwada su ba. Kwanan nan, Valmorbida et al. 47 ya ruwaito cewa Matsumura aphid mai jurewa pyrethroid yana ba da ingantaccen aikin haifuwa da rage farashin dacewa ga abubuwan da suka faru na ƙwayoyin cuta.
Haɓakawa a cikin halayen ilimin halitta na nau'ikan juriya na permethrin yana ɗaukar nauyi don nasarar kula da kuda mai dorewa. Wasu halaye na nazarin halittu na kudaje gida, idan an lura da su a fagen, na iya haifar da haɓaka juriya na permethrin a cikin mutanen da aka yi musu magani sosai. Ƙwayoyin juriya na Permethrin ba su da juriya ga propoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad da spinosad-ethyl29,30. A wannan yanayin, jujjuya magungunan kwari tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi don jinkirta ci gaban juriya da sarrafa barkewar gardama na gida. Ko da yake bayanan da aka gabatar a nan sun dogara ne akan bayanan dakin gwaje-gwaje, haɓakar halayen ilimin halitta na nau'in juriya na permethrin yana da damuwa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman lokacin sarrafa kwari a cikin filin. Ana buƙatar ƙarin fahimtar rarraba wuraren juriya na permethrin don rage jinkirin ci gaban juriya da kuma kula da tasirinsa na tsawon lokaci.
Lokacin aikawa: Oktoba-25-2024