Amfani dapermethrin(pyrethroid) muhimmin sashi ne a fannin maganin kwari a cikin dabbobi, kaji da muhallin birane a duk duniya, wataƙila saboda ƙarancin guba ga dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma ingantaccen tasiri ga kwari 13. Permethrin wani nau'in magani ne mai faɗi.maganin kwariwanda ya tabbatar da inganci a kan nau'ikan kwari iri-iri, ciki har da kwari na gida. Magungunan kwari na Pyrethroid suna aiki akan sunadaran tashar sodium mai ƙarfin lantarki, suna kawo cikas ga aikin yau da kullun na tashoshin ramuka, suna haifar da sake harbi, gurgunta, da kuma mutuwar jijiyoyi yayin hulɗa da kwari. Amfani da permethrin akai-akai a cikin shirye-shiryen magance kwari ya haifar da juriya mai yawa ga nau'ikan kwari iri-iri,16,17,18,19, gami da kwari na gida20,21. An gano cewa karuwar bayyanar enzymes na metabolism na detoxification kamar glutathione transferases ko cytochrome P450, da kuma rashin jin daɗin wurin da aka nufa sune manyan hanyoyin da ke haifar da juriyar permethrin22.
Idan wani nau'in ya jawo farashin daidaitawa ta hanyar haɓaka juriya ga kwari, wannan zai iyakance haɓakar alleles masu juriya lokacin da muka ƙara matsin lamba na zaɓi ta hanyar dakatar da amfani da wasu magungunan kwari na ɗan lokaci ko maye gurbin wasu magungunan kwari. Ƙwayoyin da ke juriya za su sake samun ƙarfinsu. Ba ya nuna juriya ga giciye27,28. Saboda haka, don samun nasarar sarrafa kwari da juriya ga kwari, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci juriya ga kwari, juriya ga giciye, da kuma bayyanar halayen halittu na kwari masu juriya. An riga an ruwaito juriya da juriya ga permethrin a cikin kwari na gida a Punjab, Pakistan7,29. Duk da haka, ba a sami bayanai kan daidaitawar halayen halittu na kwari na gida ba. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce bincika halayen halittu da kuma nazarin teburin rayuwa don tantance ko akwai bambance-bambance a cikin lafiyar jiki tsakanin nau'ikan da ke juriya ga permethrin da nau'ikan da ke saurin kamuwa da su. Waɗannan bayanai za su taimaka wajen ƙara fahimtar tasirin juriya ga permethrin a fagen da kuma haɓaka tsare-tsaren sarrafa juriya.
Canje-canje a cikin dacewar halayen halittu daban-daban a cikin al'umma na iya taimakawa wajen bayyana gudummawarsu ta kwayoyin halitta da kuma hasashen makomar al'umma. Kwari suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa a yayin ayyukansu na yau da kullun a cikin muhalli. Fuskantar sinadarai masu amfani da sinadarai na noma abin damuwa ne, kuma kwari suna amfani da kuzari mai yawa don canza hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta, na jiki, da halaye don mayar da martani ga waɗannan sinadarai, wani lokacin suna haifar da juriya ta hanyar haifar da maye gurbi a wuraren da aka nufa ko samar da abubuwan da ke lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Enzyme 26. Irin waɗannan ayyuka galibi suna da tsada kuma suna iya shafar yuwuwar kwari masu juriya27. Duk da haka, rashin kuɗin motsa jiki a cikin kwari masu juriya ga kwari na iya zama saboda rashin mummunan tasirin pleiotropic da ke da alaƙa da alleles masu juriya42. Idan babu ɗayan kwayoyin halittar juriya da ke da mummunan tasiri akan ilimin halittar kwari masu juriya, juriyar kwari ba za ta yi tsada ba, kuma kwari masu juriya ba za su nuna yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin halittu ba fiye da nau'in da ke saurin kamuwa da cuta. Daga mummunan son zuciya 24. Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyin hana enzymes na tsarkakewa43 da/ko kasancewar kwayoyin halitta masu jure wa kwari44 na iya inganta lafiyarsu.
Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa nau'ikan Perm-R da Perm-F masu jure wa permethrin suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwa kafin girma, tsawon rai, gajeriyar lokaci kafin oviposition, da kuma 'yan kwanaki kaɗan kafin oviposition idan aka kwatanta da nau'in Perm-S mai saurin kamuwa da permethrin da ƙwai mai tsayi. yawan aiki da kuma ƙimar rayuwa mafi girma. Waɗannan ƙimar sun haifar da ƙaruwar ƙimar haihuwa, ta ciki, da ta yanar gizo da kuma gajeriyar lokacin haihuwa ga nau'ikan Perm-R da Perm-F idan aka kwatanta da nau'in Perm-S. Farkon bayyanar manyan kololuwa da vxj ga nau'ikan Perm-R da Perm-F yana nuna cewa yawan waɗannan nau'ikan zai yi girma da sauri fiye da nau'in Perm-S. Idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan Perm-S, nau'ikan Perm-F da Perm-R sun nuna ƙarancin matakan juriya na permethrin, bi da bi29,30. Daidawa da aka lura a cikin sigogin halittu na nau'ikan permethrin masu jure wa permethrin sun nuna cewa juriyar permethrin ba ta da araha kuma tana iya kasancewa a cikin rarraba albarkatun ilimin halittar jiki don shawo kan juriyar kwari da kuma gudanar da ayyukan halittu. Yarjejeniya 24.
An tantance sigogin halittu ko farashin motsa jiki na nau'ikan kwari masu jure wa kwari daban-daban a cikin bincike daban-daban, amma tare da sakamako masu karo da juna. Misali, Abbas et al. 45 sun yi nazarin tasirin zaɓin dakin gwaje-gwaje na imidacloprid na maganin kwari akan halayen halittu na kwari na gida. Juriyar Imidacloprid tana sanya farashin daidaitawa ga nau'ikan daban-daban, wanda ke shafar haihuwa ta kwari na gida, rayuwa a matakai daban-daban na ci gaba, lokacin haɓakawa, lokacin samarwa, yuwuwar halittu da ƙimar girma na ciki. An ruwaito bambance-bambance a cikin farashin motsa jiki na kwari na gida saboda juriya ga kwari na pyrethroid da rashin fallasa ga kwari46. Zaɓin ƙwayoyin cuta na gida na gida tare da spinosad kuma yana sanya farashin motsa jiki akan abubuwan da suka faru na halittu daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan da ba a zaɓa ba27. Basit et al24 sun ba da rahoton cewa zaɓin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) tare da acetamiprid ya haifar da raguwar farashin motsa jiki. Nau'ikan da aka bincika don acetamiprid sun nuna ƙimar haihuwa mafi girma, ƙimar shiga cikin gida, da yuwuwar halittu fiye da nau'ikan da ke saurin kamuwa da dakin gwaje-gwaje da nau'ikan filayen da ba a gwada ba. Kwanan nan, Valmorbida et al. 47 sun ba da rahoton cewa aphid ɗin Matsumura mai jure wa pyrethroid yana ba da ingantaccen aikin haihuwa da rage farashin motsa jiki ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta.
Inganta halayen halittu na nau'ikan kwari masu jure wa permethrin yana da ban mamaki ga nasarar kula da kwari masu dorewa. Wasu halaye na halittu na kwari na gida, idan aka lura da su a fagen, na iya haifar da ci gaban juriyar permethrin a cikin mutanen da aka yi wa magani mai yawa. Kwayoyin da ke jure wa Permethrin ba su jure wa propoxur, imidacloprid, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, spinosad da spinosad-ethyl29,30 ba. A wannan yanayin, magungunan kwari masu juyawa tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na aiki na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi don jinkirta ci gaban juriya da kuma sarrafa barkewar kwari na gida. Kodayake bayanan da aka gabatar a nan sun dogara ne akan bayanan dakin gwaje-gwaje, inganta halayen halittu na nau'ikan kwari masu jure wa permethrin yana da matukar damuwa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa ta musamman lokacin sarrafa kwari a fagen. Ana buƙatar ƙarin fahimtar rarraba yankunan da ke jure wa permethrin don rage ci gaban juriya da kuma kiyaye ingancinsa na tsawon lokaci.
Lokacin Saƙo: Oktoba-25-2024