Lokacin da ICI ta ƙaddamar da paraquat a kasuwa a shekarar 1962, ba za a taɓa tunanin cewa paraquat za ta fuskanci irin wannan mummunan makoma mai ƙarfi a nan gaba ba. Wannan kyakkyawan maganin ciyawa mai faɗi wanda ba a zaɓa ba an jera shi a cikin jerin magungunan kashe kwari na biyu mafi girma a duniya. Ragewar ta kasance abin kunya a da, amma tare da ci gaba da hauhawar farashin Shuangcao a wannan shekarar kuma ana iya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, yana fama da ƙalubale a kasuwar duniya, amma paraquat mai araha yana kawo farkon bege.
Kyakkyawan maganin herbicide wanda ba a zaɓa ba
Paraquat maganin kashe kwari ne na bipyridine. Maganin kashe kwari wani maganin kashe kwari ne da ICI ta ƙirƙiro a shekarun 1950. Yana da faffadan nau'in kashe kwari, tasirin hulɗa da sauri, juriya ga zaizayar ruwa, da kuma rashin zaɓi. Da sauran kyawawan halaye.
Ana iya amfani da Paraquat don magance ciyayi kafin shuka ko bayan fitowar su a gonakin inabi, masara, rake, waken soya da sauran amfanin gona. Ana iya amfani da shi azaman abin gogewa a lokacin girbi da kuma azaman abin gogewa.
Paraquat yana kashe membrane na chloroplast na ciyayi ta hanyar taɓa sassan kore na ciyayi, yana shafar samuwar chlorophyll a cikin ciyayi, wanda hakan ke shafar photosynthesis na ciyayi, kuma a ƙarshe yana dakatar da girman ciyayi cikin sauri. Paraquat yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi akan kyallen kore na shuke-shuken monocot da dicot. Gabaɗaya, ciyayi na iya canza launi cikin awanni 2 zuwa 3 bayan an shafa su.
Yanayin da yanayin fitar da paraquat
Saboda gubar paraquat ga jikin ɗan adam da kuma yuwuwar cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam ke haifarwa a lokacin da ake amfani da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ƙasashe sama da 30 sun haramta paraquat, ciki har da Tarayyar Turai, China, Thailand, Switzerland da Brazil.
A cewar bayanai da 360 Research Reports ta fitar, tallace-tallacen paraquat a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya ragu zuwa kimanin dala miliyan 100 na Amurka. A cewar rahoton Syngenta game da paraquat da aka fitar a shekarar 2021, Syngenta a halin yanzu tana sayar da paraquat a kasashe 28. Akwai kamfanoni 377 a duniya da suka yi rijistar ingantaccen tsarin paraquat. Syngenta ta kai kusan ɗaya daga cikin tallace-tallacen paraquat a duniya. Kwata ɗaya.
A shekarar 2018, China ta fitar da tan 64,000 na paraquat da tan 56,000 a shekarar 2019. Manyan wuraren da ake fitar da paraquat na China a shekarar 2019 sune Brazil, Indonesia, Najeriya, Amurka, Mexico, Thailand, Australia, da sauransu.
Duk da cewa an haramta amfani da paraquat a manyan ƙasashe masu noman amfanin gona kamar Tarayyar Turai, Brazil, da China, kuma yawan fitar da kayayyaki ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, a ƙarƙashin yanayi na musamman cewa farashin glyphosate da glufosinate-ammonium ya ci gaba da hauhawa a wannan shekarar kuma ana iya ci gaba da hauhawa, Paraquat, wani nau'in da ke kusan zama cikin mawuyacin hali, zai haifar da sabon kuzari.
Farashin Shuangcao mai yawa yana haɓaka buƙatar paraquat a duniya
A da, lokacin da farashin glyphosate yake yuan 26,000 a kowace tan, paraquat yana yuan 13,000 a kowace tan. Farashin glyphosate na yanzu har yanzu yana yuan 80,000 a kowace tan, kuma farashin glufosinate ya wuce yuan 350,000. A da, mafi girman buƙatar paraquat a duniya shine kimanin tan 260,000 (bisa ga kashi 42% na ainihin samfurin), wanda shine kimanin tan 80,000. Kasuwar China tana da kimanin tan 15,000, Brazil tana da tan 10,000, Thailand tana da tan 10,000, da Indonesia, Amurka, da Thailand. Najeriya, Indiya da sauran ƙasashe.
Tare da haramta magungunan gargajiya kamar China, Brazil, da Thailand, a ka'ida, an 'yantar da sama da tan 30,000 na sararin kasuwa. Duk da haka, a wannan shekarar, tare da karuwar farashin "Shuangcao" da Diquat cikin sauri, da kuma kasuwar da ba ta da matuki a Amurka Tare da 'yancin amfani da na'urori, buƙatar a kasuwar Amurka ko Arewacin Amurka ta karu da kusan kashi 20%, wanda ya ƙarfafa buƙatar paraquat kuma ya tallafa wa farashinsa zuwa wani mataki. A halin yanzu, rabon farashi/aiki na paraquat ya fi gasa idan ya kasance ƙasa da ƙarfin 40,000.
Bugu da ƙari, masu karatu a Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya gabaɗaya sun ba da rahoton cewa a yankuna kamar Vietnam, Malaysia, da Brazil, ciyayi suna girma cikin sauri a lokacin damina, kuma paraquat yana da kyakkyawan juriya ga zaizayar ruwan sama. Farashin sauran magungunan kashe kwari masu amfani da sinadarai sun tashi da yawa. Manoma a waɗannan yankuna har yanzu suna da buƙata mai tsauri. Abokan ciniki na gida sun ce yuwuwar samun paraquat daga hanyoyin launin toka kamar cinikin kan iyaka yana ƙaruwa.
Bugu da ƙari, kayan da aka samar da paraquat, pyridine, na masana'antar sinadarai na kwal da ke ƙasa. Farashin da ake samu a yanzu yana da daidaito sosai a yuan 28,000/ton, wanda hakan ya nuna ƙaruwa sosai idan aka kwatanta da ƙarancin yuan 21,000/ton da aka samu a baya, amma a wancan lokacin yuan 21,000/ton ya riga ya yi ƙasa da layin farashin yuan 2.4 dubu goma/ton. Saboda haka, kodayake farashin pyridine ya tashi, har yanzu yana kan farashi mai ma'ana, wanda zai ƙara amfanar da ƙaruwar buƙatar paraquat a duniya. Ana kuma sa ran yawancin masana'antun paraquat na cikin gida za su amfana da shi.
Ƙarfin manyan kamfanonin samar da paraquat
A wannan shekarar, fitar da ƙarfin samar da paraquat (da kashi 100%) yana da iyaka, kuma China ita ce babbar mai samar da paraquat. An fahimci cewa kamfanonin cikin gida kamar Red Sun, Jiangsu Nuoen, Shandong Luba, Hebei Baofeng, Hebei Lingang, da Syngenta Nantong suna samar da paraquat. A da, lokacin da paraquat ya fi kyau, Shandong Dacheng, Sanonda, Lvfeng, Yongnong, Qiaochang, da Xianlong suna cikin masu kera paraquat. An fahimci cewa waɗannan kamfanonin ba sa sake samar da paraquat.
Kamfanin Red Sun yana da masana'antu uku da za su samar da paraquat. Daga cikinsu, Kamfanin Nanjing Red Sun Biochemical Co., Ltd. yana da karfin samar da tan 8,000-10,000. Yana cikin Nanjing Chemical Industrial Park. A bara, kashi 42% na kayayyakin da ake samarwa suna fitar da tan 2,500-3,000 a kowane wata. A wannan shekarar, ya dakatar da samarwa gaba daya. . Kamfanin Anhui Guoxing yana da karfin samar da tan 20,000. Kamfanin Shandong Kexin yana da karfin samar da tan 2,000. An fitar da karfin samar da Red Sun a kashi 70%.
Jiangsu Nuoen tana da ƙarfin samar da tan 12,000 na paraquat, kuma ainihin samarwa shine tan 10,000, wanda ke fitar da kusan kashi 80% na ƙarfin samarwa; Shandong Luba tana da ƙarfin samar da tan 10,000 na paraquat, kuma ainihin samarwa shine tan 7,000, wanda ke fitar da kusan kashi 70% na ƙarfin samarwa; Hebei Baofeng tana da ƙarfin samar da paraquat shine tan 5,000; Hebei Lingang tana da ƙarfin samar da tan 5,000 na paraquat, kuma ainihin samarwa shine tan 3,500; Syngenta Nantong tana da ƙarfin samar da tan 10,000 na paraquat, kuma ainihin samarwa shine tan 5,000.
Bugu da ƙari, Syngenta tana da wurin samar da tan 9,000 a masana'antar Huddersfield da ke Burtaniya da kuma wani wurin samar da tan 1,000 a Brazil. An fahimci cewa wannan shekarar annobar ta shafi wani yanayi na raguwar yawan samar da kayayyaki, wanda ya rage yawan samarwa da kashi 50% a lokaci guda.
taƙaitaccen bayani
Paraquat har yanzu yana da fa'idodi da ba za a iya maye gurbinsu ba a ƙasashe da yawa a duniya. Bugu da ƙari, farashin glyphosate da glufosinate a yanzu a matsayin masu fafatawa yana kan babban matsayi kuma wadatar tana da ƙarfi, wanda ke ba da tunani mai yawa game da ƙaruwar buƙatar paraquat.
Za a gudanar da gasar Olympics ta lokacin hunturu ta Beijing a watan Fabrairu na shekara mai zuwa. Tun daga watan Janairun 2022, manyan masana'antu da yawa a arewacin China suna fuskantar barazanar dakatar da samarwa na tsawon kwanaki 45. A halin yanzu, akwai yiwuwar hakan, amma har yanzu akwai wani matakin rashin tabbas. Dakatar da samarwa zai kara ta'azzara tashin hankali tsakanin wadata da bukatar glyphosate da sauran kayayyaki. Ana sa ran samar da paraquat da tallace-tallace za su yi amfani da wannan damar don samun ci gaba.
Lokacin Saƙo: Nuwamba-24-2021