Tun bayan gano shi a Djibouti a shekarar 2012, sauro na Asiya Anopheles stephensi ya bazu ko'ina cikin yankin Afirka. Wannan kwayar cuta mai yaduwa ta ci gaba da yaduwa a fadin nahiyar, tana haifar da babbar barazana ga shirye-shiryen shawo kan cutar maleriya. Hanyoyin shawo kan cutar, ciki har da gidajen sauro da aka yi wa magani da maganin kwari da kuma feshi a cikin gida, sun rage yawan zazzabin maleriya sosai. Duk da haka, karuwar yaduwar sauro masu jure wa kwari, ciki har da yawan Anopheles stephensi, yana kawo cikas ga kokarin kawar da maleriya. Fahimtar tsarin jama'a, kwararar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin al'umma, da kuma rarraba sauye-sauyen juriyar kwari yana da matukar muhimmanci don jagorantar dabarun shawo kan maleriya masu inganci.
Inganta fahimtarmu game da yadda An. stephensi ya kafa a cikin HOA yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen hasashen yiwuwar yaɗuwarsa zuwa sabbin yankuna. An yi amfani da ilimin halittar jama'a sosai don nazarin nau'ikan vector don samun fahimta game da tsarin yawan jama'a, zaɓin da ake ci gaba da yi, da kwararar kwayoyin halitta18,19. Ga An. stephensi, nazarin tsarin yawan jama'a da tsarin kwayoyin halitta na iya taimakawa wajen fayyace hanyar mamaye ta da duk wani juyin halitta mai daidaitawa wanda wataƙila ya faru tun bayan fitowar ta. Baya ga kwararar kwayoyin halitta, zaɓi yana da mahimmanci musamman saboda yana iya gano ƙwayoyin cuta da ke da alaƙa da juriyar kwari kuma yana ba da haske kan yadda waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ke yaɗuwa ta cikin yawan jama'a20.
Zuwa yanzu, gwajin alamun juriyar kwari da kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin nau'in da ke mamaye Anopheles stephensi ya takaita ne ga wasu kwayoyin halitta da ake da su. Ba a fahimci cikakken fahimtar bayyanar nau'in a Afirka ba, amma wata hasashe ita ce mutane ko dabbobi ne suka gabatar da shi. Wasu ka'idoji sun haɗa da ƙaura mai nisa ta hanyar iska. An tattara wuraren keɓewa na Habasha da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken a Awash Sebat Kilo, wani gari da ke da nisan kilomita 200 gabas da Addis Ababa kuma a kan babban hanyar sufuri daga Addis Ababa zuwa Djibouti. Awash Sebat Kilo yanki ne da ke da yawan yaduwar cutar malaria kuma yana da yawan jama'a na Anopheles stephensi, wanda aka ruwaito yana da juriya ga magungunan kwari, wanda hakan ya sanya shi wuri mai mahimmanci don nazarin kwayoyin halittar yawan jama'a na Anopheles stephensi8.
An gano maye gurbin kdr L1014F mai juriya ga kwari a cikin al'ummar Habasha kuma ba a gano shi a cikin samfuran filin Indiya ba. Wannan maye gurbin kdr yana ba da juriya ga pyrethroids da DDT kuma an gano shi a baya a cikin al'ummar An. stephensi da aka tattara a Indiya a cikin 2016 da Afghanistan a cikin 2018.31,32 Duk da shaidar yaduwar juriyar pyrethroid a cikin biranen biyu, ba a gano maye gurbin kdr L1014F a cikin al'ummar Mangalore da Bangalore da aka yi nazari a nan ba. Ƙananan kaso na kebewar Habasha da ke ɗauke da wannan SNP waɗanda suka kasance heterozygous yana nuna cewa maye gurbin ya taso kwanan nan a cikin wannan al'umma. Wannan ya samu goyon bayan wani bincike da aka yi a Awash wanda bai sami wata shaida ta maye gurbin kdr a cikin samfuran da aka tattara a shekarar da ta gabata kafin waɗanda aka yi nazari a nan ba.18 Mun gano wannan maye gurbin kdr L1014F a ƙaramin mita a cikin jerin samfuran daga yanki/shekara ɗaya ta amfani da hanyar gano amplicon.28 Ganin juriyar phenotypic a wuraren ɗaukar samfur, ƙarancin mitar allele na wannan alamar juriya yana nuna cewa hanyoyin da ba su da gyaran wurin da aka nufa ba ne ke da alhakin wannan yanayin da aka lura.
Iyakancewar wannan binciken shine rashin bayanai game da martanin kwari. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike da suka haɗa jerin kwayoyin halitta gaba ɗaya (WGS) ko jerin amplicon da aka yi niyya tare da gwaje-gwajen ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin kamuwa da cuta don bincika tasirin waɗannan maye gurbi akan martanin kwari. Ya kamata a yi amfani da waɗannan sabbin SNPs marasa ma'ana waɗanda za su iya alaƙa da juriya don gwaje-gwajen ƙwayoyin cuta masu ƙarfi don tallafawa sa ido da sauƙaƙe aikin aiki don fahimtar da tabbatar da hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan juriya.
A taƙaice, wannan binciken ya ba da zurfin fahimtar kwayoyin halittar sauro na Anopheles a faɗin nahiyoyi. Amfani da cikakken nazarin jerin kwayoyin halitta (WGS) ga manyan rukuni na samfura a yankuna daban-daban zai zama mabuɗin fahimtar kwararar kwayoyin halitta da gano alamun juriyar kwari. Wannan ilimin zai ba hukumomin lafiyar jama'a damar yin zaɓi mai kyau a fannin sa ido kan ƙwayoyin cuta da amfani da maganin kwari.
Mun yi amfani da hanyoyi guda biyu don gano bambancin lambar kwafi a cikin wannan bayanan. Da farko, mun yi amfani da hanyar da ta dogara da ɗaukar hoto wadda ta mayar da hankali kan gano tarin kwayoyin halittar CYP a cikin kwayar halittar (Tebur na Ƙarin S5). An daidaita ɗaukar samfurin a wuraren tattarawa kuma an raba shi zuwa ƙungiyoyi huɗu: Habasha, filayen Indiya, yankunan Indiya, da yankunan Pakistan. An daidaita ɗaukar hoto ga kowane rukuni ta amfani da smoothing na kernel sannan aka zana shi bisa ga zurfin ɗaukar hoto na wannan rukunin.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuni-23-2025