An gudanar da jerin gwaje-gwajen gwajin gwaji na bukka a birnin Khowe dake kudancin Benin, domin tantance tasirin sabbin gidajen sauro da aka gwada a fili a kan cututtukan zazzabin cizon sauro da ke jure wa pyrethrin. An cire tarunan da suka kai filin daga gidaje bayan watanni 12, 24 da 36. An yi nazarin sassan yanar gizo da aka yanke daga duka ITNs don haɗakar sinadarai kuma an gudanar da nazarin halittu masu lahani yayin kowace gwaji don tantance canje-canjen juriyar kwari a cikin yawan mutanen Khowe.
Interceptor® G2 ya fi sauran ITNs, yana mai tabbatar da fifikon gidan yanar gizon pyrethroid da chlorfenapyr fiye da sauran nau'ikan gidan yanar gizo. Daga cikin sabbin samfuran, duk ITNs na gaba-gaba sun nuna ingantaccen bioefficacy fiye da Interceptor®; duk da haka, an rage girman wannan haɓakawa bayan tsufa na filin saboda ɗan gajeren lokaci na mahadi marasa pyrethroid. Waɗannan sakamakon suna nuna buƙatu don haɓaka dagewar ƙwayoyin cuta na ITNs na gaba.
Maganin kwari- gidajen sauro da aka yi wa magani (ITNs) sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage radadin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro da mace-mace a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Tun daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa yanzu an raba sama da biliyan 3 na ITN a duk duniya , kuma binciken da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 68 cikin 100 na masu kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara an kawar da su tsakanin shekarar 2000 zuwa 2015 . Abin baƙin cikin shine, juriya na yawan zazzabin cizon sauro zuwa pyrethroids (daidaitaccen nau'in maganin kwari da ake amfani da shi a cikin ITNs) ya ƙaru sosai, yana barazanar tasirin wannan muhimmin sa hannu. A sa'i daya kuma, an samu raguwar ci gaban yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro a duniya, inda kasashe da dama ke fama da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro tun daga shekarar 2015. Wadannan dabi'un sun haifar da haɓaka sabon ƙarni na sabbin samfuran ITN da nufin magance barazanar juriya na pyrethroid da taimakawa rage wannan nauyi da cimma burin duniya masu kishi.
A halin yanzu akwai sabbin ITNs uku a kasuwa, kowannensu yana haɗa pyrethroid tare da wani maganin kwari ko synergist wanda zai iya shawo kan juriya na pyrethroid a cikin cututtukan zazzabin cizon sauro. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da bazuwar gungu (RCTs) don tantance tasirin cututtukan cututtukan da ke tattare da waɗannan gidajen yanar gizon idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun gidajen yanar gizo na pyrethroid kawai da kuma samar da hujjojin da suka dace don tallafawa shawarwarin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO). Tarun gado da ke haɗe pyrethroids tare da piperonyl butoxide (PBO), mai haɗin gwiwa wanda ke haɓaka tasirin pyrethroids ta hanyar hana sauro detoxification enzymes, sune farkon wanda WHO ta ba da shawarar bayan samfuran biyu (Olyset® Plus da PermaNet® 3.0) sun nuna ingantaccen tasirin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan fata idan aka kwatanta da pyrethroid na Tanzaniya. da Uganda. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bayanai don sanin ƙimar lafiyar jama'a na gidan gado na pyrethroid-PBO a yammacin Afirka, inda tsananin juriya na pyrethroid zai iya rage amfanin su idan aka kwatanta da gidan gado na pyrethroid kawai.
Ana ƙididdige dagewar ƙwayoyin cuta na ITNs ta hanyar tattara gidajen sauro lokaci-lokaci daga al'ummomi da gwada su a cikin nazarin halittun gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da nau'ikan sauro da suka haifar da kwari. Duk da yake waɗannan ƙididdiga suna da amfani don siffanta yanayin rayuwa da ingancin ƙwayoyin kwari a saman gadon gado a tsawon lokaci, suna ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da tasirin kwatancen nau'ikan gadon gado na gaba don hanyoyin da nau'ikan sauro da aka yi amfani da su dole ne a daidaita su zuwa yanayin aikin maganin kwari da suka ƙunshi. Gwajin bukka na gwaji wata hanya ce ta madadin da za a iya amfani da ita don kwatanta tasirin tarun da aka yi wa maganin kwari a cikin nazarin dorewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ke kwaikwayi mu'amalar halitta tsakanin ma'aikatan sauro da gidajen sauro yayin amfani. Lallai, binciken kwatancen kwanan nan ta yin amfani da masu maye gurbi don bayanan cututtukan cututtuka sun nuna cewa mace-macen sauro da adadin ciyarwa da aka auna a cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ana iya amfani da su don hasashen tasirin ITN akan kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro da yawa a cikin gungu RCTs. Don haka, gwaje-gwajen gwaji na tushen bukkar da ke tattare da ƙwayoyin lymph da aka tara masu maganin kwari a cikin gungun RCTs na iya samar da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da kwatancen bioefficacy da dagewar kwari na ƙwayoyin lymph da aka yi wa maganin kwari akan tsawon rayuwarsu da ake tsammanin, da kuma taimakawa wajen fassara sakamakon annoba na waɗannan karatun.
Gwajin bukka na gwaji daidaitaccen mazaunin ɗan adam ne wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar don kimanta tasirin gidan sauro da aka yi wa maganin kwari. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen sun kwaikwayi yanayin bayyanar duniyar da majinin sauro ke fuskanta yayin hulɗa da gidajen gadon gidan don haka hanya ce mai dacewa don tantance tasirin ilimin halittu na gidan gadon da aka yi amfani da shi akan rayuwar sabis ɗin da ake tsammani.
Wannan binciken ya kimanta tasirin ilimin halitta na nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan sauro na zamani (PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® da Interceptor® G2) a ƙarƙashin yanayin filin a cikin barns na gwaji kuma idan aka kwatanta su da daidaitaccen gidan yanar gizo na pyrethrin-kawai (Interceptor®). Duk waɗannan gidajen sauro da aka yi wa maganin kwari an haɗa su cikin jerin waɗanda WHO ta keɓe don sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta. Ana ba da cikakkun halaye na kowace gidan sauro a ƙasa:
A watan Maris din shekarar 2020, an gudanar da wani gagarumin kamfen na rarraba gidajen sauro masu shekaru a kauyukan bukkoki da ke lardin Zou, a kudancin Benin, don gwajin gwaji a bukkoki. Interceptor®, Royal Guard® da Interceptor® G2 ragar gado an zaɓi su daga gungu waɗanda ba zaɓaɓɓu ba a cikin gundumomi na Kove, Zagnanado da Ouinhi a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken lura mai dorewa wanda aka sanya a cikin gungu RCT don tantance tasirin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu. An tattara gidajen sauro na PermaNet® 3.0 a ƙauyen Avokanzun kusa da garuruwan Jija da Bohicon (7°20′ N, 1°56′ E) kuma an rarraba su lokaci guda tare da gidajen sauro na RCT a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2020 na Shirin Yaki da Cutar Maleriya ta ƙasa. Hoto na 1 yana nuna wuraren da aka tattara gungu / ƙauyuka inda aka tattara nau'ikan ITN daban-daban dangane da wuraren bukkar gwaji.
An gudanar da gwajin bukkar matukin jirgi don kwatanta aikin entomological na Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® da Interceptor® G2 ITNs lokacin da aka cire su daga gidaje a watanni 12, 24 da 36 bayan watsawa. A kowane lokaci na shekara-shekara, aikin ITNs na tsofaffi a cikin filin an kwatanta shi tare da sababbin, gidajen yanar gizon da ba a yi amfani da su ba na kowane nau'i da kuma tarun da ba a kula da su ba a matsayin iko mara kyau. A kowane lokaci na shekara-shekara, jimlar 54 kwafin samfuran ITNs masu shekaru da sabbin ITNs 6 na kowane nau'in an gwada su a cikin gwajin bukka na 1 ko 2 tare da jujjuyawar jiyya yau da kullun. Kafin kowace gwajin bukka, an auna matsakaicin ma'aunin porosity index na tsofaffin gidajen sauro na kowane nau'in ITN bisa ga shawarwarin WHO. Don yin kwatankwacin lalacewa da tsagewa daga amfani da yau da kullun, duk sabbin ITNs da tarukan sarrafawa da ba a kula da su ba an ratsa su tare da ramukan 4 x 4 cm shida: biyu a cikin kowane dogon gefen gefe kuma ɗaya a cikin kowane guntun gefen gefe, daidai da shawarar WHO. An shigar da gidan sauron a cikin bukkar ta hanyar daure gefan rufin da igiya zuwa kusoshi a kusurwoyin saman katangar bukkar. An kimanta magunguna masu zuwa a kowace gwajin bukka:
An kimanta tarun da suka tsufa a cikin bukkoki na gwaji a cikin shekarar da aka cire tarun. An gudanar da gwajin bukkoki a wuri ɗaya daga Mayu zuwa Satumba 2021, Afrilu zuwa Yuni 2022, da Mayu zuwa Yuli 2023, tare da cire tarun bayan watanni 12, 24, da 36, bi da bi. Kowane gwaji ya dade don cikakken zagayen jiyya guda ɗaya (54 dare sama da makonni 9), sai dai watanni 12, lokacin da aka gudanar da zagaye na jiyya guda biyu a jere don ƙara girman samfurin sauro. Bayan zane mai faɗin Latin, ana jujjuya jiyya mako-mako tsakanin bukkokin gwaji don sarrafa tasirin wurin bukkar, yayin da masu aikin sa kai ke jujjuya su yau da kullun don sarrafa bambance-bambancen kyawun sauro na runduna ɗaya. An tattara sauro kwanaki 6 a kowane mako; a rana ta 7, kafin zagaye na gaba, an tsaftace bukkoki tare da ba da iska don hana kamuwa da cuta.
Maƙasudin ƙayyadaddun inganci na farko don maganin bukkar gwaji akan sauro mai jure pyrethroid Anopheles gambiae da kwatankwacin tsarar ITN na gaba tare da net ɗin pyrethroid-kawai Interceptor® sune:
Ƙarshen inganci na biyu don maganin bukka na gwaji akan sauro Anopheles gambiae mai jure wa pyrethroid sun kasance kamar haka:
Abun ciki (%) - raguwa a cikin adadin shiga cikin rukunin da aka jiyya idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar da ba a kula da ita ba. Lissafin shine kamar haka:
inda Tu shine adadin sauro da aka haɗa a cikin rukunin da ba a kula da su ba, kuma Tt shine adadin sauro da aka haɗa a cikin rukunin da aka yi wa magani.
Ƙimar Churn (%) - Ƙimar ƙiyayya saboda yuwuwar fushi daga jiyya, wanda aka bayyana azaman adadin sauro da aka tattara akan baranda.
. Coefficient na tsotsawar jini (%) shine rage yawan adadin sauro masu shan jini a cikin rukunin da ake kula da su idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar kulawa da ba a kula da su ba. Hanyar lissafin ita ce kamar haka: inda Bfu shine rabon sauro masu shan jini a cikin rukunin da ba a kula da su ba, kuma Bft shine rabon sauro masu shan jini a cikin rukunin da aka yi wa magani.
Rage yawan haihuwa (%) - raguwa a cikin rabon sauro masu haihuwa a cikin rukunin da aka kula da su idan aka kwatanta da kulawar da ba a kula da su ba. Hanyar lissafin ita ce kamar haka: inda Fu shine rabon sauro masu haihuwa a cikin rukunin da ba a kula da su ba, kuma Ft shine rabon sauro masu haihuwa a cikin rukunin da ake kula da su.
Don saka idanu canje-canje a cikin bayanin martabar juriya na yawan jama'ar Covè a cikin lokaci, WHO ta gudanar da in vitro da vial bioassays a cikin shekarar guda na kowace gwajin bukka na gwaji (2021, 2022, 2023) don tantance yiwuwar kamuwa da AI a cikin ITNs da ke ƙarƙashin binciken da kuma ba da sanarwar fassarar sakamakon. A cikin nazarin in vitro, sauro an fallasa su zuwa takaddun takaddun da aka bi da su tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga na alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) da deltamethrin (0.05%), da kwalabe da aka rufe tare da ma'auni na CFP (100 μg / kwalban) da PPF (100 μg / kwalban) don tantance yiwuwar yiwuwar waɗannan. An bincikar ƙarfin juriya na pyrethroid ta hanyar fallasa sauro zuwa 5-fold (0.25%) da 10-nnki (0.50%) bambance-bambancen α-cypermethrin da deltamethrin. A ƙarshe, gudunmawar PBO synergy da cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) overexpression zuwa juriya na pyrethroid an kiyasta ta hanyar ƙaddamar da sauro zuwa nau'i-nau'i na α-cypermethrin (0.05%) da deltamethrin (0.05%), da pre-exposure zuwa PBO%) (450). Takardar tace da aka yi amfani da ita don gwajin bututun WHO an siyi shi ne daga Jami'ar Sains Malaysia. An shirya vial ɗin gwajin bioassay na WHO ta amfani da CFP da PPF bisa ga shawarwarin WHO.
An tattara sauro da aka yi amfani da su don nazarin halittu a matakin tsutsa daga wuraren kiwo kusa da bukkokin gwaji sannan a yi girma ga manya. A kowane lokaci, aƙalla sauro 100 an fallasa su ga kowane magani don 60 min, tare da maimaita 4 a kowane bututu / kwalba da kusan sauro 25 a kowane bututu / kwalban. Don bayyanar cututtuka na pyrethroid da CFP, an yi amfani da sauro na kwanaki 3-5 ba tare da ciyarwa ba, yayin da PPF, 5-7 sauro masu shayar da jini da aka yi amfani da su don tayar da oogenesis da kuma tantance tasirin PPF akan haifuwar sauro. An gudanar da abubuwan da suka dace ta hanyar amfani da takarda mai tace mai-silicone, m PBO (4%), da kwalabe mai rufin acetone azaman sarrafawa. A ƙarshen bayyanar, an tura sauro zuwa kwantena da ba a kula da su ba kuma an fallasa su zuwa ulun auduga wanda aka jiƙa a cikin 10% (w / v) glucose bayani. An rubuta mutuwar sa'o'i 24 bayan bayyanar pyrethroid kuma kowane sa'o'i 24 na sa'o'i 72 bayan bayyanar CFP da PPF. Don tantance yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta zuwa PPF, tsirar sauro da aka fallasa PPF da madaidaicin kulawa mara kyau an rarraba su bayan an sami jinkirin mace-mace, an lura da ci gaban ovarian ta amfani da na'urar microscope, kuma an kimanta haihuwa bisa ga matakin Christophers na haɓaka kwai [28, 30]. Idan ƙwai ya cika zuwa matakin Christophers V, an rarraba sauro a matsayin mai haihuwa, kuma idan ƙwai ba su cika girma ba kuma sun kasance a mataki na I-IV, an rarraba sauro a matsayin bakararre.
A kowane lokaci na shekara, an yanke sassan 30 × 30 cm daga sabbin gidajen yanar gizo da tsofaffi a wuraren da aka ƙayyade a cikin shawarwarin WHO [22]. Bayan yankewa, an yi wa lakabin tarukan, an nannade shi a cikin takarda na aluminum kuma an adana su a cikin firiji a 4 ± 2 ° C don hana ƙaura AI a cikin masana'anta. Daga nan aka aika tarun zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Noma ta Walloon da ke Belgium don nazarin sinadarai don auna canje-canje a cikin jimillar abubuwan da ke cikin AI yayin rayuwarsu ta hidima. Hanyoyin nazarin da aka yi amfani da su (bisa hanyoyin da Kwamitin Haɗin gwiwar Ƙasashen Duniya ya ba da shawarar don nazarin maganin kashe kwari) an bayyana su a baya [25, 31].
Don bayanan gwaji na gwaji, jimillar adadin masu rai/matattu, cizo/marasa cizo, da sauro masu haihuwa/masu haihuwa a cikin rukunan bukka daban-daban an tattara su don kowane magani a cikin kowane gwaji don ƙididdige sakamakon da ya dace (mutuwar sa'o'i 72, cizo, ectoparasitism, netrapment netrapment, intervality) 9% (CI) An yi nazarin bambance-bambance tsakanin jiyya don waɗannan sakamako na binaryar daidaitattun ta hanyar yin amfani da gyare-gyare na logistic, yayin da aka yi nazarin bambance-bambance don ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta amfani da rashin daidaituwa na binomial. Saboda ana gudanar da zagayowar jiyya guda biyu kowane wata 12 kuma an gwada wasu jiyya a cikin gwaji, an daidaita nazarin shigar sauro na adadin kwanakin da aka gwada kowace magani. An kuma bincika sabon ITN na kowane sakamako don samun ƙima guda ɗaya na duk maki lokaci. Baya ga babban madaidaicin bayanin jiyya, kowane samfurin ya haɗa da bukka, mai bacci, lokacin gwaji, fihirisar buɗewar ITN, da rana azaman tsayayyen tasiri don sarrafawa don bambance-bambance saboda bambance-bambance a cikin mai bacci da kyawun bukka, yanayin yanayi, matsayin gidan sauro, da wuce gona da iri. Binciken koma baya ya haifar da daidaitattun daidaito (ORs) da madaidaicin 95% tazarar amincewa don kimanta tasirin sabon ƙarni na ITN idan aka kwatanta da gidan yanar gizon pyrethroid-kawai, Interceptor®, akan sakamakon farko na mutuwar sauro da haihuwa. Hakanan an yi amfani da ƙimar P daga ƙirar don sanya ƙananan haruffa masu nuna mahimmancin ƙididdiga a matakin 5% don duk kwatance biyu na sakamako na farko da na sakandare. An yi duk nazarin koma baya a cikin sigar Stata 18.
An fassara rangwamen yawan mutanen Covese vector bisa ga mace-mace da haihuwa da aka lura a cikin vitro da bioassays na kwalabe bisa ga shawarwarin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Sakamakon binciken sinadarai ya ba da jimlar abun ciki na AI a cikin gutsuttsuran ITN, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige ƙimar riƙe AI a cikin tsoffin gidajen yanar gizo idan aka kwatanta da sabbin gidajen sauro a kowane lokaci kowace shekara. Dukkan bayanai an rubuta su da hannu akan daidaitattun fom sannan an shigar da su sau biyu a cikin bayanan Microsoft Excel.
Kwamitocin da'a na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Benin (No. 6/30/MS/DC/DRFMT/CNERS/SA), Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Lafiyar Jama'a da Magungunan Nahiyoyi na London (LSHTM) (Lamba 16237) da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (No. ERC.0003153) sun amince da gudanar da gwajin bukkar matukin jirgi wanda ya shafi masu aikin sa kai. An samu izini a rubuce daga duk masu aikin sa kai kafin shiga cikin binciken. Duk masu aikin sa kai sun sami chemoprophylaxis kyauta don rage haɗarin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, kuma wata ma'aikaciyar jinya tana aiki a duk lokacin gwajin don tantance duk wani ɗan agajin da ya sami alamun zazzabi ko wani mummunan sakamako ga samfurin gwajin.
Cikakkun sakamako daga bukkokin gwaji, taƙaita jimlar adadin masu rai/matattu, yunwa/ciyar da jini, da sauro masu haihuwa/marasa lafiya ga kowane rukunin gwaji, da kuma ƙididdiga masu bayyanawa an gabatar dasu azaman ƙarin kayan (Table S1).
A wata bukka na gwaji da ke garin Kowa na kasar Benin, an dakile ciyar da jinin sauro Anopheles gambiae da ke jure wa cutar pyrethroid. Bayanai daga sarrafawar da ba a kula da su ba da kuma gidajen yanar gizo an tattara su cikin gwaje-gwaje don samar da ƙimar inganci guda ɗaya. Ta hanyar bincike na koma baya, ginshiƙai tare da haruffa gama gari ba su da bambanci sosai a matakin 5% (p> 0.05). Sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar tazarar amincewa 95%.
Mutuwar Anopheles gambiae sauro mai jure wa pyrethroid daji suna shiga wani bukka na gwaji a Kowa, Benin. Bayanai daga sarrafawar da ba a kula da su ba da kuma gidajen yanar gizo an tattara su cikin gwaje-gwaje don samar da ƙima guda ɗaya na inganci. Ta hanyar bincike na koma baya, ginshiƙai tare da haruffa gama gari ba su da bambanci sosai a matakin 5% (p> 0.05). Sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar tazarar amincewa 95%.
Matsakaicin rashin daidaituwa ya kwatanta bambancin mace-mace tare da sabbin gidajen sauro na zamani idan aka kwatanta da gidajen sauro-kawai pyrethroid. Layin dige-dige yana wakiltar rabon rashin daidaituwa na 1, yana nuna babu bambanci a mace-mace. Matsakaicin rashin daidaituwa> 1 yana nuna yawan mace-mace tare da sabbin gidajen sauro na zamani. An tattara bayanai don gidajen sauro na zamani a cikin gwaje-gwaje don samar da ƙima guda ɗaya na tasiri. Sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar tazarar amincewa 95%.
Kodayake Interceptor® ya nuna mafi ƙarancin mace-mace na duk ITNs da aka gwada, tsufan filin bai yi mummunan tasiri akan tasirin sa akan mace-mace ba. A zahiri, sabon Interceptor® ya haifar da mace-mace 12%, yayin da tarukan da suka tsufa filin sun nuna ɗan ƙaramin ci gaba a cikin watanni 12 (17%, p = 0.006) da watanni 24 (17%, p=0.004), kafin komawa zuwa matakan kama da sabbin raga a watanni 36 (11%, p=0.05). Sabanin haka, adadin mace-macen na zamani na gaba na gidajen sauron da aka yi wa maganin kwari ya ragu a hankali a cikin lokaci bayan turawa. An fi bayyana raguwar tare da Interceptor® G2, inda mace-mace ta ragu daga 58% tare da sababbin raga zuwa 36% a watanni 12 (p).<0.001), 31% a watanni 24 (p<0.001), da 20% a watanni 36 (p<0.001). Sabuwar PermaNet® 3.0 ya haifar da raguwar mace-mace zuwa 37%, wanda kuma ya ragu sosai zuwa 20% a watanni 12 (p).<0.001), 16% a watanni 24 (p<0.001), da 18% a cikin watanni 36 (shafi na 36).<0.001). An lura da irin wannan yanayin tare da Royal Guard®, tare da sabon raga wanda ya haifar da raguwar 33% na mace-mace, sannan an sami raguwa mai yawa zuwa 21% a cikin watanni 12 (p).<0.001), 17% a watanni 24 (p<0.001) da 15% a watanni 36 (p<0.001).
Rage yawan haihuwan Anopheles gambiae sauro mai jure wa pyrethroid da ke shiga bukka na gwaji a Kwa, Benin. Bayanai daga sarrafawar da ba a kula da su ba da kuma gidajen yanar gizo an tattara su cikin gwaje-gwaje don samar da ƙima guda ɗaya na inganci. Sanduna tare da haruffa gama gari ba su da bambanci sosai a matakin 5% (p> 0.05) ta hanyar nazarin koma baya. Sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar tazarar amincewa 95%.
Matsakaicin rashin daidaituwa sun kwatanta bambancin haihuwa tare da sabbin gidajen sauro na zamani idan aka kwatanta da gidajen sauro-kawai pyrethroid. Layin dige-dige yana wakiltar rabon 1, yana nuna babu bambanci a cikin haihuwa. Matsakaicin rashin daidaituwa<1 yana nuna raguwa mafi girma a cikin haihuwa tare da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa. An tattara bayanai don gidajen sauro na zamani a cikin gwaje-gwaje don samar da ƙima guda ɗaya na tasiri. Sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar tazarar amincewa 95%.
Lokacin aikawa: Fabrairu-17-2025