An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen gwaji na musamman a cikin bukka a Khowe, kudancin Benin, don tantance tasirin halitta na sabbin gidajen sauro na zamani da aka gwada a filin daga masu kamuwa da cutar malaria masu jure wa pyrethrin. An cire gidajen sauro masu tsufa daga gonaki bayan watanni 12, 24 da 36. An yi nazarin sassan yanar gizo da aka yanke daga cikakkun na'urorin ITN don gano sinadaran da ke cikin su, kuma an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta masu saukin kamuwa a kowane gwaji don tantance canje-canje a cikin juriyar maganin kwari a cikin yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na Khowe.
Interceptor® G2 ya yi fice fiye da sauran ITNs, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da fifikon ragar pyrethroid da chlorfenapyr fiye da sauran nau'ikan ragar. Daga cikin sabbin kayayyaki, duk ITNs na ƙarni na gaba sun nuna ingantaccen bioefficiency fiye da Interceptor®; duk da haka, girman wannan ci gaban ya ragu bayan tsufa a fili saboda ƙarancin juriyar mahaɗan da ba pyrethroid ba. Waɗannan sakamakon sun nuna buƙatar inganta juriyar kashe kwari na ITNs na ƙarni na gaba.
Maganin kwariGidajen sauro da aka yi wa magani (ITNs) sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage mace-mace da kuma mace-mace a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Tun daga shekarar 2004, an rarraba sama da ITN biliyan 3 a duk duniya, kuma nazarin samfurin ya nuna cewa an kauce wa kashi 68% na kamuwa da cutar malaria a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara tsakanin 2000 da 2015. Abin takaici, juriyar yawan masu kamuwa da cutar malaria ga pyrethroids (nau'in maganin kwari da ake amfani da shi a ITNs) ya karu sosai, wanda hakan ke barazana ga ingancin wannan muhimmin mataki. A lokaci guda, ci gaban da ake samu a fannin shawo kan cutar malaria ya ragu a duniya, inda wasu kasashe masu fama da cutar suka fuskanci karuwar kamuwa da cutar malaria tun daga shekarar 2015. Waɗannan sabbin hanyoyin sun haifar da ci gaban sabbin kayayyakin ITN masu kirkire-kirkire da nufin magance barazanar juriyar pyrethroid da kuma taimakawa wajen rage wannan nauyi da kuma cimma burin duniya mai cike da buri.
A halin yanzu akwai sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa guda uku na ITN a kasuwa, kowannensu yana haɗa pyrethroid tare da wani maganin kashe kwari ko kuma maganin haɗin gwiwa wanda zai iya shawo kan juriyar pyrethroid a cikin cututtukan zazzabin cizon sauro. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da dama na rukuni-rukuni (RCTs) don tantance tasirin waɗannan gidajen sauro idan aka kwatanta da gidajen sauro na yau da kullun na pyrethroid kawai da kuma samar da shaidar da ta dace don tallafawa shawarwarin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO). Gidajen sauro da ke haɗa pyrethroids tare da piperonyl butoxide (PBO), wani mai haɗin gwiwa wanda ke haɓaka ingancin pyrethroids ta hanyar hana enzymes na tsarkake sauro, sune na farko da WHO ta ba da shawarar bayan samfura biyu (Olyset® Plus da PermaNet® 3.0) sun nuna tasirin cututtuka mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da gidajen sauro na pyrethroid kawai a cikin gwaje-gwajen rukuni-rukuni da aka sarrafa a Tanzania da Uganda. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bayanai don tantance ƙimar lafiyar jama'a na gidajen raga na pyrethroid-PBO a Yammacin Afirka, inda juriyar pyrethroid mai tsanani na iya rage fa'idodin su idan aka kwatanta da gidajen raga na pyrethroid kawai.
Yawancin lokaci ana tantance juriyar kashe kwari na ITNs ta hanyar tattara raga lokaci-lokaci daga al'ummomi da kuma gwada su a gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da nau'in sauro da aka haifa daga kwari. Duk da cewa waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna da amfani wajen kwatanta samuwar ƙwayoyin cuta da ingancinsu a saman raga a kan lokaci, suna ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da tasirin kwatancen nau'ikan raga na zamani daban-daban saboda hanyoyin da nau'in sauro da ake amfani da su dole ne a daidaita su da yanayin aikin kwari da suke ɗauke da su. Gwajin bukkar gwaji wata hanya ce ta daban da za a iya amfani da ita don kimanta tasirin raga da aka yi wa magani da kwari a cikin nazarin dorewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ke kwaikwayon hulɗar halitta tsakanin masu masaukin sauro na daji da raga na gida yayin amfani. Hakika, binciken ƙira na baya-bayan nan ta amfani da madadin ƙwayoyin cuta don bayanan cututtuka ya nuna cewa ana iya amfani da mace-macen sauro da ƙimar ciyarwa da aka auna a cikin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen don annabta tasirin ITNs akan yawan kamuwa da cutar malaria da yaɗuwa a cikin RCTs na rukuni. Saboda haka, gwaje-gwajen gwaji da aka yi bisa gida-gida inda aka haɗa ƙwayoyin lymph da aka yi wa magani da maganin kwari a cikin RCTs na rukuni na iya samar da bayanai masu mahimmanci kan kwatancen tasirin bioefficacy da juriyar kashe kwari na ƙwayoyin lymph da aka yi wa magani da maganin kwari a tsawon rayuwarsu da ake tsammani, da kuma taimakawa wajen fassara sakamakon cututtuka na waɗannan nazarin.
Gwajin bukkar gwaji wani tsari ne na kama-da-wane da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar yi don tantance ingancin gidan sauro da aka yi wa maganin kwari. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen suna kwaikwayon yanayin kamuwa da sauro a duniya da yake fuskanta lokacin da yake mu'amala da gidan sauro na gida kuma saboda haka hanya ce mai kyau don tantance tasirin gidan sauro da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin rayuwar da ake tsammani.
Wannan binciken ya tantance ingancin ƙwayoyin cuta na nau'ikan gidajen sauro guda uku daban-daban na sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta (PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® da Interceptor® G2) a ƙarƙashin yanayin filin a cikin rumbunan gwaji kuma ya kwatanta su da gidan sauro na pyrethrin kawai (Interceptor®). Duk waɗannan gidajen sauro da aka yi wa magani da maganin kwari an haɗa su cikin jerin waɗanda WHO ta cancanta don sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta. An bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da kowace gidan sauro a ƙasa:
A watan Maris na 2020, an gudanar da wani babban kamfen na rarraba gidajen sauro masu shekaru a cikin ƙauyukan bukkoki a yankin Zou, kudancin Benin, don gwaje-gwajen gwaji a cikin bukkoki. An zaɓi gidajen sauro na Interceptor®, Royal Guard® da Interceptor® G2 daga cikin rukunin da aka zaɓa bazuwar a cikin ƙananan hukumomin Kove, Zagnanado da Ouinhi a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani bincike na dorewa wanda aka gina a cikin rukunin RCT don tantance tasirin cututtukan cututtuka na gidajen sauro masu magani biyu da aka yi wa magani da kwari. An tattara gidajen sauro na PermaNet® 3.0 a ƙauyen Avokanzun kusa da garuruwan Jija da Bohicon (7°20′ N, 1°56′ E) kuma an rarraba su a lokaci guda tare da gidajen sauro na rukuni na RCT a lokacin kamfen ɗin taro na Shirin Kula da Zazzabin Maleriya na Ƙasa na 2020. Hoto na 1 yana nuna wuraren da aka tattara gidajen/ƙauyuka na binciken inda aka tattara nau'ikan ITN daban-daban dangane da wuraren bukkokin gwaji.
An gudanar da gwajin bukka na gwaji don kwatanta aikin ƙwayoyin cuta na Interceptor®, PermaNet® 3.0, Royal Guard® da Interceptor® G2 ITNs lokacin da aka cire su daga gidaje a watanni 12, 24 da 36 bayan yaɗuwar cutar. A kowace lokacin shekara, an kwatanta aikin tsofaffin ITNs a fagen da sabbin raga da ba a yi amfani da su ba na kowane nau'in raga da kuma raga da ba a yi amfani da su ba a matsayin abin da ba shi da kyau. A kowace lokacin shekara, an gwada jimillar samfuran kwafi 54 na ITNs masu shekaru a filin da sabbin ITNs 6 na kowane nau'in a cikin gwaje-gwajen bukka 1 ko 2 tare da juyawar jiyya na yau da kullun. Kafin kowace gwajin bukka, an auna matsakaicin ma'aunin porosity na tsofaffin raga na kowane nau'in ITN bisa ga shawarwarin WHO. Don kwaikwayon lalacewa da tsagewa daga amfani da yau da kullun, an huda duk sabbin ITNs da raga masu sarrafawa da ba a yi amfani da su ba da ramuka shida na 4 x 4 cm: biyu a kowane dogon gefe da ɗaya a kowane gajeren gefen gefe, bisa ga shawarwarin WHO. An sanya ragar sauro a cikin gidan ta hanyar ɗaure gefunan rufin da igiyoyi a kan ƙusoshi a kusurwoyin sama na bangon gidan. An tantance waɗannan hanyoyin magancewa a kowace gwaji:
An tantance gidajen sauro da suka tsufa a cikin bukkoki na gwaji a cikin shekarar da aka cire gidajen sauro. An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen gidajen sauro a wuri ɗaya daga Mayu zuwa Satumba 2021, Afrilu zuwa Yuni 2022, da Mayu zuwa Yuli 2023, tare da cire gidajen sauro bayan watanni 12, 24, da 36, bi da bi. Kowace gwaji ta ɗauki tsawon zagaye ɗaya na magani (dare 54 a cikin makonni 9), sai dai watanni 12, lokacin da aka gudanar da zagayen magani guda biyu a jere don ƙara girman samfurin sauro. Bayan ƙirar murabba'in Latin, ana juyawa jiyya kowane mako tsakanin gidajen gwaji don sarrafa tasirin wurin gidajen sauro, yayin da ake juyawa masu sa kai kowace rana don sarrafa bambance-bambancen da ke cikin kyawun sauro na masu masaukin baki ɗaya. An tattara gidajen sauro kwana 6 a mako; a rana ta 7, kafin zagayen juyawa na gaba, an tsaftace gidajen sauro kuma an sanya musu iska don hana kamuwa da cuta.
Babban maƙasudin inganci don maganin gwaji na gida akan sauro masu jure wa pyrethroid Anopheles gambiae da kuma kwatanta ƙarni na gaba na ITN da gidan yanar gizo na pyrethroid-only Interceptor® sune:
Maƙasudin sakamako na biyu na maganin gwaji na kwari masu jure wa sauro masu juriya ga pyrethroid sune kamar haka:
Rigakafi (%) - raguwar yawan shiga cikin rukunin da aka yi wa magani idan aka kwatanta da rukunin da ba a yi wa magani ba. Lissafin kamar haka:
inda Tu shine adadin sauro da aka haɗa a cikin rukunin da ba a yi wa magani ba, kuma Tt shine adadin sauro da aka haɗa a cikin rukunin da aka yi wa magani.
Yawan ƙara (%) - Yawan ƙara saboda yiwuwar ƙaiƙayi daga magani, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin rabon sauro da aka tara a baranda.
. Ma'aunin hana tsotsar jini (%) shine raguwar adadin sauro masu tsotsar jini a cikin rukunin da aka yi wa magani idan aka kwatanta da rukunin da aka yi wa magani ba tare da magani ba. Hanyar lissafi ita ce kamar haka: inda Bfu shine rabon sauro masu tsotsar jini a cikin rukunin da aka yi wa magani ba tare da magani ba, kuma Bft shine rabon sauro masu tsotsar jini a cikin rukunin da aka yi wa magani.
Rage haihuwa (%) - raguwar adadin sauro masu haihuwa a cikin rukunin da aka yi wa magani idan aka kwatanta da adadin da ba a yi wa magani ba. Hanyar lissafi ita ce kamar haka: inda Fu shine adadin sauro masu haihuwa a cikin rukunin da ba a yi wa magani ba, kuma Ft shine adadin sauro masu haihuwa a cikin rukunin da aka yi wa magani.
Domin sa ido kan canje-canje a cikin yanayin juriyar yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na Covè a tsawon lokaci, WHO ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen halittu na in vitro da vial a cikin shekarar guda ta kowace gwaji ta gwaji (2021, 2022, 2023) don tantance yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar AI a cikin ITNs da ake nazari a kansu da kuma sanar da fassarar sakamakon. A cikin nazarin in vitro, an fallasa sauro ga takaddun tacewa da aka yi wa magani da takamaiman yawan alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) da deltamethrin (0.05%), da kuma kwalaben da aka lulluɓe da takamaiman yawan CFP (100 μg/kwalba) da PPF (100 μg/kwalba) don tantance yuwuwar kamuwa da waɗannan magungunan kwari. An binciki ƙarfin juriyar pyrethroid ta hanyar fallasa sauro zuwa ninki 5 (0.25%) da ninki 10 (0.50%) bambancin yawan α-cypermethrin da deltamethrin. A ƙarshe, an tantance gudummawar haɗin gwiwar PBO da kuma yawan ƙwayoyin cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) ga juriyar pyrethroid ta hanyar fallasa sauro ga bambancin yawan α-cypermethrin (0.05%) da deltamethrin (0.05%), da kuma fallasa su ga PBO (4%) kafin a fara gwajin. An sayi takardar tacewa da aka yi amfani da ita don gwajin bututun WHO daga Jami'ar Sains Malaysia. An shirya kwalaben gwajin bioassay na WHO ta amfani da CFP da PPF bisa ga shawarwarin WHO.
An tattara sauro da aka yi amfani da su don gwajin halittu a matakin tsutsa daga wuraren kiwo kusa da bukkokin gwaji sannan aka rene su ga manya. A kowane lokaci, an fallasa aƙalla sauro 100 ga kowace magani na tsawon mintuna 60, tare da maimaitawa 4 a kowace bututu/kwalba da kuma kusan sauro 25 a kowace bututu/kwalba. Ga fallasar pyrethroid da CFP, an yi amfani da sauro 'yan kwana 3-5 waɗanda ba a ciyar da su ba, yayin da ga PPF, an yi amfani da sauro masu tsotsar jini 'yan kwana 5-7 don ƙarfafa oogenesis da kuma tantance tasirin PPF akan haifuwar sauro. An gudanar da fallasa a lokaci guda ta amfani da takardar tacewa da aka saka da man silicone, PBO mai tsabta (4%), da kwalaben da aka shafa da acetone a matsayin iko. A ƙarshen fallasar, an mayar da sauro zuwa kwantena marasa magani kuma an fallasa su ga ulu auduga da aka jika a cikin maganin glucose 10%. An rubuta mace-mace awanni 24 bayan fallasar pyrethroid da kuma kowace awanni 24 na tsawon awanni 72 bayan fallasar CFP da PPF. Domin tantance saurin kamuwa da cutar PPF, an cire sauro da suka tsira daga kamuwa da cutar PPF da kuma magungunan da ba su dace ba bayan an yi rikodin jinkirin mace-mace, an lura da ci gaban kwayar halittar mahaifa ta amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta zamani, kuma an tantance haihuwa bisa ga matakin Christophers na ci gaban ƙwai [28, 30]. Idan ƙwai suka girma gaba ɗaya zuwa matakin Christophers na V, ana rarraba sauro a matsayin masu haihuwa, kuma idan ƙwai ba su girma sosai ba kuma suka ci gaba da kasancewa a matakin I-IV, ana rarraba sauro a matsayin marasa haihuwa.
A kowane lokaci na shekara, an yanke guda 30 × 30 cm daga sabbin raga da suka tsufa a wuraren da aka ƙayyade a cikin shawarwarin WHO [22]. Bayan yankewa, an yi wa raga lakabi, an naɗe su da foil ɗin aluminum sannan aka adana su a cikin firiji a zafin 4 ± 2 °C don hana AI shiga cikin masana'anta. Daga nan aka aika da raga zuwa Cibiyar Binciken Noma ta Walloon da ke Belgium don nazarin sinadarai don auna canje-canje a cikin jimlar abubuwan AI a lokacin aikinsu. An bayyana hanyoyin nazari da aka yi amfani da su (bisa ga hanyoyin da Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa na Duniya ya ba da shawarar don Binciken Kwayoyin Kwari) a baya [25, 31].
Don bayanan gwajin bukka na gwaji, an tattara jimillar adadin sauro masu rai/matattu, cizo/ba cizo ba, da kuma sauro masu haihuwa/ba a cikin sassan bukka daban-daban don kowace magani a kowace gwaji don ƙididdige sakamakon daidaito daban-daban (mace-mace na awanni 72, cizo, ectoparasitism, kamawa ta hanyar yanar gizo, haihuwa) da kuma tazara amincewa da kashi 95% (CIs). An bincika bambance-bambance tsakanin jiyya don waɗannan sakamakon binary ta amfani da koma-baya na dabaru, yayin da aka bincika bambance-bambancen sakamakon ƙidaya ta amfani da koma-baya na binomial mara kyau. Saboda an gudanar da zagayen juyawa na magani guda biyu a kowane watanni 12 kuma an gwada wasu jiyya a duk gwaje-gwaje, an daidaita nazarin shigar sauro don adadin kwanakin da aka gwada kowace magani. An kuma bincika sabon ITN na kowane sakamako don samun kimantawa ɗaya don duk lokutan lokaci. Baya ga babban canjin bayani na magani, kowane samfurin ya haɗa da bukka, mai barci, lokacin gwaji, ma'aunin buɗewa na ITN, da rana a matsayin tasirin da aka ƙayyade don sarrafawa don bambancin saboda bambance-bambancen da ke cikin ɗakin barci da kyawun bukka, yanayi, matsayin gidan sauro, da watsawa fiye da kima. Binciken koma-baya ya samar da daidaitattun daidaiton rabon rashin daidaito (ORs) da kuma tazara amincewa da kashi 95% daidai don kimanta tasirin sabuwar ITN ta zamani idan aka kwatanta da gidan yanar gizo na pyrethroid kawai, Interceptor®, akan manyan sakamakon mace-mace da haihuwa na sauro. An kuma yi amfani da ƙimar P daga samfuran don sanya ƙananan haruffa waɗanda ke nuna mahimmancin ƙididdiga a matakin 5% don duk kwatancen sakamakon farko da na sakandare. An gudanar da duk nazarin koma-baya a cikin sigar Stata 18.
An fassara yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar Covese bisa ga mace-mace da kuma yawan haihuwa da aka lura a cikin gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta da kuma gwaje-gwajen kwalba bisa ga shawarwarin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Sakamakon nazarin sinadarai ya samar da jimillar abubuwan da ke cikin AI a cikin sassan ITN, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige ƙimar riƙe AI a cikin gidajen yarin da suka tsufa idan aka kwatanta da sabbin gidajen yarin a kowane lokaci kowace shekara. An rubuta duk bayanan da hannu akan fom ɗin da aka daidaita sannan aka ninka su cikin bayanan Microsoft Excel.
Kwamitocin Da'a na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Benin (Lambar 6/30/MS/DC/DRFMT/CNERS/SA), Makarantar Tsafta da Magungunan Yankin Wurare na London (LSHTM) (Lambar 16237) da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (Lambar ERC.0003153) sun amince da gudanar da gwajin gwaji wanda ya shafi masu sa kai. An sami izini a rubuce daga dukkan masu sa kai kafin shiga cikin binciken. Duk masu sa kai sun sami maganin chemoprophylaxis kyauta don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar malaria, kuma wata ma'aikaciyar jinya tana kan aiki a duk lokacin gwajin don tantance duk wani mai sa kai da ya kamu da alamun zazzabi ko rashin lafiya ga samfurin gwajin.
Cikakken sakamakon daga bukkokin gwaji, wanda ke taƙaita jimillar adadin sauro masu rai/matattu, waɗanda yunwa/jinni ta ci, da kuma waɗanda suka yi haihuwa/marasa tsafta ga kowace ƙungiyar gwaji, da kuma ƙididdigar bayanai an gabatar da su a matsayin ƙarin kayan aiki (Tebur S1).
A cikin wani bukka na gwaji a Kowa, Benin, an danne shan jinin sauro na Anopheles gambiae da ke jure wa pyrethroid. An tattara bayanai daga na'urorin sarrafawa marasa magani da kuma sabbin gidajen sauro a gwaje-gwaje don samar da kimantawa guda ɗaya ta inganci. Ta hanyar nazarin koma-baya na dabaru, ginshiƙai masu haruffan gama gari ba su bambanta sosai a matakin 5% ba (p > 0.05). Sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar tazara na amincewa 95%.
Mutuwar sauro na Anopheles gambiae da ke jure wa pyrethroid shiga wani gida na gwaji a Kowa, Benin. An tattara bayanai daga na'urorin sarrafawa marasa magani da kuma sabbin gidajen raga a gwaje-gwaje don samar da kimantawa guda ɗaya na inganci. Ta hanyar nazarin koma-baya na dabaru, ginshiƙai masu haruffan gama gari ba su bambanta sosai a matakin 5% ba (p > 0.05). Sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar tazara na amincewa 95%.
Rabon rashin daidaito ya bayyana bambanci a mace-mace da gidajen sauro na zamani idan aka kwatanta da gidajen sauro na pyrethroid kawai. Layin da aka nuna yana wakiltar rabon rashin daidaito na 1, wanda ke nuna babu bambanci a mace-mace. Rabon rashin daidaito > 1 yana nuna yawan mace-mace da gidajen sauro na zamani. An tattara bayanai game da gidajen sauro na zamani a gwaje-gwaje don samar da kimantawa guda ɗaya na inganci. Sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar tazara amincewa da kashi 95%.
Duk da cewa Interceptor® ya nuna mafi ƙarancin mace-mace daga cikin duk gwaje-gwajen ITN da aka gwada, tsufa a filin bai yi mummunan tasiri ga tasirinsa ga mace-macen vector ba. A gaskiya ma, sabon Interceptor® ya haifar da mace-mace kashi 12%, yayin da gidajen sauro masu shekaru a filin sun nuna ɗan ci gaba a cikin watanni 12 (17%, p=0.006) da watanni 24 (17%, p=0.004), kafin su koma ga matakan da suka yi kama da sabbin gidajen sauro a cikin watanni 36 (11%, p=0.05). Akasin haka, adadin mace-macen da ake samu a ƙarni na gaba na gidajen sauro da aka yi wa magani da maganin kwari ya ragu a hankali bayan an tura su. Ragewar ya fi bayyana a Interceptor® G2, inda mace-macen suka ragu daga kashi 58% tare da sabbin gidajen sauro zuwa kashi 36% a cikin watanni 12 (p)<0.001), kashi 31% a watanni 24 (p<0.001), da kuma kashi 20% a watanni 36 (p<0.001). Sabuwar PermaNet® 3.0 ta haifar da raguwar mace-mace zuwa kashi 37%, wanda kuma ya ragu sosai zuwa kashi 20% a cikin watanni 12 (p<0.001), 16% a watanni 24 (p<0.001), da kuma 18% a watanni 36 (p<0.001). An lura da irin wannan yanayin a Royal Guard®, inda sabon raga ya haifar da raguwar mace-mace da kashi 33%, sannan aka biyo baya da raguwa mai yawa zuwa kashi 21% a watanni 12 (p.<0.001), kashi 17% a watanni 24 (p<0.001) da kuma kashi 15% a watanni 36 (p<0.001).
Rage yawan yaduwar sauro masu jure wa pyrethroid na daji da ake kira Anopheles gambiae da ke shiga wani gida na gwaji a Kwa, Benin. An tattara bayanai daga na'urorin sarrafawa marasa magani da kuma sabbin gidajen raga a gwaje-gwaje don samar da kimantawa guda ɗaya na inganci. Sandunan da ke da haruffan gama gari ba su bambanta sosai a matakin 5% ba (p > 0.05) ta hanyar nazarin koma-baya na dabaru. Sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar tazara amincewa 95%.
Rabon rashin daidaito yana bayyana bambanci a cikin haihuwa da gidajen sauro na zamani idan aka kwatanta da gidajen sauro na pyrethroid kawai. Layin da ke nuna dige-dige yana wakiltar rabo na 1, wanda ke nuna babu bambanci a cikin haihuwa. Rabon rashin daidaito< 1 yana nuna raguwar haihuwa mai yawa ta hanyar gidajen sauro na zamani. An tattara bayanai game da gidajen sauro na zamani a gwaje-gwaje don samar da kimantawa guda ɗaya na inganci. Sandunan kuskure suna wakiltar tazara 95% na amincewa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Fabrairu-17-2025