Magungunan kashe qwari suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin noma na karkara, amma wuce gona da iri ko amfani da su na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga manufofin magance cutar zazzabin cizon sauro;An gudanar da wannan binciken ne a tsakanin al’ummomin da ke noma a kudancin Cote d’Ivoire domin tantance irin magungunan kashe qwari da manoman yankin ke amfani da su da kuma yadda hakan ke da alaka da tunanin manoma game da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro.Fahimtar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari na iya taimakawa haɓaka shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a game da magance sauro da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari.
An gudanar da binciken ne a tsakanin gidaje 1,399 a kauyuka 10.An binciki manoma game da iliminsu, ayyukan noma (misali, noman amfanin gona, amfani da magungunan kashe qwari), fahimtar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, da dabaru daban-daban na magance sauro na gida da suke amfani da su.Ana kimanta matsayin zamantakewar tattalin arziki (SES) na kowane gida bisa wasu ƙayyadaddun kadarorin gida.Ana ƙididdige alaƙar ƙididdiga tsakanin masu canji daban-daban, suna nuna mahimman abubuwan haɗari.
Matsayin ilimin manoma yana da alaƙa sosai tare da matsayinsu na zamantakewa (p <0.0001).Yawancin gidaje (88.82%) sun yi imanin cewa sauro shine babban dalilin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro kuma ilimin zazzabin cizon sauro yana da alaƙa da ingantaccen matakin ilimi (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10).Amfani da sinadarai na cikin gida yana da alaƙa da mahimmancin matsayin zamantakewar zamantakewar gida, matakin ilimi, amfani da gidajen gado da maganin kwari da magungunan kwari (p <0.0001).An gano manoma suna amfani da maganin kwari na pyrethroid a cikin gida kuma suna amfani da waɗannan magungunan don kare amfanin gona.
Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa matakin ilimi ya kasance wani muhimmin al'amari da ke tasiri kan wayar da kan manoma game da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da magance zazzabin cizon sauro.Muna ba da shawarar cewa ingantacciyar hanyar sadarwa mai niyya ga samun ilimi, gami da matsayin zamantakewa, samuwa, da samun damar sarrafa sinadarai da za a yi la'akari da su yayin haɓaka sarrafa magungunan kashe qwari da sa kaimi na kula da cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar ga al'ummomin gida.
Noma ita ce babbar hanyar tattalin arziki ga yawancin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka.A cikin 2018 da 2019, Cote d'Ivoire ita ce kan gaba a duniya wajen samar da koko da cashew kuma ita ce ta uku mafi girma a cikin samar da kofi a Afirka [1], tare da ayyukan noma da samfuran da ke da kashi 22% na babban kayan cikin gida (GDP) [2] .A matsayinsu na masu mafi yawan filayen noma, masu karamin karfi a yankunan karkara sune manyan masu bayar da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin fannin [3].Ƙasar tana da damar noma mai yawa, tare da kadada miliyan 17 na ƙasar noma da bambance-bambancen yanayi na yanayi waɗanda ke ba da fifiko ga nau'ikan amfanin gona da noman kofi, koko, ƙwayayen cashew, roba, auduga, dawa, dabino, rogo, shinkafa da kayan lambu [2].Aikin noma mai zurfi yana taimakawa wajen yaduwar kwari, musamman ta hanyar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari don magance kwari [4], musamman a tsakanin manoman karkara, don kare amfanin gona da haɓaka amfanin gona [5], da magance sauro [6].Duk da haka, rashin dacewa da maganin kwari yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da juriya na kwari a cikin cututtukan cututtuka, musamman a yankunan noma inda sauro da kwari na amfanin gona za su iya fuskantar matsin lamba daga magungunan kwari iri ɗaya [7,8,9,10].Yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari na iya haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu wanda ke tasiri dabarun sarrafa vector da muhalli don haka yana buƙatar kulawa [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
An yi nazarin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da manoma ke yi a baya [5, 16].An nuna matakin ilimi ya zama babban mahimmanci a cikin daidaitaccen amfani da magungunan kashe qwari [17, 18], ko da yake amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da manoma sukan rinjayi sau da yawa ta hanyar kwarewa ko shawarwari daga masu sayarwa [5, 19, 20].Matsalolin kuɗi ɗaya ne daga cikin shingaye na yau da kullun da ke iyakance damar yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ko magungunan kashe kwari, wanda ke jagorantar manoma don siyan samfuran da ba bisa ka'ida ba ko waɗanda ba a gama ba, waɗanda galibi ba su da tsada fiye da samfuran doka [21, 22].Ana lura da irin wannan yanayin a wasu ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma, inda ƙarancin kuɗi ya zama dalilin saye da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da bai dace ba [23, 24].
A Cote d'Ivoire, ana amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a kan amfanin gona [25, 26], wanda ke tasiri ayyukan noma da yawan zazzabin cizon sauro [27, 28, 29, 30].Binciken da aka yi a yankunan da ke fama da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ya nuna haɗin kai tsakanin yanayin zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma da kuma tsinkaye game da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro da hadarin kamuwa da cuta, da kuma yin amfani da gadon gado na kwari (ITN) [31,32,33,34,35,36,37].Duk da waɗannan nazarin, ƙoƙarin samar da takamaiman tsare-tsare na magance sauro ya lalace saboda rashin samun bayanai game da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a yankunan karkara da kuma abubuwan da ke taimakawa wajen yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari.Wannan binciken ya yi nazari kan imani na zazzabin cizon sauro da dabarun magance sauro a tsakanin gidajen noma a Abeauville, kudancin Cote d'Ivoire.
An gudanar da binciken ne a kauyuka 10 a cikin sashen Abeauville a kudancin Cote d'Ivoire (Fig. 1).Lardin Agbowell yana da mazauna 292,109 a cikin fili mai fadin murabba'in kilomita 3,850 kuma shi ne lardi mafi yawan jama'a a yankin Anyebi-Tiasa [38].Tana da yanayi na wurare masu zafi tare da lokutan damina guda biyu (Afrilu zuwa Yuli da Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba) [39, 40].Aikin noma shi ne babban aikin da ake yi a yankin kuma ana gudanar da shi ne daga kananan manoma da manyan kamfanonin noma.Waɗannan wurare 10 sun haɗa da Aboude Boa Vincent (323,729.62 E, 651,821.62 N), Aboude Kuassikro (326,413.09 E, 651,573.06 N), Aboude Mandek (326,413.09 E , 73.30.3) 52372.90N), Amingbeu (348477.76E, 664971.70 N), Damojiang (374,039.75 E, 661,579.59 N), Casigue 1 (363,140.15 E, 634,256.47 N), Lovezzi 1 (351,545.32 E ., 642.06 2.237 N), Ofa 6 ), Ofonbo (338 578.5) 1 E, 657 302.17 arewa latitude) da Uji (363,990.74 east longitude, 648,587.44 arewa latitude).
An gudanar da binciken ne tsakanin watan Agustan 2018 zuwa Maris 2019 tare da halartar gidajen manoma.An samu jimlar yawan mazaunan kowane ƙauye daga sashin sabis na gida, kuma an zaɓi mutane 1,500 bazuwar daga cikin wannan jeri.Mahalarta aikin da aka ɗauka suna wakiltar tsakanin kashi 6% zuwa 16% na yawan ƙauyen.Iyalan da aka haɗa a cikin binciken sune gidajen manoma waɗanda suka yarda su shiga.An gudanar da bincike na farko tsakanin manoma 20 don tantance ko wasu tambayoyi na bukatar sake rubutawa.Daga nan ne aka kammala tafsirin ta hanyar horar da masu tattara bayanai da aka biya a kowane kauye, wanda a kalla daya daga cikinsu an dauko shi daga kauyen da kansa.Wannan zaɓin ya tabbatar da cewa kowane ƙauye yana da aƙalla mai tattara bayanai ɗaya wanda ya saba da yanayin kuma yana magana da yaren gida.A cikin kowane gida, an yi hira da juna ido-da-ido da shugaban gidan (mahai ko uwa) ko kuma, idan shugaban gidan ba ya nan, wani babba wanda ya haura shekaru 18.Tambayoyi sun ƙunshi tambayoyi 36 da aka kasu kashi uku: (1) Matsayin alƙaluma da zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin iyali (2) Ayyukan noma da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari (3) Ilimin zazzabin cizon sauro da amfani da maganin kashe kwari don magance sauro [duba Annex 1]. .
Magungunan kashe qwari da manoman suka ambata an yi su ne da sunan kasuwanci kuma an rarraba su ta hanyar sinadarai masu aiki da ƙungiyoyin sinadarai ta amfani da Indexididdigar Halittar Halitta na Ivory Coast [41].An kimanta matsayin zamantakewa na kowane gida ta hanyar ƙididdige ma'aunin kadari [42].An mai da kadarorin gida zuwa mabambanta daban-daban [43].Ƙididdiga mara kyau suna da alaƙa da ƙananan matsayi na zamantakewar al'umma (SES), yayin da ƙididdiga masu kyau suna da alaƙa da mafi girma SES.An tattara maki kadari don samar da jimillar maki ga kowane gida [35].Dangane da jimillar makin, an raba gidaje zuwa quntiles biyar na matsayin zamantakewa, daga mafi talauci zuwa mafi arziki [duba Ƙarin fayil 4].
Don tantance ko maɓalli ya bambanta sosai ta yanayin zamantakewa, ƙauye, ko matakin ilimi na shugabannin gida, ana iya amfani da gwajin chi-square ko ainihin gwajin Fisher, gwargwadon dacewa.Abubuwan da ke haifar da rikice-rikice da ke tattare da masu fasikanci: Matsayin ilimi, halin ilimin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan fata), kauyen qarshe a cikin aikin gona, kauri ta hanyar aerosol).ko nada);matakin ilimi, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da kauye, yana haifar da wayewar kai game da zazzabin cizon sauro.An gudanar da ƙirar haɗaɗɗiyar ma'amala ta hanyar amfani da fakitin R lme4 (aikin Glmer).An yi nazarin ƙididdiga a R 4.1.3 (https://www.r-project.org) da Stata 16.0 (StataCorp, Kwalejin Kwalejin, TX).
Daga cikin tambayoyin 1,500 da aka yi, 101 an cire su daga bincike saboda ba a kammala tambayoyin ba.Mafi girman kaso na gidajen da aka yi bincike a kansu shine a Grande Maury (18.87%) kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin Ouanghi (2.29%).Magidanta 1,399 da aka yi binciken da aka haɗa a cikin binciken suna wakiltar adadin mutane 9,023.Kamar yadda aka nuna a Table 1, kashi 91.71% na shugabannin gidaje maza ne kuma 8.29% mata ne.
Kimanin kashi 8.86% na shugabannin gidaje sun fito ne daga kasashe makwabta kamar su Benin, Mali, Burkina Faso da Ghana.Ƙabilun da aka fi samun wakilci sune Abi (60.26%), Malinke (10.01%), Krobu (5.29%) da Baulai (4.72%).Kamar yadda ake tsammani daga samfurin manoma, noma shine kawai tushen samun kudin shiga ga yawancin manoma (89.35%), tare da noman koko akai-akai a cikin gidajen samfurin;Kayan lambu, amfanin gona na abinci, shinkafa, roba da plantain suma ana noman su a kan ƙaramin yanki na ƙasa.Sauran shugabannin gidaje su ne 'yan kasuwa, masu fasaha da masunta (Table 1).An gabatar da taƙaitaccen halayen gida ta ƙauye a cikin Ƙarin fayil [duba Ƙarin fayil 3].
Rukunin ilimi bai bambanta da jinsi ba (p = 0.4672).Yawancin wadanda aka amsa sun yi karatun firamare (40.80%), sai kuma na sakandare (33.41%) da jahilci (17.97%).4.64% ne kawai suka shiga jami'a (Table 1).Daga cikin mata 116 da aka tantance, sama da kashi 75% sun yi karatun firamare akalla, sauran kuma ba su taba zuwa makaranta ba.Matsayin ilimi na manoma ya bambanta sosai a cikin ƙauyuka (ainihin gwajin Fisher, p <0.0001), kuma matakin ilimi na shugabannin gidaje yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da yanayin zamantakewar su (daidaitaccen gwajin Fisher, p <0.0001).A haƙiƙa, mafi girman matsayi na zamantakewar al'umma mafi yawa sun ƙunshi manoma masu ilimi, kuma akasin haka, mafi ƙanƙanta matsayi na tattalin arziki quintiles sun ƙunshi manoma marasa ilimi;Dangane da jimillar kadarorin, ana rarraba gidaje na samfur zuwa ƙundin dukiya guda biyar: daga matalauta (Q1) zuwa mafi arziki (Q5) [duba Ƙarin fayil 4].
Akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a matsayin auren shugabannin gidaje na nau'o'in arziki daban-daban (p <0.0001): 83.62% masu aure ne guda ɗaya, 16.38% masu auren mata fiye da daya (har zuwa 3 ma'aurata).Ba a sami bambance-bambance mai mahimmanci tsakanin nau'in arziki da adadin ma'aurata ba.
Yawancin masu amsawa (88.82%) sun yi imanin cewa sauro na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro.Kashi 1.65% ne kawai suka amsa cewa basu san me ke kawo zazzabin cizon sauro ba.Sauran abubuwan da aka gano sun hada da shan ruwa mai datti, fallasa hasken rana, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da gajiya (Table 2).A matakin ƙauye a Grande Maury, yawancin gidaje sun ɗauki shan ruwa mai datti shine babban dalilin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro (bambancin ƙididdiga tsakanin ƙauyuka, p <0.0001).Manyan alamomi guda biyu na zazzabin cizon sauro sune zafin jiki (78.38%) da rawayawar idanu (72.07%).Manoma sun kuma ambaci amai, anemia da pallor (duba Table 2 a kasa).
Daga cikin dabarun rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro, wadanda suka amsa sun bayyana amfani da magungunan gargajiya;duk da haka, lokacin rashin lafiya, duka biyun maganin cutar malaria da na gargajiya an yi la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka masu dacewa (80.01%), tare da abubuwan da aka zaɓa masu alaƙa da yanayin zamantakewa.Muhimmiyar alaƙa (p <0.0001).): Manoma masu matsayi mafi girma na zamantakewa sun fi so kuma suna iya samun jiyya na ilimin halittu, manoma masu ƙarancin yanayin zamantakewa sun fi son ƙarin magungunan gargajiya;Kusan rabin gidaje suna kashe sama da XOF 30,000 a kowace shekara kan maganin zazzabin cizon sauro (wanda ke da alaƙa da SES; p <0.0001).Dangane da kididdigar farashin kai tsaye da aka ba da rahoton kai, magidanta da ke da mafi ƙanƙanta matsayi na tattalin arziƙin zamantakewa sun fi iya kashe XOF 30,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 50) akan maganin zazzabin cizon sauro fiye da gidajen da ke da matsayi mafi girma na zamantakewar zamantakewa.Bugu da ƙari, yawancin masu amsa sun yi imanin cewa yara (49.11%) sun fi kamuwa da cutar maleriya fiye da manya (6.55%) (Table 2), tare da wannan ra'ayi ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin gidaje a cikin mafi talauci (p <0.01).
Don cizon sauro, yawancin mahalarta (85.20%) sun ba da rahoton yin amfani da gidajen gado da aka yi wa maganin kwari, wanda akasari suka karɓa yayin rabon ƙasa na 2017.An bayar da rahoton cewa manya da yara suna kwana a karkashin gidan sauro da aka yi wa maganin kwari a kashi 90.99% na gidaje.Yawan amfani da gidaje na gidajen sauron da aka yi wa maganin kwari ya haura kashi 70% a dukkan kauyuka in ban da kauyen Gessigye, inda kashi 40% na gidajen suka bayar da rahoton amfani da gidajen gadon da aka yi wa maganin kwari.Matsakaicin adadin gidan tarukan gado da aka yi wa maganin kwari yana da mahimmanci kuma yana da alaƙa da girman iyali (Madaidaicin daidaitawar Pearson r = 0.41, p <0.0001).Sakamakonmu ya kuma nuna cewa gidaje masu yara a ƙasa da shekara 1 sun fi yin amfani da gidan gado na maganin kwari a gida idan aka kwatanta da gidaje ba tare da yara ba ko kuma tare da yara manya (rabo (OR) = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.25-3.47 ).
Baya ga yin amfani da gidajen sauro da aka yi wa maganin kwari, an kuma tambayi manoma game da wasu hanyoyin magance sauro a gidajensu da kuma kayayyakin amfanin gona da ake amfani da su wajen magance kwari.36.24% kawai na mahalarta sun ambaci fesa magungunan kashe qwari a cikin gidajensu (mahimmanci kuma ingantaccen dangantaka da SES p <0.0001).Abubuwan sinadaran da aka ruwaito sun fito ne daga nau'ikan kasuwanci guda tara kuma ana ba da su ga kasuwannin cikin gida da kuma wasu dillalai a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan fumigating (16.10%) da feshin maganin kwari (83.90%).Ƙarfin da manoma ke samu na bayyana sunayen magungunan kashe qwari da aka fesa a gidajensu ya ƙaru da matakin karatunsu (12.43%; p <0.05).An fara siyan kayayyakin noma da aka yi amfani da su a cikin gwangwani kuma an diluted su a cikin injin feshi kafin a yi amfani da su, tare da mafi girman adadin da aka keɓe don amfanin gona (78.84%) (Table 2).Kauyen Amangbeu ne ke da kaso mafi ƙasƙanci na manoma masu amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a gidajensu (0.93%) da amfanin gona (16.67%).
Matsakaicin adadin samfuran kwari (sprays ko coils) da ake da'awar kowane gida shine 3, kuma SES yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da adadin samfuran da aka yi amfani da su (gwajin Fisher daidai p <0.0001, duk da haka a wasu lokuta an sami waɗannan samfuran suna ɗauke da iri ɗaya);abubuwa masu aiki a ƙarƙashin sunayen kasuwanci daban-daban.Tebu na 2 yana nuna yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a kowane mako a tsakanin manoma gwargwadon yanayin tattalin arzikinsu.
Pyrethroids sune dangin sinadarai mafi wakilci a cikin gida (48.74%) da aikin gona (54.74%) feshin kwari.Ana yin samfuran daga kowane magungunan kashe qwari ko a haɗe da sauran magungunan kashe qwari.Haɗin gama gari na maganin kashe kwari na gida shine carbamates, organophosphates da pyrethroids, yayin da neonicotinoids da pyrethroids suka zama ruwan dare tsakanin magungunan kashe qwari na noma (Shafi 5).Hoto na 2 ya nuna adadin iyalai daban-daban na magungunan kashe qwari da manoma ke amfani da su, duk an rarraba su a matsayin Class II (matsakaicin haɗari) ko Class III (ƙananan haɗari) bisa ga rarrabuwar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya na magungunan kashe qwari [44].A wani lokaci, an gano cewa ƙasar tana amfani da maganin kwari deltamethrin, wanda aka yi niyya don ayyukan noma.
Dangane da sinadarai masu aiki, propoxur da deltamethrin sune samfuran da aka fi amfani da su a cikin gida da kuma a fagen, bi da bi.Ƙarin fayil na 5 ya ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai kan samfuran sinadarai da manoma ke amfani da su a gida da kuma kan amfanin gonakinsu.
Manoma sun ambaci wasu hanyoyin magance sauro, da suka haɗa da fanƙar ganye (pêpê a cikin yaren Abbey na gida), kona ganye, tsaftace wurin, cire ruwan tsaye, yin amfani da maganin sauro, ko yin amfani da zanen gado don korar sauro.
Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da ilimin manoma game da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro da fesa maganin kwari na cikin gida (nazarin koma baya na logistic).
Bayanai sun nuna babban haɗin gwiwa tsakanin amfani da maganin kwari na gida da masu tsinkaya guda biyar: matakin ilimi, SES, sanin sauro a matsayin babban dalilin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, amfani da ITN, da kuma amfani da kwari na agrochemical.Hoto na 3 yana nuna nau'ikan OR daban-daban don kowane madaidaicin tsinkaya.Lokacin da aka haɗa su ta ƙauye, duk masu tsinkaya sun nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa tare da yin amfani da maganin kashe kwari a cikin gidaje (sai dai sanin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ke da alaƙa da amfani da kwari (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.13) . )) (Hoto na 3).Daga cikin waɗannan masu hasashen tabbatacce, abin ban sha'awa shine amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin aikin gona.Manoman da suka yi amfani da magungunan kashe qwari akan amfanin gona sun kasance 188% sun fi yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a gida (95% CI: 1.12, 8.26).Duk da haka, magidanta da ke da masaniya game da yaduwar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ba su da yuwuwar yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin gida.Mutanen da ke da matakan ilimi sun fi sanin cewa sauro shine babban dalilin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10), amma babu wata ƙungiyar ƙididdiga tare da babban SES (OR = 1.51; 95% CI). : 0.93, 2.46).
A cewar shugaban gidan, yawan sauro yana karuwa a lokacin damina da kuma lokacin dare shine lokacin da ake yawan cizon sauro (85.79%).Lokacin da aka tambayi manoma game da yadda suke kallon tasirin feshin maganin kwari ga yawan sauro masu dauke da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, kashi 86.59% sun tabbatar da cewa sauro na fuskantar barazanar kamuwa da maganin kwari.Rashin iya amfani da isassun samfuran sinadarai saboda rashin samun su ana ɗaukar babban dalilin rashin tasiri ko rashin amfani da samfuran, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin wasu dalilai na tantancewa.Musamman ma, ƙarshen yana da alaƙa da ƙananan matsayi na ilimi (p <0.01), ko da lokacin da ake sarrafa SES (p <0.0001).Kashi 12.41% na masu amsa sun ɗauki juriyar sauro a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke iya haifar da juriyar kwari.
An sami kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin yawan amfani da maganin kwari a gida da kuma fahimtar juriyar sauro ga maganin kwari (p <0.0001): rahotannin jurewar sauro ga maganin kwari sun dogara ne akan amfani da maganin kwari a gida da manoma sau 3-4. mako (90.34%).Bugu da ƙari, yawan magungunan kashe qwari da aka yi amfani da shi yana da alaƙa da kyau tare da tunanin manoma game da juriya na magungunan kashe qwari (p <0.0001).
Wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali ne kan tunanin manoma game da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe kwari.Sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa ilimi da zamantakewar tattalin arziki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halaye da sanin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro.Duk da cewa yawancin shugabannin gidaje sun halarci makarantar firamare, kamar sauran wurare, adadin manoma marasa ilimi yana da mahimmanci [35, 45].Ana iya bayyana wannan al’amari da cewa ko da manoma da yawa sun fara samun ilimi, yawancinsu sun daina zuwa makaranta don tallafa wa iyalansu ta hanyar ayyukan noma [26].Maimakon haka, wannan al'amari yana nuna cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin matsayi na zamantakewar zamantakewa da ilimi yana da mahimmanci don bayyana alakar da ke tsakanin yanayin zamantakewa da kuma ikon yin aiki akan bayanai.
A yawancin yankuna masu fama da zazzabin cizon sauro, mahalarta sun saba da dalilai da alamun zazzabin cizon sauro [33,46,47,48,49].An yarda da cewa yara suna iya kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro [31, 34].Wannan ganewar na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da raunin yara da tsananin alamun zazzabin cizon sauro [50, 51].
Mahalarta taron sun ba da rahoton kashe kusan dala 30,000, ban da sufuri da sauran abubuwa ba.
Kwatanta matsayin manoman tattalin arziki ya nuna cewa manoman da ke da mafi ƙanƙanta a fannin tattalin arziki suna kashe kuɗi fiye da manoma masu arziki.Wannan na iya zama saboda gidaje masu ƙarancin matsayi na zamantakewar al'umma suna ganin farashi ya fi girma (saboda girman nauyinsu a cikin kuɗin gida gaba ɗaya) ko kuma saboda fa'idodin da ke tattare da aikin gwamnati da na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (kamar yadda lamarin yake da gidaje masu wadata).): Saboda samuwar inshorar lafiya, tallafin maganin zazzabin cizon sauro (dangane da jimillar farashi) na iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da farashin gidaje waɗanda ba sa amfana da inshora [52].A haƙiƙa, an ba da rahoton cewa gidaje mafiya arziki sun fi yin amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka kwatanta da mafi yawan gidaje.
Duk da cewa mafi yawan manoman suna daukar sauro a matsayin babban dalilin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, amma wasu tsiraru ne kawai ke amfani da maganin kashe kwari (ta hanyar feshi da hayaki) a gidajensu, kwatankwacin binciken da aka yi a Kamaru da Equatorial Guinea [48, 53].Rashin damuwa ga sauro idan aka kwatanta da kwari na amfanin gona yana da nasaba da darajar tattalin arzikin amfanin gona.Don iyakance farashi, an fi son hanyoyin masu rahusa kamar kona ganye a gida ko kawar da sauro da hannu kawai.Rashin daxi na iya zama dalili: warin wasu samfuran sinadarai da rashin jin daɗi bayan amfani yana sa wasu masu amfani su guji amfani da su [54].Yawan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a gidaje (85.20% na gidajen da aka ruwaito suna amfani da su) yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin amfani da maganin kwari ga sauro.Kasancewar gidajen gadon da aka yi wa maganin kashe kwari yana da alaƙa sosai da kasancewar yara ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 1, maiyuwa ne saboda tallafin asibitin haihuwa ga mata masu juna biyu waɗanda ke karɓar gidan gadon maganin kwari yayin shawarwarin masu juna biyu [6].
Pyrethroids sune manyan magungunan kashe kwari da ake amfani da su a cikin gidajen sauro masu maganin kwari [55] da manoma ke amfani da su don shawo kan kwari da sauro, yana haifar da damuwa game da karuwar juriyar kwari [55, 56, 57,58,59].Wannan yanayin na iya yin bayanin raguwar hankalin sauro ga maganin kwari da manoma ke gani.
Matsayi mafi girma na zamantakewar al'umma ba shi da alaƙa da ingantaccen ilimin zazzabin cizon sauro da sauro a matsayin sanadinsa.Sabanin binciken da Ouattara da abokan aikinsa suka yi a baya a shekarar 2011, masu hannu da shuni sun fi iya gano musabbabin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro saboda suna samun sauki ta hanyar talabijin da rediyo [35].Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa matakin manyan makarantu yana hasashen fahimtar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro.Wannan duba ya tabbatar da cewa ilimi ya kasance wani muhimmin ginshikin ilimin manoma game da zazzabin cizon sauro.Dalilin da ya sa matsayin zamantakewar al'umma ba shi da wani tasiri shi ne cewa ƙauyuka sukan raba talabijin da rediyo.Duk da haka, ya kamata a yi la'akari da matsayin zamantakewar al'umma yayin amfani da ilimin dabarun rigakafin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a cikin gida.
Matsayi mafi girma na zamantakewar zamantakewa da matakin ilimi mafi girma suna da alaƙa da alaƙa da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari (feshi ko fesa).Abin mamaki shine, ikon manoma na gano sauro a matsayin babban dalilin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ya yi mummunan tasiri ga tsarin.Wannan mai hasashen yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari lokacin da aka haɗa shi a cikin jama'a gabaɗaya, amma yana da alaƙa da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari idan an haɗa shi da ƙauye.Wannan sakamakon yana nuna mahimmancin tasirin cin naman mutane akan halayen ɗan adam da buƙatar haɗawa da tasirin bazuwar a cikin bincike.Binciken da muka yi ya nuna a karon farko cewa manoman da suka kware wajen yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a harkar noma sun fi sauran amfani da feshin maganin kashe qwari da coils a matsayin dabarun cikin gida don shawo kan cutar zazzabin cizon sauro.
Sakamakon binciken da aka yi a baya game da tasirin yanayin zamantakewar zamantakewa akan halayen manoma game da magungunan kashe qwari [16, 60, 61, 62, 63], gidaje masu arziki sun ba da rahoton babban canji da yawan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari.Masu amsa sun yi imanin cewa fesa maganin kwari da yawa ita ce hanya mafi kyau don guje wa haɓaka juriya a cikin sauro, wanda ya yi daidai da damuwa da aka bayyana a wani wuri [64].Don haka, kayayyakin cikin gida da manoma ke amfani da su, suna da nau’in sinadari iri daya a karkashin sunayen kasuwanci daban-daban, wanda ke nufin manoma su ba da fifiko kan ilimin fasaha na samfurin da kayan aikin sa.Ya kamata kuma a mai da hankali ga wayar da kan masu sayar da kayayyaki, domin suna daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen siyan maganin kashe kwari [17, 24, 65, 66, 67].
Don samun tasiri mai kyau akan amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin al'ummomin karkara, manufofi da shisshigi ya kamata su mayar da hankali kan inganta dabarun sadarwa, yin la'akari da matakan ilimi da ayyukan ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin daidaita al'adu da muhalli, tare da samar da amintattun magungunan kashe qwari.Mutane za su saya bisa farashi (nawa za su iya biya) da ingancin samfurin.Da zarar inganci ya samu a farashi mai araha, ana tsammanin buƙatar canjin ɗabi'a a cikin siyan samfura masu kyau zai ƙaru sosai.Ilimantar da manoma game da maye gurbin magungunan kashe qwari don karya sarƙoƙi na juriya na kwari, yana bayyana a fili cewa maye gurbin ba yana nufin canji a cikin alamar samfur ba;(Tunda nau'ikan samfuran daban-daban suna ɗauke da mahimman mahaɗan guda ɗaya), amma bambance-bambance a cikin masu aiki saiti.Hakanan za'a iya tallafawa wannan ilimin ta mafi kyawun lakabin samfur ta hanyar sauƙi, bayyanannen wakilci.
Tun da yake manoman karkara suna amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da yawa a lardin Abbotville, fahimtar gibin ilimin manoma da halayensu game da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin muhalli ya zama abin da ake buƙata don haɓaka shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a cikin nasara.Bincikenmu ya tabbatar da cewa ilimi ya kasance babban dalilin yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari daidai da sanin zazzabin cizon sauro.Matsayin zamantakewar zamantakewar iyali kuma an ɗauki muhimmin kayan aiki don yin la'akari.Baya ga yanayin zamantakewa da matakin ilimi na maigidan, wasu abubuwa kamar ilimin zazzabin cizon sauro, amfani da maganin kashe kwari don magance kwari, da kuma fahimtar juriyar sauro ga maganin kwari yana tasiri halayen manoma game da amfani da kwari.
Hanyoyin da suka dogara da masu amsa kamar tambayoyin tambayoyi suna da abin tunawa da son rai na zamantakewa.Yana da sauƙin amfani da halaye na gida don tantance matsayin zamantakewa, kodayake waɗannan matakan na iya zama takamaiman ga lokaci da mahallin yanki da aka haɓaka su kuma maiyuwa ba za su yi daidai da gaskiyar zamani na takamaiman abubuwa na ƙimar al'adu ba, yin kwatance tsakanin karatun yana da wahala. .Lallai, ana iya samun gagarumin canje-canje a cikin mallakar gida na abubuwan da ba zai haifar da raguwar talaucin abin duniya ba.
Wasu manoma ba sa tunawa da sunayen kayayyakin gwari, don haka za a iya yin la’akari da yawan magungunan kashe qwari da manoma ke amfani da su.Binciken mu bai yi la’akari da halayen manoma ba game da feshin maganin kashe kwari da kuma yadda suke ganin illar ayyukansu ga lafiyarsu da muhallinsu.Har ila yau, ba a saka 'yan kasuwa a cikin binciken ba.Za a iya bincika duka abubuwan biyu a cikin karatun gaba.
Rubutun bayanan da aka yi amfani da su da/ko tantancewa yayin binciken na yanzu suna samuwa daga mawallafin da ya dace akan buƙatun da ya dace.
kungiyar kasuwanci ta duniya.Ƙungiyar Cocoa ta Duniya - Shekarar Cocoa 2019/20.2020. Duba https://www.icco.org/aug-2020-quarterly-bulletin-of-cocoa-statistics/.
FAO.Ban ruwa don daidaita canjin yanayi (AICCA).2020. Duba https://www.fao.org/in-action/aicca/country-activities/cote-divoire/background/en/.
Sangare A, Coffey E, Acamo F, Fall California.Rahoto kan Halin Albarkatun Halittar Tsirrai na Ƙasa don Abinci da Noma.Ma'aikatar Noma ta Jamhuriyar Cote d'Ivoire.Rahoton ƙasa na biyu 2009 65.
Kouame N, N'Guessan F, N'Guessan H, N'Guessan P, Tano Y. Canje-canje na yanayi a cikin yawan koko a yankin Indiya-Jouablin na Cote d'Ivoire.Jaridar Applied Biological Sciences.2015; 83:7595.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v83i1.2.
Fan Li, Niu Hua, Yang Xiao, Qin Wen, Bento SPM, Ritsema SJ et al.Abubuwan da ke haifar da halayen amfani da magungunan kashe qwari na manoma: binciken da aka yi a wani fage a arewacin China.Gabaɗaya muhallin kimiyya.2015; 537:360–8.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.150.
HUKUMAR LAFIYA TA DUNIYA.Bayanin Rahoton Duniya na Malaria 2019. 2019. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/world-malaria-report-2019.
Gnankine O, Bassole IHN, Chandre F, Glito I, Akogbeto M, Dabire RK.da al.Juriyar maganin kwari a cikin fararen kwari Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) da Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) na iya yin barazana ga dorewar dabarun magance cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a yammacin Afirka.Acta Trop.2013; 128: 7-17.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.06.004.
Bass S, Puinian AM, Zimmer KT, Denholm I, Filin LM, Foster SP.da al.Juyin Juriya na maganin kwari na peach dankalin turawa aphid Myzus persicae.Biochemistry na kwari.Halittar kwayoyin halitta.2014; 51: 41-51.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.05.003.
Djegbe I, Missihun AA, Djuaka R, Akogbeto M. Haɓakar yawan jama'a da kuma juriyar kwari na Anopheles gambiae a ƙarƙashin noman shinkafa mai ban ruwa a kudancin Benin.Jaridar Applied Biological Sciences.2017; 111:10934–43.http://dx.doi.org/104314/jab.v111i1.10.
Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-28-2024