Magungunan kashe kwari suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a aikin gona na karkara, amma yawan amfani da su ko kuma rashin amfani da su na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga manufofin kula da ƙwayoyin cuta na maleriya; An gudanar da wannan binciken ne a tsakanin al'ummomin manoma a kudancin Côte d'Ivoire don tantance waɗanne magungunan kashe kwari ne manoman yankin ke amfani da su da kuma yadda hakan ke da alaƙa da fahimtar manoma game da maleriya. Fahimtar amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a game da magance sauro da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari.
An gudanar da binciken ne a tsakanin gidaje 1,399 a ƙauyuka 10. An yi wa manoma tambayoyi game da iliminsu, ayyukan noma (misali, samar da amfanin gona, amfani da magungunan kashe kwari), fahimtar zazzabin cizon sauro, da kuma dabarun magance sauro daban-daban na gida da suke amfani da su. Ana tantance matsayin tattalin arziki (SES) na kowane gida bisa ga wasu kadarorin gida da aka riga aka ƙayyade. Ana ƙididdige alaƙar ƙididdiga tsakanin masu canji daban-daban, wanda ke nuna manyan abubuwan haɗari.
Matsayin ilimin manoma yana da alaƙa sosai da matsayin tattalin arzikinsu (p < 0.0001). Yawancin gidaje (88.82%) sun yi imanin cewa sauro ne babban abin da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro kuma sanin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro yana da alaƙa da matakin ilimi mai zurfi (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10). Amfani da sinadarai a cikin gida yana da alaƙa da yanayin tattalin arzikin gida, matakin ilimi, amfani da gidajen sauro da aka yi wa magani da maganin kwari da magungunan kashe kwari na noma (p < 0.0001). An gano cewa manoma suna amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na pyrethroid a cikin gida kuma suna amfani da waɗannan magungunan kashe kwari don kare amfanin gona.
Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa matakin ilimi ya kasance babban abin da ke tasiri ga sanin manoma game da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da kuma shawo kan cutar malaria. Muna ba da shawarar cewa a yi la'akari da ingantaccen sadarwa da ke nufin cimma ilimi, gami da matsayin tattalin arziki, samuwa, da kuma samun kayayyakin sinadarai masu sarrafawa yayin haɓaka hanyoyin magance magungunan kashe kwari da kuma hanyoyin magance cututtuka masu yaduwa ga al'ummomin yankin.
Noma ita ce babbar hanyar tattalin arziki ga ƙasashe da yawa na Yammacin Afirka. A cikin 2018 da 2019, Côte d'Ivoire ita ce babbar mai samar da koko da goro na cashew a duniya kuma ta uku mafi girma a samar da kofi a Afirka [1], tare da ayyukan noma da kayayyaki da suka kai kashi 22% na jimlar kayayyakin cikin gida (GDP) [2]. A matsayinta na masu mafi yawan filayen noma, ƙananan masu noma a yankunan karkara su ne manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin wannan fanni [3]. Ƙasar tana da babban damar noma, tare da hekta miliyan 17 na gonaki da bambancin yanayi waɗanda suka fi son bambancin amfanin gona da noman kofi, koko, goro na cashew, roba, auduga, doya, dabino, rogo, shinkafa da kayan lambu [2]. Noma mai ƙarfi yana taimakawa wajen yaɗuwar kwari, galibi ta hanyar ƙara amfani da magungunan kashe kwari don magance kwari [4], musamman a tsakanin manoman karkara, don kare amfanin gona da ƙara yawan amfanin gona [5], da kuma sarrafa sauro [6]. Duk da haka, amfani da magungunan kwari ba daidai ba yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da juriya ga maganin kwari a cikin cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa, musamman a yankunan noma inda sauro da kwari na amfanin gona za su iya fuskantar matsin lamba daga magungunan kwari iri ɗaya [7,8,9,10]. Amfani da magungunan kwari na iya haifar da gurɓatawa wanda ke shafar dabarun sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta da muhalli don haka yana buƙatar kulawa [11, 12, 13, 14, 15].
An yi nazari kan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da manoma ke yi a baya [5, 16]. An nuna cewa matakin ilimi shine babban abin da ke haifar da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari yadda ya kamata [17, 18], kodayake amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da manoma ke yi galibi yana faruwa ne sakamakon gogewa ko shawarwari daga dillalai [5, 19, 20]. Takaddun kuɗi suna ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi kawo cikas ga samun magungunan kashe kwari ko magungunan kashe kwari, wanda ke sa manoma su sayi kayayyakin da ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ko waɗanda suka tsufa, waɗanda galibi ba su da tsada fiye da kayayyakin da aka halatta [21, 22]. Ana lura da irin wannan yanayin a wasu ƙasashen Yammacin Afirka, inda ƙarancin kuɗi ke zama dalilin siye da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari marasa dacewa [23, 24].
A Côte d'Ivoire, ana amfani da magungunan kashe kwari sosai a kan amfanin gona [25, 26], wanda ke shafar ayyukan noma da yawan masu kamuwa da cutar malaria [27, 28, 29, 30]. Bincike a yankunan da cutar malaria ta fi kamari ya nuna alaƙa tsakanin yanayin tattalin arziki da fahimtar haɗarin cutar malaria da kamuwa da cuta, da kuma amfani da gidajen sauro masu maganin kwari (ITN) [31,32,33,34,35,36,37]. Duk da waɗannan nazarin, ƙoƙarin samar da takamaiman manufofin yaƙi da sauro ya lalace saboda rashin bayanai game da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a yankunan karkara da abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen amfani da magungunan kashe kwari. Wannan binciken ya binciki imanin malaria da dabarun yaƙi da sauro tsakanin gidajen manoma a Abeauville, kudancin Côte d'Ivoire.
An gudanar da binciken a ƙauyuka 10 a sashen Abeauville da ke kudancin Côte d'Ivoire (Hoto na 1). Lardin Agbowell yana da mazauna 292,109 a cikin yanki mai murabba'in kilomita 3,850 kuma shine lardin da ya fi yawan jama'a a yankin Anyebi-Tiasa [38]. Yana da yanayi mai zafi tare da yanayi biyu na damina (Afrilu zuwa Yuli da Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba) [39, 40]. Noma ita ce babban aikin da ake yi a yankin kuma ƙananan manoma da manyan kamfanonin masana'antu na noma ne ke gudanar da shi. Waɗannan wurare 10 sun haɗa da Aboude Boa Vincent (323,729.62 E, 651,821.62 N), Aboude Kuassikro (326,413.09 E, 651,573.06 N), Aboude Mandek (326,413.09 E , 73613.09) (330633.05E, 652372.90N), Amengbeu (348477.76E, 664971.70N), Damojiang (374,039.75 E, 661,579.59 N), Casigue 1 (363,140.157, 363,140.141, N341, 6640.141, 6640.141, 340.141, 363,140, 640.141. (351,545.32 E ., 642.06 2.37 N), Ofa (350 924.31 E, 654 607.17 N), Ofonbo (338 578.5) 1 E, 657 302.17 latitude na arewa) da Uji (363,990.74 tsayin gabas, 648,587.44 latitude na arewa).
An gudanar da binciken ne tsakanin watan Agusta na 2018 zuwa Maris na 2019 tare da halartar gidajen manoma. An sami jimillar mazauna kowace ƙauye daga sashen kula da ayyukan gida, kuma an zaɓi mutane 1,500 bazuwar daga wannan jerin. Mahalarta da aka ɗauka sun wakilci tsakanin kashi 6% zuwa 16% na al'ummar ƙauyen. Gidajen da aka haɗa a cikin binciken su ne gidajen manoma da suka yarda su shiga. An gudanar da bincike na farko tsakanin manoma 20 don tantance ko akwai buƙatar sake rubuta wasu tambayoyi. Daga nan aka kammala tambayoyin ta hanyar masu tattara bayanai da aka horar kuma aka biya su a kowace ƙauye, aƙalla ɗaya daga cikinsu an ɗauke shi daga ƙauyen da kansa. Wannan zaɓin ya tabbatar da cewa kowace ƙauye tana da aƙalla mai tattara bayanai ɗaya wanda ya saba da muhalli kuma ya yi magana da yaren yankin. A kowace gida, an yi hira ta fuska da fuska da shugaban gidan (uba ko uwa) ko kuma, idan shugaban gidan bai nan, wani babba sama da shekara 18. Tambayoyin sun ƙunshi tambayoyi 36 da aka raba zuwa sassa uku: (1) Matsayin alƙaluma da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na iyali (2) Ayyukan noma da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari (3) Sanin zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe kwari don magance sauro [duba Annex 1].
An rubuta magungunan kashe kwari da manoma suka ambata ta hanyar sunan kasuwanci kuma an rarraba su ta hanyar sinadaran aiki da ƙungiyoyin sinadarai ta amfani da Ma'aunin Tsabtace Muhalli na Ivory Coast [41]. An kimanta matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na kowane gida ta hanyar ƙididdige ma'aunin kadarori [42]. An mayar da kadarorin gida zuwa masu canji iri ɗaya [43]. Ana danganta ƙimar abubuwan da ba su da kyau da ƙarancin yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki (SES), yayin da ƙimar abubuwan da suka dace ke da alaƙa da mafi girman SES. An taƙaita ma'aunin kadarori don samar da jimillar maki ga kowane gida [35]. Dangane da jimillar ma'auni, an raba gidaje zuwa quintiles biyar na matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, daga mafi talauci zuwa mafi arziki [duba Ƙarin fayil 4].
Domin tantance ko wani canji ya bambanta sosai ta hanyar yanayin zamantakewa, ƙauye, ko matakin ilimi na shugabannin gidaje, ana iya amfani da gwajin chi-square ko gwajin Fisher daidai, kamar yadda ya dace. An haɗa samfuran komawar kayayyaki tare da masu hasashen abubuwa masu zuwa: matakin ilimi, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki (duk an canza su zuwa masu canji daban-daban), ƙauye (an haɗa su azaman masu canji na rukuni), babban matakin ilimi game da zazzabin cizon sauro da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a noma, da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a cikin gida (fitarwa ta hanyar aerosol). ko coil); matakin ilimi, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da ƙauye, wanda ya haifar da wayewar kai game da zazzabin cizon sauro. An yi samfurin komawar kayayyaki gauraye ta amfani da kunshin R lme4 (aikin Glmer). An gudanar da nazarin ƙididdiga a cikin R 4.1.3 (https://www.r-project.org) da Stata 16.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX).
Daga cikin hirarraki 1,500 da aka yi, an cire 101 daga cikin binciken saboda ba a kammala tambayoyin ba. Mafi girman kaso na gidaje da aka yi binciken sun kasance a Grande Maury (18.87%) kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a Ouanghi (2.29%). Gidaje 1,399 da aka yi binciken da aka haɗa a cikin binciken suna wakiltar yawan mutane 9,023. Kamar yadda aka nuna a Tebur 1, 91.71% na shugabannin gidaje maza ne kuma 8.29% mata ne.
Kimanin kashi 8.86% na shugabannin gidaje sun fito ne daga ƙasashe maƙwabta kamar Benin, Mali, Burkina Faso da Ghana. Kabilun da aka fi wakilta su ne Abi (60.26%), Malinke (10.01%), Krobu (5.29%) da Baulai (4.72%). Kamar yadda aka zata daga samfurin manoma, noma shine kawai tushen samun kuɗi ga yawancin manoma (89.35%), inda ake noma koko akai-akai a cikin gidajen samfurin; Kayan lambu, amfanin gona, shinkafa, roba da kuma plantain suma ana noma su a ƙaramin yanki na ƙasa. Sauran shugabannin gidaje 'yan kasuwa ne, masu fasaha da masunta (Tebur 1). An gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayanin halayen gidaje ta ƙauye a cikin fayil ɗin Ƙarin [duba Ƙarin fayil na 3].
Nau'in ilimi bai bambanta ta jinsi ba (p = 0.4672). Yawancin waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi sun sami ilimin firamare (40.80%), sai kuma ilimin sakandare (33.41%) da rashin karatu (17.97%). Kashi 4.64% ne kawai suka shiga jami'a (Tebur 1). Daga cikin mata 116 da aka yi wa tambayoyi, sama da kashi 75% suna da aƙalla ilimin firamare, sauran kuma ba su taɓa zuwa makaranta ba. Matsayin ilimin manoma ya bambanta sosai a ƙauyuka (gwajin Fisher na ainihi, p < 0.0001), kuma matakin ilimi na shugabannin gidaje yana da alaƙa mai kyau da matsayin tattalin arzikinsu (gwajin Fisher na ainihi, p < 0.0001). A gaskiya ma, mafi girman matsayin tattalin arziki, quintiles galibi sun ƙunshi manoma masu ilimi, kuma akasin haka, mafi ƙarancin matsayin tattalin arziki, quintiles sun ƙunshi manoma marasa ilimi; Dangane da jimillar kadarori, an raba gidaje samfurin zuwa quintiles biyar masu arziki: daga mafi talauci (Q1) zuwa mafi arziki (Q5) [duba Ƙarin fayil na 4].
Akwai manyan bambance-bambance a cikin matsayin auren shugabannin gidaje na azuzuwan arziki daban-daban (p < 0.0001): 83.62% suna auren mace ɗaya, 16.38% suna auren mace ɗaya (har zuwa mata 3). Ba a sami wani babban bambanci tsakanin ajin dukiya da adadin mata ba.
Yawancin waɗanda aka yi wa tambayoyi (88.82%) sun yi imanin cewa sauro na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro. Kashi 1.65% ne kawai suka amsa cewa ba su san abin da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro ba. Sauran abubuwan da aka gano sun haɗa da shan ruwa mai datti, fallasa ga hasken rana, rashin abinci mai kyau da gajiya (Tebur 2). A matakin ƙauye a Grande Maury, yawancin gidaje sun ɗauki shan ruwa mai datti a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro (bambancin ƙididdiga tsakanin ƙauyuka, p < 0.0001). Manyan alamun zazzabin cizon sauro guda biyu sune zafin jiki mai yawa (78.38%) da kuma launin rawaya na idanu (72.07%). Manoma sun kuma ambaci amai, rashin jini da kuma launin fata (duba Tebur 2 a ƙasa).
Daga cikin dabarun rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro, masu amsa sun ambaci amfani da magungunan gargajiya; duk da haka, lokacin da suke rashin lafiya, magungunan likitanci da na gargajiya na zazzabin cizon sauro an dauke su a matsayin zaɓuɓɓuka masu kyau (80.01%), tare da fifikon da suka shafi matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Babban alaƙa (p < 0.0001).): Manoma masu matsayi mafi girma a fannin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sun fi son magungunan gargajiya; Kusan rabin gidaje suna kashe a matsakaicin fiye da XOF 30,000 a kowace shekara kan maganin zazzabin cizon sauro (wanda ke da alaƙa da SES mara kyau; p < 0.0001). Dangane da kimantawar farashin kai tsaye da aka ruwaito, gidaje masu ƙarancin matsayin tattalin arziki sun fi kashe XOF 30,000 (kimanin dala 50) akan maganin zazzabin cizon sauro fiye da gidaje masu matsayi mafi girma a fannin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin masu amsa sun yi imanin cewa yara (49.11%) sun fi saurin kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro fiye da manya (6.55%) (Tebur 2), tare da wannan ra'ayi ya fi yawa a cikin gidaje a cikin mafi talauci (p < 0.01).
Ga cizon sauro, yawancin mahalarta (85.20%) sun ba da rahoton amfani da gidajen sauro masu maganin kwari, waɗanda galibi suka karɓa a lokacin rarrabawa na ƙasa na 2017. An ruwaito cewa manya da yara suna kwana a ƙarƙashin gidajen sauro masu maganin kwari a cikin kashi 90.99% na gidaje. Yawan amfani da gidajen sauro masu maganin kwari a cikin gida ya fi kashi 70% a duk ƙauyuka banda ƙauyen Gessigye, inda kashi 40% kawai na gidaje suka ba da rahoton amfani da gidajen sauro masu maganin kwari. Matsakaicin adadin gidajen sauro masu maganin kwari da gida ya mallaka yana da alaƙa mai mahimmanci da girman gida (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.41, p < 0.0001). Sakamakonmu ya kuma nuna cewa gidaje masu yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 1 sun fi son amfani da gidajen sauro masu maganin kwari a gida idan aka kwatanta da gidaje marasa yara ko kuma tare da manyan yara (rabo mai yawa (OR) = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.25–3.47).
Baya ga amfani da gidajen sauro da aka yi wa magani da maganin kwari, an kuma tambayi manoma game da wasu hanyoyin magance sauro a gidajensu da kuma kayayyakin noma da ake amfani da su don magance kwari na amfanin gona. Kashi 36.24% ne kawai na mahalarta suka ambaci feshin magungunan kashe kwari a gidajensu (alaƙa mai mahimmanci da inganci da SES p < 0.0001). Sinadaran sinadarai da aka ruwaito sun fito ne daga nau'ikan kasuwanci guda tara kuma galibi ana ba su ne ga kasuwannin gida da wasu dillalai a cikin nau'in na'urorin feshi (16.10%) da feshin maganin kwari (83.90%). Ikon manoma na ambaci sunayen magungunan kashe kwari da aka fesa a gidajensu ya ƙaru da matakin iliminsu (12.43%; p < 0.05). An fara siyan kayayyakin noma da aka yi amfani da su a cikin gwangwani kuma an narkar da su a cikin feshi kafin amfani, tare da mafi girman kaso da aka yi niyya ga amfanin gona (78.84%) (Tebur na 2). Ƙauyen Amangbeu yana da mafi ƙarancin kaso na manoma da ke amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a gidajensu (0.93%) da amfanin gona (16.67%).
Matsakaicin adadin magungunan kashe kwari (feshi ko nails) da ake da'awar kowace gida shine 3, kuma SES yana da alaƙa mai kyau da adadin kayayyakin da aka yi amfani da su (gwajin Fisher daidai p < 0.0001, duk da haka a wasu lokuta an gano cewa waɗannan samfuran suna ɗauke da iri ɗaya); sinadaran aiki a ƙarƙashin sunayen kasuwanci daban-daban. Tebur na 2 yana nuna yawan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a kowane mako tsakanin manoma bisa ga matsayin tattalin arzikinsu.
Pyrethroids sune dangin sinadarai da aka fi wakilta a cikin gida (48.74%) da kuma feshin maganin kwari na noma (54.74%). Ana yin samfuran daga kowace maganin kwari ko kuma tare da wasu magungunan kashe kwari. Haɗuwar magungunan kashe kwari na gida da aka fi sani da carbamates, organophosphates da pyrethroids, yayin da neonicotinoids da pyrethroids sun zama ruwan dare a tsakanin magungunan kashe kwari na noma (Shafi na 5). Hoto na 2 ya nuna adadin nau'ikan magungunan kashe kwari daban-daban da manoma ke amfani da su, waɗanda duk an rarraba su a matsayin Aji na II (matsakaicin haɗari) ko Aji na III (ƙananan haɗari) bisa ga rarrabuwar magungunan kashe kwari na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya [44]. A wani lokaci, ya bayyana cewa ƙasar tana amfani da deltamethrin na maganin kwari, wanda aka yi niyya don amfanin gona.
Dangane da sinadaran da ke aiki, propoxur da deltamethrin su ne kayayyakin da aka fi amfani da su a cikin gida da kuma a fannin, bi da bi. Ƙarin fayil na 5 ya ƙunshi cikakkun bayanai game da kayayyakin sinadarai da manoma ke amfani da su a gida da kuma kan amfanin gonakinsu.
Manoma sun ambaci wasu hanyoyin magance sauro, ciki har da fanfunan ganye (pêpê a yaren Abbey na yankin), ƙona ganye, tsaftace yankin, cire ruwan da ke tsaye, amfani da magungunan kashe sauro, ko kuma kawai amfani da zanen gado don korar sauro.
Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da ilimin manoma game da zazzabin cizon sauro da feshin maganin kwari a cikin gida (binciken tsarin sarrafawa).
Bayanai sun nuna alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin amfani da maganin kwari a gida da kuma masu hasashen abubuwa guda biyar: matakin ilimi, SES, sanin sauro a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro, amfani da ITN, da kuma amfani da maganin kwari na noma. Hoto na 3 ya nuna ORs daban-daban ga kowane mai hasashen abubuwa. Lokacin da aka haɗa su da ƙauye, duk masu hasashen sun nuna alaƙa mai kyau da amfani da feshin kwari a cikin gidaje (banda sanin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda aka danganta shi da amfani da maganin kwari (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.13). )) (Hoto na 3). Daga cikin waɗannan masu hasashen abubuwa masu kyau, abin sha'awa shine amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a cikin noma. Manoma da suka yi amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a kan amfanin gona sun fi samun damar amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a gida da kashi 188% (95% CI: 1.12, 8.26). Duk da haka, gidaje masu ilimi mai zurfi game da yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro ba su da yuwuwar amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a cikin gida. Mutane masu ilimi mai zurfi sun fi sanin cewa sauro ne babban abin da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.35, 3.10), amma babu wata alaƙa ta ƙididdiga da babban SES (OR = 1.51; 95% CI: 0.93, 2.46).
A cewar shugaban gidan, yawan sauro yana ƙaruwa a lokacin damina kuma lokacin dare shine lokacin da sauro ke yawan cizon sauro (85.79%). Lokacin da aka tambayi manoma game da fahimtarsu game da tasirin feshin maganin kwari akan yawan sauro masu ɗauke da maleriya, kashi 86.59% sun tabbatar da cewa sauro yana da alamun juriya ga magungunan kwari. Rashin iya amfani da isassun sinadarai saboda rashin samuwa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin babban dalilin rashin inganci ko rashin amfani da kayayyakin, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin wasu abubuwan da ke tantancewa. Musamman ma, na ƙarshen yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin matsayin ilimi (p < 0.01), koda lokacin da ake sarrafa SES (p < 0.0001). Kashi 12.41% ne kawai na waɗanda aka amsa sun ɗauki juriyar sauro a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da juriyar maganin kwari.
Akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin yawan amfani da maganin kwari a gida da kuma fahimtar juriyar sauro ga magungunan kwari (p < 0.0001): rahotannin juriyar sauro ga magungunan kwari sun dogara ne akan amfani da magungunan kwari a gida da manoma ke yi sau 3-4 a mako (90.34%). Baya ga yawan amfani da magungunan kwari, adadin magungunan kwari da ake amfani da su yana da alaƙa mai kyau da fahimtar manoma game da juriyar magungunan kwari (p < 0.0001).
Wannan binciken ya mayar da hankali kan fahimtar manoma game da zazzabin cizon sauro da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari. Sakamakon bincikenmu ya nuna cewa ilimi da matsayin tattalin arziki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halaye da ilimin cutar malaria. Duk da cewa yawancin shugabannin gidaje sun halarci makarantar firamare, kamar sauran wurare, adadin manoma marasa ilimi yana da mahimmanci [35, 45]. Wannan lamari za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa ko da manoma da yawa sun fara samun ilimi, yawancinsu dole ne su daina makaranta don tallafa wa iyalansu ta hanyar ayyukan noma [26]. Maimakon haka, wannan lamari yana nuna cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin matsayin tattalin arziki da ilimi yana da mahimmanci wajen bayyana alaƙar da ke tsakanin matsayin tattalin arziki da ikon yin aiki bisa ga bayanai.
A yankuna da dama da ke fama da cutar malaria, mahalarta sun san musabbabin da kuma alamun cutar malaria [33,46,47,48,49]. Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa yara suna iya kamuwa da cutar malaria [31, 34]. Wannan ganewar na iya danganta da saurin kamuwa da cutar yara da kuma tsananin alamun cutar malaria [50, 51].
Mahalarta taron sun bayar da rahoton cewa sun kashe matsakaicin dala $30,000, ba tare da la'akari da sufuri da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi hakan ba.
Kwatanta matsayin manoma a fannin tattalin arziki ya nuna cewa manoman da ke da mafi ƙarancin matsayi a fannin tattalin arziki suna kashe kuɗi fiye da manoman da suka fi arziki. Wannan yana iya zama saboda gidaje masu ƙarancin matsayi a fannin tattalin arziki suna ganin farashi ya fi girma (saboda yawan nauyin da suke da shi a fannin kuɗin gidaje) ko kuma saboda fa'idodin aikin gwamnati da na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu (kamar yadda yake ga gidaje masu arziki). ): Saboda samuwar inshorar lafiya, kuɗaɗen maganin zazzabin cizon sauro (idan aka kwatanta da jimillar kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa) na iya zama ƙasa da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa ga gidaje waɗanda ba sa cin gajiyar inshora [52]. A gaskiya ma, an ruwaito cewa gidaje masu arziki galibi suna amfani da magungunan likitanci idan aka kwatanta da gidaje mafi talauci.
Duk da cewa yawancin manoma suna ɗaukar sauro a matsayin babban abin da ke haifar da zazzabin cizon sauro, tsiraru ne kawai ke amfani da magungunan kashe kwari (ta hanyar feshi da feshi) a gidajensu, kamar yadda aka gano a Kamaru da Equatorial Guinea [48, 53]. Rashin damuwa da sauro idan aka kwatanta da kwari na amfanin gona ya faru ne saboda darajar tattalin arzikin amfanin gona. Don iyakance farashi, hanyoyin da ba su da tsada kamar ƙona ganye a gida ko kuma kawai korar sauro da hannu an fi so. Guba da ake gani na iya zama wani abu: warin wasu sinadarai da rashin jin daɗi bayan amfani yana sa wasu masu amfani su guji amfani da su [54]. Yawan amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a cikin gidaje (kashi 85.20% na gidaje sun ba da rahoton amfani da su) shi ma yana taimakawa wajen ƙarancin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a kan sauro. Kasancewar gidajen sauro da aka yi wa maganin kwari a cikin gida yana da alaƙa sosai da kasancewar yara 'yan ƙasa da shekara 1, wataƙila saboda tallafin asibitin kafin haihuwa ga mata masu juna biyu da ke karɓar gidajen sauro da aka yi wa maganin kwari a lokacin shawarwarin kafin haihuwa [6].
Pyrethroids su ne manyan magungunan kashe kwari da ake amfani da su a gidajen sauro da aka yi wa magani da maganin kwari [55] kuma manoma suna amfani da su don shawo kan kwari da sauro, wanda hakan ke haifar da damuwa game da karuwar juriyar kwari [55, 56, 57, 58, 59]. Wannan yanayin na iya bayyana raguwar saurin kamuwa da sauro ga magungunan kwari da manoma ke gani.
Ba a danganta matsayin tattalin arziki mai kyau da ingantaccen ilimin zazzabin cizon sauro da sauro a matsayin sanadinsa ba. Sabanin binciken da Ouattara da abokan aikinsa suka yi a baya a shekarar 2011, masu arziki suna da ikon gano musabbabin zazzabin cizon sauro saboda suna da sauƙin samun bayanai ta hanyar talabijin da rediyo [35]. Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa matakin ilimi mai zurfi yana hasashen fahimtar zazzabin cizon sauro. Wannan lura ya tabbatar da cewa ilimi ya kasance muhimmin bangare na ilimin manoma game da zazzabin cizon sauro. Dalilin da ya sa matsayin tattalin arziki ba shi da tasiri sosai shi ne cewa kauyuka galibi suna raba talabijin da rediyo. Duk da haka, ya kamata a yi la'akari da matsayin tattalin arziki yayin amfani da ilimi game da dabarun rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro na cikin gida.
Babban matsayin tattalin arziki da kuma matakin ilimi mai zurfi suna da alaƙa mai kyau da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na gida (feshi ko feshi). Abin mamaki, ikon manoma na gano sauro a matsayin babban dalilin cutar malaria ya yi mummunan tasiri ga samfurin. Wannan hasashen yana da alaƙa mai kyau da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari lokacin da aka haɗa shi a cikin dukkan al'umma, amma yana da alaƙa mara kyau da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari lokacin da aka haɗa shi da ƙauye. Wannan sakamakon ya nuna mahimmancin tasirin cin naman mutane akan halayen ɗan adam da kuma buƙatar haɗa tasirin bazuwar a cikin binciken. Bincikenmu ya nuna a karon farko cewa manoma masu ƙwarewa wajen amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a noma sun fi wasu iya amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da na'urorin kashe kwari a matsayin dabarun cikin gida don magance cutar malaria.
Da suka yi bitar binciken da aka yi a baya kan tasirin matsayin tattalin arziki kan ra'ayoyin manoma game da magungunan kashe kwari [16, 60, 61, 62, 63], gidaje masu arziki sun ba da rahoton bambancin da ke tsakanin amfanin magungunan kashe kwari da kuma yawan amfani da su. Masu amsa sun yi imanin cewa fesa maganin kwari mai yawa ita ce hanya mafi kyau don guje wa ci gaban juriya ga sauro, wanda ya yi daidai da damuwar da aka bayyana a wasu wurare [64]. Don haka, kayayyakin gida da manoma ke amfani da su suna da nau'ikan sinadarai iri ɗaya a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban na kasuwanci, wanda ke nufin cewa manoma ya kamata su fifita ilimin fasaha game da samfurin da sinadaran da ke cikinsa. Ya kamata a kuma mai da hankali kan wayar da kan masu siyar da magungunan kashe kwari, domin su ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da ake amfani da su ga masu siyan magungunan kashe kwari [17, 24, 65, 66, 67].
Domin samun tasiri mai kyau ga amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a cikin al'ummomin karkara, manufofi da hanyoyin shiga tsakani ya kamata su mayar da hankali kan inganta dabarun sadarwa, la'akari da matakan ilimi da ayyukan ɗabi'a a cikin mahallin daidaitawar al'adu da muhalli, da kuma samar da magungunan kashe kwari masu aminci. Mutane za su saya bisa ga farashi (nawa za su iya biya) da ingancin samfurin. Da zarar inganci ya samu a farashi mai araha, ana sa ran buƙatar canjin hali wajen siyan kayayyaki masu kyau zai ƙaru sosai. Ilmantar da manoma game da maye gurbin magungunan kashe kwari don karya sarƙoƙin juriya ga maganin kwari, yana mai bayyana cewa maye gurbin ba yana nufin canji a cikin alamar samfura ba; (tunda nau'ikan samfura daban-daban suna ɗauke da mahaɗin aiki iri ɗaya), amma bambance-bambance a cikin sinadaran aiki. Wannan ilimin kuma za a iya tallafawa ta hanyar ingantaccen lakabin samfura ta hanyar wakilci mai sauƙi da bayyananne.
Tunda manoman karkara a lardin Abbotville suna amfani da magungunan kashe kwari sosai, fahimtar gibin ilimin manoma da ra'ayoyinsu game da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a muhalli ya zama wani abu da ake buƙata don haɓaka shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a masu nasara. Bincikenmu ya tabbatar da cewa ilimi ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari yadda ya kamata da kuma sanin cutar malaria. An kuma ɗauki matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na iyali a matsayin muhimmin kayan aiki da za a yi la'akari da shi. Baya ga matsayin tattalin arziki da matakin ilimi na shugaban gida, wasu abubuwa kamar sanin cutar malaria, amfani da magungunan kashe kwari don magance kwari, da kuma fahimtar juriyar sauro ga magungunan kashe kwari suna tasiri ga ra'ayin manoma game da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari.
Hanyoyin da suka dogara da masu amsa kamar tambayoyi suna iya tunawa da kuma nuna son kai ga sha'awar zamantakewa. Yana da sauƙi a yi amfani da halayen gida don tantance matsayin tattalin arziki, kodayake waɗannan matakan na iya zama na musamman ga lokaci da yanayin yanki inda aka haɓaka su kuma ƙila ba za su nuna gaskiyar zamani na takamaiman abubuwa masu daraja na al'adu ba, wanda hakan ke sa kwatantawa tsakanin karatu ya zama da wahala. Hakika, akwai manyan canje-canje a cikin mallakar gidaje na abubuwan da aka fi sani waɗanda ba lallai ba ne su haifar da raguwar talaucin duniya.
Wasu manoma ba sa tuna sunayen kayayyakin magungunan kashe kwari, don haka ana iya rage darajar adadin magungunan kashe kwari da manoma ke amfani da su ko kuma a yi musu kiyasin fiye da kima. Bincikenmu bai yi la'akari da ra'ayoyin manoma game da feshin magungunan kashe kwari da kuma fahimtarsu game da sakamakon ayyukansu ga lafiyarsu da muhallinsu ba. Haka kuma ba a haɗa dillalai a cikin binciken ba. Ana iya bincika dukkan batutuwan a cikin nazarin da za a yi nan gaba.
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