Noma ita ce mafi mahimmancin albarkatu a kasuwannin duniya, kuma tsarin muhalli yana fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa. Amfani da takin zamani na sinadarai a duniya yana ƙaruwa kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun amfanin gona1. Duk da haka, tsire-tsire da aka noma ta wannan hanyar ba su da isasshen lokaci don girma da girma yadda ya kamata don haka ba sa samun kyawawan halaye na shuka2. Bugu da ƙari, sinadarai masu guba masu haɗari na iya taruwa a jikin ɗan adam da ƙasa3. Saboda haka, akwai buƙatar haɓaka mafita masu dacewa da muhalli da dorewa don rage buƙatar takin zamani na sinadarai. Ƙananan halittu masu amfani na iya zama muhimmin tushen mahaɗan halitta masu aiki a fannin halittu4.
Al'ummomin Endophytic a cikin ganyayyaki sun bambanta dangane da nau'in shukar da aka yi amfani da ita ko nau'in halittarta, matakin girman shuka, da kuma yanayin shuka. 13 Nazari da dama sun ba da rahoton cewa Azospirillum, Bacillus, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, da Enterobacter suna da yuwuwarhaɓaka haɓakar tsirrai. 14 Bugu da ƙari, Bacillus da Azospirillum sune nau'in PGPB da aka fi nazari sosai a kansu dangane da inganta girma da yawan amfanin gona. 15 Bincike ya nuna cewa yin allurar Azospirillum brasiliensis da Bradyrhizobium tare a cikin legumes na iya haɓaka yawan amfanin masara, alkama, waken soya, da wake. 16, 17 Bincike ya nuna cewa yin allurar Salicornia tare da Bacillus licheniformis da sauran PGPBs tare yana haɓaka haɓakar shuka da ɗaukar abubuwan gina jiki. 18 Azospirillum brasiliensis Sp7 da Bacillus sphaericus UPMB10 suna inganta haɓakar tushen ayaba mai daɗi. Hakazalika, tsaban fennel suna da wahalar girma saboda ƙarancin girma da ƙarancin tsiro, musamman a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na fari20. Maganin iri tare da Pseudomonas fluorescens da Trichoderma harzianum yana inganta farkon girma na tsirrai na fennel a ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na fari21. Ga stevia, an gudanar da bincike don tantance tasirin fungi na mycorrhizal da ci gaban shuka da ke haɓaka rhizobacteria (PGPR) akan ikon halittar ta girma, tarawa metabolites na biyu, da kuma kwayoyin halitta masu bayyana da ke da hannu a cikin biosynthesis. A cewar Rahi et al.22, yin allurar shuke-shuke masu PGPRs daban-daban sun inganta ci gaban su, ma'aunin photosynthesis, da kuma tarin stevioside da stevioside A. A gefe guda kuma, yin allurar stevia tare da rhizobia mai haɓaka ci gaban shuka da fungi na mycorrhizal arbuscular ya ƙarfafa tsayin shuka, stevioside, ma'adinai, da abubuwan da ke cikin pigment.23 Oviedo-Pereira et al.24 sun ba da rahoton cewa endophytes masu ban haushi Enterobacter hormaechei H2A3 da H5A2 sun ƙara yawan SG, sun ƙarfafa yawan trichome a cikin ganye, kuma sun haɓaka tarin takamaiman metabolites a cikin trichomes, amma ba su haɓaka ci gaban shuka ba;
GA3 yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman sunadaran gibberellin masu aiki a fannin halitta31. Maganin stevia na waje tare da GA3 na iya ƙara tsawon tushe da fure32. A gefe guda kuma, wasu bincike sun ba da rahoton cewa GA3 wani abu ne da ke motsa tsire-tsire don samar da metabolites na biyu kamar antioxidants da pigments, kuma shi ma tsarin kariya ne33.
Alaƙar kwayoyin halitta ta keɓancewa dangane da sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan. Ana ba da lambobin shiga GenBank a cikin baka.
Ayyukan Amylase, cellulase da protease an nuna su a matsayin madaidaitan madaidaitan da ke kewaye da madaidaitan, yayin da farin da ke kewaye da madaidaitan yana nuna aikin lipase. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Jadawali na 2, B. paramycoides SrAM4 na iya samar da dukkan hydrolases, yayin da B. paralicheniformis SrMA3 na iya samar da dukkan enzymes banda cellulase, kuma B. licheniformis SrAM2 yana samar da cellulase kawai.
An danganta wasu muhimman kwayoyin halitta da dama da suka shafi karuwar hadadden metabolite na biyu a cikin tsirrai masu magani da ƙamshi74. Duk wani sinadarin antioxidants na enzymatic da wadanda ba enzymatic ba ya karu sosai a cikin S. rebaudiana Shou-2 idan aka kwatanta da sarrafawa. Chamam et al.75 sun ruwaito tasirin PGPB akan TPC a cikin shinkafa; Bugu da ƙari, sakamakonmu ya yi daidai da sakamakon TPC, TFC, da DPPH a cikin S. rebaudiana, wanda aka danganta shi da haɗin gwiwar aikin Piriformospora indica da Azotobacter chroococcum76. TPC da TFC77 sun fi yawa a cikin tsire-tsire na basil da aka yi wa magani da ƙwayoyin cuta idan aka kwatanta da tsire-tsire marasa magani. Bugu da ƙari, ƙaruwar antioxidants na iya faruwa saboda dalilai biyu: enzymes na hydrolytic suna ƙarfafa hanyoyin kare tsirrai ta hanyar da ta dace da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa har sai shukar ta daidaita da mamaye ƙwayoyin cuta78. Na biyu, PGPB na iya aiki a matsayin mai fara haifar da mahaɗan bioactive da aka samar ta hanyar hanyar shikimate a cikin manyan tsire-tsire da ƙananan halittu 79.
Sakamakon ya nuna cewa akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin adadin ganye, bayyanar kwayoyin halitta da kuma samar da SG lokacin da aka yi wa nau'ikan iri da yawa allura tare. A gefe guda kuma, allurar sau biyu ta fi allurar sau ɗaya kyau dangane da girman shuka da yawan aiki.
An gano enzymes masu amfani da hydrolytic bayan an yi wa ƙwayoyin cuta allura a kan maganin agar mai ɗauke da sinadarin nuna alama da kuma sanya su a zafin jiki na 28 °C na tsawon kwanaki 2-5. Bayan an shafa ƙwayoyin cuta a kan maganin agar na sitaci, an tantance aikin amylase ta amfani da maganin iodine 100. An tantance aikin cellulase ta amfani da maganin jan Congo mai ruwa 0.2% bisa ga hanyar Kianngam et al. 101. An lura da aikin protease ta hanyar yankuna masu tsabta a kusa da ƙwayoyin cuta da aka shafa a kan maganin agar na madara mai laushi kamar yadda Cui et al. 102 suka bayyana. A gefe guda kuma, an gano lipase 100 bayan an yi wa maganin a kan maganin agar na Tween.
Lokacin Saƙo: Janairu-06-2025