Tushen tsirrai muhimmin bangare ne na rhizosphere, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen jigilar ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki zuwa ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, samar da biomass a sama ya dogara sosai akan tushen shuka. Girman tushen da rarrabawa a cikin ƙasa yana ƙayyade ikon amfanin gona na shan abubuwan gina jiki da ruwa. Inganta tsarin tushen shuka yana ba su damar shan ruwa, abubuwan gina jiki, da ma'adanai daga ƙasa mafi kyau. Kimanin kashi 49% na ƙaruwar amfanin gona an danganta shi da ingantattun hanyoyin sarrafa amfanin gona, kuma sauran kashi 51% ya faru ne saboda haɓaka kwayoyin halitta. Masu kula da haɓakar shuka waɗanda ke rage masauki da ƙara nauyin hatsi sune mabuɗin haɓaka yawan amfanin gona. Masauki yana rage jigilar ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki da photosynthesis, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin yawan masara. Yawan masauki kuma yana yin mummunan tasiri ga yawan ƙwayoyin kunne da nauyin hatsi, yana rage ingancin amfanin gona. Masaukin masara yana faruwa galibi a matakin basal na uku a lokacin cika hatsi, kamar yadda wannan shine lokacin da ake jigilar carbohydrates daga tushe zuwa kunne. Tsufa da wuri na masara suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da haɓakar tushe. Binciken tsarin tushe muhimmin abu ne wajen ƙara yawan amfanin gona da rage masauki aƙasar busasshiyatsarin noma.13
Danshi mai yawa na ƙasa na iya ƙara yawan busasshen tushen abu a kowane yanki. Idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin amfani da taki na gargajiya, amfani da masu kula da girmar shuka (PPRs) na iya haɓaka ɗaukar ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki daga ƙasa ta hanyar tushen. Matsi na tushen shine alamar kwararar ruwan tushe da fitar da shi. Fitar da tushen ya dogara da ƙarfinsa, yayin da aikin tushen ya bambanta da yanayin danshi na ƙasa, nau'in amfanin gona, da lokacin girma. A fagen, yana da wuya a fahimci halayen tushe daidai, yayin da fitar da tushen za a iya amfani da shi don annabta halayen tushe da kuma shan abinci mai gina jiki da ruwa. Fitar tushen yana da tasiri ta hanyar abubuwa da yawa, gami da adadin tushe, diamita na tushen, da alkiblar girma. Abubuwan da ke cikin lignin muhimmin sashi ne na tushe kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan yawan masaukin tushe. Ethephon ingantaccen mai kula da girma ne wanda zai iya rage haɗarin masauki. Ana iya amfani da Ethephon don rage tsayin tushen masara, ƙara ƙarfin injiniya, da inganta mannewar tushe. Ethephon da chlormequat chloride na iya haɓaka juriyar masauki da siginar hormones na ciki yadda ya kamata. DA-6 ya rage yawan masauki, adadin panicle, da tsayin shuka, da ingantaccen shigar tushe. Saboda haka, magance matsalolin masauki a amfanin gona na noma shine mabuɗin samun ingantaccen amfanin gona mai yawa.
Mun yi hasashen cewa a yankunan da ba su da ruwa sosai, haɗa hanyoyin noma daban-daban tare da masu kula da haɓakar shuka na iya rage haɗarin masaukin masara da ƙara yawan amfanin gona. Don gwada wannan hasashe, wannan gwajin ya auna tasirin ayyukan noma daban-daban tare da masu kula da haɓakar shuka akan halayen sinadarai na ƙwayoyin masara, yanayin tushen, tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta na tarin jijiyoyin jini, abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarin hormone a cikin ruwan 'ya'yan itace, da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Manufar wannan binciken ita ce samar da tushen ka'ida don inganta juriyar masaukin masara da yawan amfanin ƙasa a yankunan da ba su da ruwa sosai. Amfani da masu kula da haɓakar shuka yana da amfani ga sarrafa samar da amfanin gona.
Rarraba ruwan sama da zafin jiki a kowane wata a filayen gwaji a lokacin noman masara na 2021 da 2022.
Ta amfani da wannan samfurin, ana iya ƙididdige matsakaicin ƙimar girmar tushen (Ć) a lokacin kakar girma ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa:
A matakin samuwar panicle, an zaɓi tsire-tsire guda biyar daga kowace fili, kuma an cire tushen shukar daga tsakiyar shukar, inda nisan da ke tsakanin layuka ya kasance rabin faɗin da tsawon shukar. Bayan wanke tushen, an busar da danshi a saman shukar da takarda mai tacewa, kuma an ƙidaya adadin layukan tushe. An busar da sabbin tushen coltsfoot a 80°C zuwa nauyin da ba ya canzawa, bayan haka aka auna nauyin busasshen su. An tantance kwararar hormone ta hanyar amfani da gwajin enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) (Wang et al.).
Tasirin hanyoyin noma daban-daban tare da masu kula da girmar shuke-shuke kan yawan tushen da ke zurfin 0-100 cm a shekarar 2022. Layukan tsaye suna wakiltar kuskuren daidaito na matsakaicin (SEM) (n = 3). Ƙananan haruffa suna nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a matakin mahimmanci na P ≤ 0.05 (gwajin LSD).
Tasirin hanyoyin noma daban-daban tare da masu kula da girmar tsirrai akan yawan tushen shuka a zurfin santimita 0-100 a shekarar 2022. Layukan tsaye suna wakiltar kuskuren daidaito na matsakaicin (SEM) (n = 3). Ƙananan haruffa suna nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a matakin mahimmanci na P ≤ 0.05 (gwajin LSD).
Magungunan noma da yawa tare da masu kula da girmar shuke-shuke sun shafi halayen yanayin halittu na ingantattun tushen da suka girma a matakin farko (Tebur 6). A cikin magungunan EYD da EYR, diamita, girma, kusurwar karkacewa, da nauyin busassun tushen da suka inganta sun ƙaru, tare da noma mai juyawa tare da masu kula da girmar shuke-shuken Jindel da Yuhuangjin sun nuna mafi kyawun tasiri. A cikin shekaru biyu na binciken, amfani da masu kula da girmar shuke-shuke sun ƙara diamita, girma, kusurwar karkacewa, da nauyin busasshen tushen da aka inganta. Idan aka kwatanta da maganin sarrafawa, adadin ingantattun layukan tushe a cikin maganin EYD, EYR, da EYB ya ƙaru sosai a cikin 2021. Duk da haka, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci da aka lura tsakanin jiyya a cikin 2022.
A duk hanyoyin noma, ƙimar masauki (EYD), rabon masauki (EYR), ma'aunin masauki (EH), ma'aunin masauki (EHC), da ma'aunin masauki (CG) na masara a cikin 2021 da 2022 sun fi girma sosai fiye da sauran shekarun (Tebur 8). Ma'aunin noma daban-daban sun inganta ma'aunin masauki da ma'aunin masauki sosai, yayin da amfani da na'urar kula da ci gaban shuka ta Jindel + Yuhuangjin ta ƙara ma'aunin masauki. A cikin 2016, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin ma'aunin masauki, ma'aunin masauki, da ma'aunin masauki tsakanin shekarun binciken biyu. Alaƙa tsakanin ma'aunin masauki, ma'aunin masauki, da ma'aunin masauki da sauran magungunan noma ya ƙaru sosai a cikin hanyoyin noma don ma'aunin masauki da ma'aunin masauki, wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen aikin masauki.
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin noma, masu kula da girman shuka za su iya tsara girman amfanin gona bisa ga buƙatun samarwa.,sarrafa yanayin tsirrai, da kuma ƙara yawan lignin, matakan hormones na shuka, da yawan amfanin ƙasa.An san cewa masu kula da ci gaban shuka suna da fa'idar ƙarancin kuɗin shigarwa.A halin yanzu, idan aka kwatanta da maganin sarrafawa, maganin EYD yana nuna yawan sinadarin lignin a cikin internode na uku. Yawan sinadarin lignin yana da alaƙa mai kyau da ayyukan siginar hormones na ciki, wanda ya yi daidai da sakamakon binciken da aka yi a baya. Ingantaccen juriyar masauki galibi yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwarabubuwan da ke cikina lignin, cellulose, carbohydrates, da abubuwan da suka shafi tsarin jiki kamar kauri na haushi,lambana tarin jijiyoyin jini, da kuma matakin daidaita su. A cikin wannan binciken, an gano cewa kauri da yawan tarin masarar jijiyoyin jini sun ƙaru da maganin EYD. A cikin maganin EYD, an cika ƙananan tarin jijiyoyin jini da yawa, kuma manyan tarin jijiyoyin jini sun bunƙasa sosai. Tsarin jijiyoyin shuka suma suna da mahimmanci don jigilar ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki.45 Rarraba ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin masara yana da alaƙa mai kyau da adadin tarin jijiyoyin jini.42 A cikin maganin EYD, idan aka kwatanta da maganin sarrafawa, SLR ya ragu da kashi 97%, RLR da kashi 65%, da TLR da kashi 74%.
Manyan hanyoyin hulɗa sune fitar da tushen ruwan 'ya'yan itace da matakan hormones na ciki. A cikin maganin EYD, ƙimar fitar da tushen ruwan 'ya'yan itace ya fi girma sosai a duk matakan girma fiye da sauran jiyya. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin ƙimar fitar da tushen ruwan 'ya'yan itace tsakanin maganin ER da EYR, ko tsakanin maganin YB da EYB a kowane matakin girma. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin kwanaki 25 da 125 bayan shuka, ƙimar fitar da tushen ruwan 'ya'yan itace ya fi girma sosai a cikin maganin YD da EYD fiye da duk sauran jiyya. Hanyar noma ta yi tasiri sosai kan ƙimar fitar da tushen ruwan 'ya'yan itace. Rototillage ya ƙara yawan fitar da tushen ruwan 'ya'yan itace, wanda ya inganta ƙarfin ɗaukar abinci mai gina jiki na tushen da yawan amfanin ƙasa.46A matakan cika hatsi na V7 da hatsi, NO−da kuma NH4+sufuriya fi girma sosai a maganin EYD fiye da kowace magani. Jigilar sinadarin ionic a cikin ruwan 'ya'yan itace ya fi girma sosai a maganin EYD fiye da kowace magani a matakan girma daban-daban. Jijiyoyin jijiyoyin shuka suma suna da mahimmanci don jigilar ruwa, abubuwan gina jiki, da photosynthesis.34Nau'in na'urorin sufuri da kuma tarin jijiyoyin jini suna da alaƙa mai kyau a cikin shuke-shuken masara.38
Ingantaccen ƙarfin tushe da kuma yanayin tushen sun inganta ikon shukar na jigilar ruwa, abubuwan gina jiki, da kuma samar da photosynthesize, wanda hakan ya yi tasiri sosai ga matakin cike iri. Lokacin da aka haɗa noma mai juyawa tare da feshi mai daidaita girma na shuka (PGR) ta amfani da Kindle + Yuhuanghuang, maganin EYD da EYR ya haɓaka sigogin tushe. A cikin 2021, adadin layukan tushe ya ƙaru sosai a cikin maganin EYD, EYR, da EYB, amma bambancin bai yi yawa ba a cikin 2022. Masu kula da girma na shuka za su iya inganta ɗaukar sinadarin gina jiki ta hanyar inganta yanayin tushen. Yawan hormones daban-daban, maimakon yawan takamaiman hormones, suna ƙayyade tasirin ilimin halittar jiki.
Amfani da na'urorin da ke kula da girmar tsirrai yayin noma na iya rage haɗarin zama a wuri mai nisa sosai, musamman ta hanyar ƙara ƙarfin injinan tushe. Sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa amfani da Jindel + Yuhuangjin tare da noma mai juyawa ya rage yawan masauki, inganta rarraba tushen da busasshen taro, da haɓaka tsarin tushe, abun ciki na lignin, yanayin tushen buttress, da yawan masara. Maganin EYD ya haɓaka girman tushen sosai, ya ƙara yawan lignin, da ƙarfin injinan tushe, yayin da yake rage yawan masauki sosai. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da ke cikin NO3- da NH4+ sun fi girma sosai a maganin EYD fiye da maganin ED da YD. Yawan canja wurin Zn, Fe, K, Mg, P, da Ca sun kai matsakaicin ƙimar su a cikin maganin EYD da EYR. Maganin EYD ya ƙara kusurwar karkata tushen, girman busasshen taro, da diamita na tushen buttress. Idan aka kwatanta da maganin ED da YD, ƙimar Ć, cm, da Wmax don TRDW, ARD, da TRL sun ƙaru sosai tare da maganin EYD da EYR. Ƙara yawan RLD, ARD, da RDWD tare da maganin EYD yana haɓaka ci gaban tushe, inganta danshi na ƙasa, da haɓaka ɗaukar abubuwan gina jiki, ta haka yana ƙara juriya ga masauki sosai kuma yana wakiltar hanya mai inganci don rage haɗarin amfanin gona a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin bushewa. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa waɗannan fasahohin kayan aiki ne masu kyau ga manoma a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin bushewa, wanda ke ba su damar ci gaba da samun yawan amfanin gona mai yawa yayin da suke rage asarar masauki. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike kan amfani da masu kula da ci gaban tsirrai a cikin noma da hanyoyin sarrafa su a cikin nau'ikan masara daban-daban.
Lokacin Saƙo: Fabrairu-02-2026