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Haɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta da aka samo daga tsire-tsire na iya nuna hulɗa mai ƙarfi ko kuma mai adawa da kwari. Ganin yadda sauro na Aedes ke yaɗuwa cikin sauri da kuma ƙaruwar juriyar sauro na Aedes ga magungunan kwari na gargajiya, an tsara haɗakar terpene guda ashirin da takwas bisa ga man fetur na shuka da aka yi amfani da shi a kan tsutsa da kuma matakan manya na Aedes aegypti. Da farko an tantance man fetur na shuka guda biyar (EOs) don ingancinsu na kashe ƙurji da amfani da su a manya, kuma an gano manyan mahadi guda biyu a cikin kowane EO bisa ga sakamakon GC-MS. An sayi manyan mahadi da aka gano, wato diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, carvone, limonene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, eucalyptol, eudesmol da sauro alpha-pinene. Daga nan aka shirya haɗakar waɗannan mahadi biyu ta amfani da allurai marasa mutuwa kuma an gwada tasirinsu na haɗin gwiwa da na adawa. Ana samun mafi kyawun abubuwan da ke kashe tsutsotsi ta hanyar haɗa limonene da diallyl disulfide, kuma mafi kyawun abubuwan da ke kashe tsutsotsi ta hanyar haɗa carvone da limonene. An gwada larvicide na roba da aka yi amfani da su a kasuwa da kuma Malathion na manya daban-daban kuma a cikin haɗin binary tare da terpenoids. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa haɗin temephos da diallyl disulfide da malathion da eudesmol shine haɗin da ya fi tasiri. Waɗannan haɗin masu ƙarfi suna da yuwuwar amfani da su akan Aedes aegypti.
Man fetur na shuka (EOs) su ne sinadaran da ke ɗauke da sinadarai daban-daban na halitta kuma suna ƙara zama masu mahimmanci a matsayin madadin magungunan kashe kwari na roba. Ba wai kawai suna da kyau ga muhalli da kuma sauƙin amfani ba, har ma suna da cakuda sinadarai daban-daban na halitta, wanda hakan kuma yana rage yuwuwar samun juriya ga magunguna1. Ta amfani da fasahar GC-MS, masu bincike sun binciki sinadaran da ke cikin nau'ikan mai na shuka daban-daban kuma sun gano sama da mahadi 3,000 daga tsire-tsire masu ƙamshi 17,5002, waɗanda aka gwada yawancinsu don halayen kashe kwari kuma an ruwaito cewa suna da tasirin kashe kwari3,4. Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa gubar babban sinadarin mahaɗin iri ɗaya ce ko fiye da na ɗanyen ethylene oxide. Amma amfani da mahaɗan daban-daban na iya sake barin sarari don haɓaka juriya, kamar yadda lamarin yake da magungunan kashe kwari na sinadarai5,6. Saboda haka, abin da ake mayar da hankali a kai a yanzu shine shirya gaurayen mahaɗan da ke tushen ethylene oxide don inganta tasirin kashe kwari da rage yuwuwar juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta da ke yaɗuwa. Sinadaran aiki daban-daban da ke cikin EOs na iya nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa ko na gaba a cikin haɗuwa da ke nuna aikin EO gabaɗaya, abin da aka jaddada sosai a cikin binciken da masu bincike na baya suka gudanar7,8. Shirin kula da vector ya haɗa da EO da abubuwan da ke cikinsa. An yi nazari sosai kan ayyukan mai mai mahimmanci na sauro a kan sauro na Culex da Anopheles. Nazari da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka magungunan kashe kwari masu inganci ta hanyar haɗa tsire-tsire daban-daban da magungunan kashe kwari na roba da ake amfani da su a kasuwa don ƙara yawan guba gaba ɗaya da rage illolin9. Amma nazarin irin waɗannan sinadarai akan Aedes aegypti har yanzu ba a cika samu ba. Ci gaba a kimiyyar likitanci da haɓaka magunguna da alluran rigakafi sun taimaka wajen yaƙi da wasu cututtuka da ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta. Amma kasancewar nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban, waɗanda sauro na Aedes aegypti ke yadawa, ya haifar da gazawar shirye-shiryen rigakafi. Saboda haka, lokacin da irin waɗannan cututtuka suka faru, shirye-shiryen kula da vector sune kawai zaɓin da za a iya hana yaɗuwar cutar. A halin da ake ciki a yanzu, kula da cutar Aedes aegypti yana da matuƙar muhimmanci domin ita ce babbar hanyar kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban da kuma nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da zazzabin dengue, Zika, zazzabin zubar jini na dengue, zazzabin rawaya, da sauransu. Abin da ya fi muhimmanci shi ne gaskiyar cewa adadin kusan dukkan cututtukan da Aedes ke ɗauke da su a cikin vector yana ƙaruwa kowace shekara a Masar kuma yana ƙaruwa a duk duniya. Saboda haka, a cikin wannan mahallin, akwai buƙatar gaggawa don haɓaka matakan kulawa masu kyau da kuma inganci ga al'ummar Aedes aegypti. Masu yuwuwar samun damar kamuwa da cutar sune EOs, mahaɗan da ke cikinta, da kuma haɗuwarsu. Saboda haka, wannan binciken ya yi ƙoƙarin gano haɗin gwiwa masu inganci na mahaɗan EO na shuka daga tsire-tsire biyar masu maganin kwari (misali, mint, holy basil, Eucalyptus spotted, Allium sulfur da melaleuca) akan Aedes aegypti.
Duk EOs da aka zaɓa sun nuna yuwuwar aikin kashe ƙurji akan Aedes aegypti tare da LC50 na awanni 24, wanda ya kama daga 0.42 zuwa 163.65 ppm. An yi rikodin mafi girman aikin kashe ƙurji ga na'urar ...
Banda Ocimum Sainttum, Os EO, duk sauran EO guda huɗu da aka tantance sun nuna alamun rashin lafiyan, inda ƙimar LC50 ta fara daga 23.37 zuwa 120.16 ppm a cikin lokacin fallasa na awanni 24. Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO ya fi tasiri wajen kashe manya da ƙimar LC50 na 23.37 ppm cikin awanni 24 bayan fallasa, sai kuma Eucalyptus maculata (Em) wanda ke da ƙimar LC50 na 101.91 ppm (Tebur 1). A gefe guda kuma, ba a tantance ƙimar LC50 na Os ba tukuna domin an rubuta mafi girman adadin mace-mace na 53% a mafi girman allurai (Hoto na 3 na Ƙarin Bayani).
An gano kuma an zaɓe manyan mahaɗan guda biyu a cikin kowace EO bisa ga sakamakon bayanan ɗakin karatu na NIST, kashi na yankin chromatogram na GC, da sakamakon MS spectra (Tebur 2). Ga EO As, manyan mahaɗan da aka gano sune diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide; ga EO Mp manyan mahaɗan da aka gano sune carvone da limonene, ga EO Em manyan mahaɗan da aka gano sune eudesmol da eucalyptol; Ga EO Os, manyan mahaɗan da aka gano sune eugenol da methyl eugenol, kuma ga EO Cl, manyan mahaɗan da aka gano sune eugenol da α-pinene (Hoto na 1, Hotunan Ƙarin 5-8, Tebur Na Ƙarin 1-5).
Sakamakon nazarin yawan sinadarin terpenoids na manyan man da aka zaɓa (A-diallyl disulfide; B-diallyl trisulfide; C-eugenol; D-methyl eugenol; E-limonene; F-aromatic ceperone; G-α-pinene; H-cineole; R-eudamol).
An gano jimillar mahaɗan guda tara (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvone, limonene, eucalyptol, eudesmol, α-pinene) a matsayin mahaɗan da suka fi tasiri waɗanda sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin EO kuma an yi gwajin bio akan Aedes aegypti a matakan tsutsa. . Mahaɗan eudesmol yana da mafi girman aikin kashe tsutsa tare da ƙimar LC50 na 2.25 ppm bayan awanni 24 na fallasa. An kuma gano cewa mahaɗan diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide suna da yuwuwar tasirin kashe tsutsa, tare da matsakaicin allurai marasa mutuwa a cikin kewayon 10-20 ppm. An sake lura da matsakaicin aikin kashe tsutsa ga mahaɗan eugenol, limonene da eucalyptol tare da ƙimar LC50 na 63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm. da kuma 181.33 ppm bayan awanni 24, bi da bi (Tebur 3). Duk da haka, babu wani muhimmin ƙarfin kashe ƙurji na methyl eugenol da carvone ko da a mafi girman allurai, don haka ba a ƙididdige ƙimar LC50 ba (Tebur 3). Temephos na ƙurji na roba yana da matsakaicin yawan kisa na 0.43 ppm akan Aedes aegypti tsawon awanni 24 na fallasa (Tebur 3, Tebur na Ƙarin 6).
An gano mahaɗan guda bakwai (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eucalyptol, α-pinene, eudesmol, limonene da carvone) a matsayin manyan mahaɗan EO masu tasiri kuma an gwada su daban-daban akan sauro na Masar Aedes manya. A cewar binciken Probit regression, an gano cewa Eudesmol yana da mafi girman ƙarfin da ke da ƙimar LC50 na 1.82 ppm, sai kuma Eucalyptol tare da ƙimar LC50 na 17.60 ppm a lokacin fallasa na awanni 24. Sauran mahaɗan guda biyar da aka gwada suna da ɗan illa ga manya masu LC50s waɗanda suka fara daga 140.79 zuwa 737.01 ppm (Tebur 3). Malathion na roba na organophosphorus bai fi eudesmol ƙarfi ba kuma ya fi sauran mahaɗan guda shida girma, tare da ƙimar LC50 na 5.44 ppm a cikin lokacin fallasa na awanni 24 (Tebur 3, Tebur na Ƙarin 6).
An zaɓi ƙwayoyin gubar guda bakwai masu ƙarfi da kuma tamephosate na organophosphorus don ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa biyu na allurai na LC50 a cikin rabo na 1: 1. An shirya kuma an gwada jimillar haɗin gwiwa biyu 28 don ingancin su na kashe ƙurji akan Aedes aegypti. An gano cewa haɗin gwiwa tara suna da alaƙa, haɗin gwiwa 14 suna da adawa, kuma haɗin gwiwa biyar ba su da cutar kuturji. Daga cikin haɗin gwiwa masu alaƙa, haɗin gwiwar diallyl disulfide da temofol shine mafi inganci, inda aka lura da mutuwar kashi 100% bayan awanni 24 (Tebur na 4). Hakazalika, haɗin gwiwar limonene tare da diallyl disulfide da eugenol tare da thymethos sun nuna kyakkyawan damar tare da lura da mutuwar tsutsa na kashi 98.3% (Tebur na 5). Sauran haɗuwa guda 4, wato eudesmol da eucalyptol, eudesmol da limonene, eucalyptol da alpha-pinene, alpha-pinene da temephos, suma sun nuna ingantaccen tasirin kashe ƙwari, inda aka lura da yawan mace-mace da ya wuce kashi 90%. Adadin mace-macen da ake sa ran ya kusa da kashi 60-75%. (Tebur na 4). Duk da haka, haɗin limonene da α-pinene ko eucalyptus ya nuna halayen adawa. Haka kuma, an gano cewa haɗin Temephos da eugenol ko eucalyptus ko eudesmol ko diallyl trisulfide yana da tasirin adawa. Haka kuma, haɗin diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide da haɗin ɗayan waɗannan mahadi tare da eudesmol ko eugenol suna da adawa a cikin aikin kashe ƙwari. An kuma bayar da rahoton adawa tare da haɗin eudesmol da eugenol ko α-pinene.
Daga cikin dukkan gauraye biyu guda 28 da aka gwada don aikin acidic na manya, gauraye 7 sun kasance masu haɗin kai, 6 ba su da wani tasiri, kuma 15 sun kasance masu adawa. An gano cewa gaurayen eudesmol tare da eucalyptus da limonene tare da carvone sun fi tasiri fiye da sauran gauraye masu haɗin kai, tare da ƙimar mace-mace a cikin awanni 24 na 76% da 100%, bi da bi (Tebur 5). An lura da Malathion yana nuna tasirin haɗin kai tare da duk gauraye na mahaɗan banda limonene da diallyl trisulfide. A gefe guda kuma, an sami adawa tsakanin diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide da haɗin ɗayansu da eucalyptus, ko eucalyptol, ko carvone, ko limonene. Hakazalika, gaurayen α-pinene tare da eudesmol ko limonene, eucalyptol tare da carvone ko limonene, da limonene tare da eudesmol ko malathion sun nuna tasirin hana tsutsar ciki. Ga sauran haɗuwa shida, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin mace-mace da ake tsammani da wadda aka lura (Tebur 5).
Dangane da tasirin haɗin gwiwa da kuma allurai marasa mutuwa, an zaɓi gubar da suke yi wa ƙurji a kan adadi mai yawa na sauro na Aedes aegypti kuma an sake gwada su. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mace-macen tsutsotsi da aka lura da su ta amfani da haɗin biyu na eugenol-limonene, diallyl disulfide-limonene da diallyl disulfide-timephos ya kai kashi 100%, yayin da ake sa ran mace-macen tsutsotsi ya kai kashi 76.48%, 72.16% da 63.4%, bi da bi (Tebur 6). . Haɗin limonene da eudesmol bai yi tasiri sosai ba, inda aka lura da kashi 88% na mace-macen tsutsotsi a cikin lokacin fallasa na awanni 24 (Tebur 6). A taƙaice, haɗuwa biyu da aka zaɓa guda huɗu sun nuna tasirin ƙurji a kan Aedes aegypti lokacin da aka yi amfani da su a babban sikelin (Tebur 6).
An zaɓi haɗin gwiwa guda uku masu alaƙa don gwajin bioaboltocidal don sarrafa yawan manyan Aedes aegypti. Don zaɓar haɗin gwiwa don gwaji akan manyan ƙwayoyin kwari, da farko mun mayar da hankali kan mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa guda biyu masu alaƙa, wato carvone da limonene da eucalyptol da eudesmol. Na biyu, an zaɓi mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa daga haɗin gwiwar organophosphate malathion da terpenoids na roba. Mun yi imanin cewa haɗin malathion da eudesmol shine mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwa don gwaji akan manyan ƙwayoyin kwari saboda mafi girman mace-mace da aka lura da kuma ƙarancin ƙimar LC50 na sinadaran da ake buƙata. Malathion yana nuna haɗin gwiwa tare da α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus, carvone da eudesmol. Amma idan muka kalli ƙimar LC50, Eudesmol yana da mafi ƙarancin ƙima (2.25 ppm). Ƙimar LC50 da aka ƙididdige na malathion, α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptol da carvone sune 5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 da 140.79 ppm. bi da bi. Waɗannan ƙimar sun nuna cewa haɗin malathion da eudesmol shine mafi kyawun haɗuwa dangane da yawan magani. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa haɗin carvone da limonene da eudesmol da malathion yana da kashi 100% na mace-mace idan aka kwatanta da mace-macen da ake tsammani na 61% zuwa 65%. Wani haɗin, eudesmol da eucalyptol, ya nuna adadin mace-mace na 78.66% bayan awanni 24 na fallasa, idan aka kwatanta da adadin mace-macen da ake tsammani na 60%. Duk haɗin guda uku da aka zaɓa sun nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa koda lokacin da aka yi amfani da su akan babban sikelin akan Aedes aegypti na manya (Tebur 6).
A cikin wannan binciken, an gano wasu ƙwayoyin cuta kamar Mp, As, Os, Em da Cl waɗanda suka yi tasiri mai kyau ga matakan tsutsa da manya na Aedes aegypti. MP EO yana da mafi girman aikin kashe tsutsa tare da ƙimar LC50 na 0.42 ppm, sai kuma As, Os da Em EOs tare da ƙimar LC50 na ƙasa da 50 ppm bayan awanni 24. Waɗannan sakamakon sun yi daidai da binciken da aka yi a baya game da sauro da sauran ƙudaje masu narkewa10,11,12,13,14. Duk da cewa ƙarfin kashe tsutsa na Cl ya yi ƙasa da sauran mai mai mahimmanci, tare da ƙimar LC50 na 163.65 ppm bayan awanni 24, ƙarfinsa na girma shine mafi girma tare da ƙimar LC50 na 23.37 ppm bayan awanni 24. EOs na Mp, As da Em sun kuma nuna kyakkyawan ƙarfin allercidal tare da ƙimar LC50 a cikin kewayon 100-120 ppm a cikin awanni 24 na fallasa, amma sun yi ƙasa da ingancin su na kashe tsutsotsi. A gefe guda kuma, EO Os sun nuna tasirin rashin lafiyar koda a mafi girman maganin. Don haka, sakamakon ya nuna cewa gubar ethylene oxide ga tsirrai na iya bambanta dangane da matakin ci gaban sauro15. Hakanan ya dogara da saurin shigar EOs cikin jikin kwari, hulɗarsu da takamaiman enzymes masu manufa, da kuma ƙarfin tsarkake sauro a kowane matakin ci gaba16. Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa babban mahaɗin mahaɗin abu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin aikin halittu na ethylene oxide, tunda yana wakiltar mafi yawan mahaɗan 3,12,17,18. Saboda haka, mun yi la'akari da manyan mahaɗan guda biyu a cikin kowane EO. Dangane da sakamakon GC-MS, an gano diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide a matsayin manyan mahaɗan EO As, wanda ya yi daidai da rahotannin da suka gabata19,20,21. Duk da cewa rahotannin da suka gabata sun nuna cewa menthol ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan mahaɗanta, an sake gano carvone da limonene a matsayin manyan mahaɗan Mp EO22,23. Bayanin abun da ke cikin Os EO ya nuna cewa eugenol da methyl eugenol sune manyan mahaɗan, wanda yayi kama da binciken masu bincike na baya16,24. An ruwaito Eucalyptol da eucalyptol a matsayin manyan mahaɗan da ke cikin man ganyen Em, wanda ya yi daidai da binciken wasu masu bincike25,26 amma akasin binciken Oladelade et al.27. An lura da rinjayen cineole da α-pinene a cikin man fetur mai mahimmanci na melaleuca, wanda yayi kama da binciken da ya gabata28,29. An ruwaito bambance-bambancen da suka shafi abubuwan da ke cikin man da aka samo daga nau'in shuka iri ɗaya a wurare daban-daban kuma an lura da su a cikin wannan binciken, waɗanda yanayin girma na shuka, lokacin girbi, matakin ci gaba, ko shekarun shuka ke tasiri. bayyanar nau'ikan sinadarai, da sauransu.22,30,31,32. Daga nan aka sayi manyan mahaɗan da aka gano kuma aka gwada su don tasirin su na kashe ƙurji da tasirin su akan sauro na Aedes aegypti manya. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa aikin kashe ƙurji na diallyl disulfide yayi daidai da na ɗanyen EO As. Amma aikin diallyl trisulfide ya fi EO As girma. Waɗannan sakamakon sun yi kama da waɗanda Kimbaris et al. 33 suka samu akan Culex philippines. Duk da haka, waɗannan mahaɗan guda biyu ba su nuna kyakkyawan aikin autocidal akan sauro da aka yi niyya ba, wanda ya yi daidai da sakamakon Plata-Rueda et al 34 akan Tenebrio molitor. Os EO yana da tasiri akan matakin tsutsa na Aedes aegypti, amma ba akan matakin manya ba. An tabbatar da cewa aikin kashe ƙurji na manyan mahaɗan da aka haɗa ya yi ƙasa da na Os EO. Wannan yana nuna rawar da sauran mahaɗan ke takawa da hulɗarsu a cikin ɗanyen ethylene oxide. Methyl eugenol kaɗai yana da aiki mara kyau, yayin da eugenol kaɗai yana da aikin kashe ƙurji matsakaici. Wannan ƙarshe ya tabbatar, a gefe guda,35,36, kuma a gefe guda, ya saɓa wa sakamakon masu bincike na baya37,38. Bambance-bambance a cikin ƙungiyoyin aiki na eugenol da methyleugenol na iya haifar da guba daban-daban ga ƙwari iri ɗaya da aka nufa39. An gano cewa Limonene yana da aikin kashe ƙurji matsakaici, yayin da tasirin carvone bai yi yawa ba. Hakazalika, ƙarancin guba na limonene ga ƙwari manya da kuma yawan guba na carvone yana tallafawa sakamakon wasu nazarin da suka gabata40 amma ya saɓa wa wasu41. Kasancewar haɗin gwiwa biyu a wurare na intracyclic da exocyclic na iya ƙara fa'idodin waɗannan mahaɗan a matsayin larvicides3,41, yayin da carvone, wanda ketone ne mai alpha da beta carbons marasa cikawa, na iya nuna babban yuwuwar guba ga manya42. Duk da haka, halayen mutum ɗaya na limonene da carvone sun yi ƙasa da jimlar EO Mp (Tebur 1, Tebur 3). Daga cikin terpenoids da aka gwada, an gano cewa eudesmol yana da mafi girman aikin larvicidal da na manya tare da ƙimar LC50 ƙasa da 2.5 ppm, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama mahaɗi mai alƙawarin sarrafa sauro na Aedes. Aikinsa ya fi na dukkan EO Em kyau, kodayake wannan bai yi daidai da binciken Cheng et al.40 ba. Eudesmol sesquiterpene ne mai raka'a isoprene guda biyu waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi fiye da monoterpenes masu oxygen kamar eucalyptus don haka yana da babban yuwuwar zama maganin kwari. Eucalyptol da kansa yana da aikin kashe ƙwari fiye da na manya, kuma sakamakon binciken da aka yi a baya yana goyan bayan kuma yana musanta wannan37,43,44. Aikin kaɗai kusan yayi daidai da na EO Cl gaba ɗaya. Wani monoterpene mai keke, α-pinene, yana da ƙarancin tasirin babba akan Aedes aegypti fiye da tasirin kashe ƙwari, wanda akasin tasirin cikakken EO Cl. Ayyukan kashe ƙwari gabaɗaya na terpenoids yana tasiri ne ta hanyar lipophilicity, canjin yanayi, reshe na carbon, yankin hasashe, yankin saman, ƙungiyoyin aiki da matsayinsu45,46. Waɗannan mahaɗan na iya aiki ta hanyar lalata tarin ƙwayoyin halitta, toshe ayyukan numfashi, katse watsawar motsin jijiyoyi, da sauransu. 47 An gano cewa organophosphate Temephos na roba yana da mafi girman aikin kashe ƙwari tare da ƙimar LC50 na 0.43 ppm, wanda ya yi daidai da bayanan Lek -Utala48. An ruwaito aikin manya na organophosphorus malathion na roba a 5.44 ppm. Duk da cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu na organophosphates sun nuna kyakkyawan martani ga nau'ikan Aedes aegypti na dakin gwaje-gwaje, an ba da rahoton juriyar sauro ga waɗannan mahaɗan a sassa daban-daban na duniya49. Duk da haka, ba a sami rahotanni makamancin haka game da ci gaban juriya ga magungunan ganye50 ba. Don haka, ana ɗaukar tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a matsayin madadin magungunan kashe kwari masu guba a cikin shirye-shiryen sarrafa vector.
An gwada tasirin tsutsar tsutsar a kan haɗuwar binary guda 28 (1:1) da aka shirya daga terpenoids masu ƙarfi da terpenoids tare da thymetphos, kuma an gano haɗuwa 9 suna da alaƙa, 14 suna adawa da juna da 5 suna adawa da juna. Babu wani tasiri. A gefe guda kuma, a cikin gwajin ƙarfin girma, an gano haɗuwa 7 suna da alaƙa, haɗuwa 15 suna adawa da juna, kuma an ruwaito cewa haɗuwa 6 ba su da wani tasiri. Dalilin da yasa wasu haɗuwa ke haifar da tasirin haɗin gwiwa na iya zama saboda mahaɗan da suka yi mu'amala a lokaci guda a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban masu mahimmanci, ko kuma don hana wasu enzymes masu mahimmanci na wani takamaiman hanyar halitta51. An gano cewa haɗin limonene tare da diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus ko eugenol yana da alaƙa a cikin ƙananan da manyan aikace-aikace (Tebur 6), yayin da aka gano cewa haɗinsa da eucalyptus ko α-pinene yana da tasirin adawa akan tsutsar tsutsar. A matsakaici, limonene yana kama da mai haɗin gwiwa mai kyau, wataƙila saboda kasancewar ƙungiyoyin methyl, shigar da kyau cikin stratum corneum, da kuma wata hanyar aiki daban52,53. An ruwaito a baya cewa limonene na iya haifar da illa mai guba ta hanyar shiga cikin ƙwayoyin kwari (guba ta tuntuɓar), shafar tsarin narkewar abinci (anti-feeding), ko shafar tsarin numfashi (aikin fumigation), 54 yayin da phenylpropanoids kamar eugenol na iya shafar enzymes na rayuwa 55. Saboda haka, haɗuwar mahadi tare da hanyoyin aiki daban-daban na iya ƙara tasirin mutuwa gabaɗaya na cakuda. An gano cewa Eucalyptol yana haɗuwa da diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus ko α-pinene, amma sauran haɗuwa da wasu mahadi ko dai ba sa kashe ƙurji ko kuma suna adawa da su. Nazarin farko ya nuna cewa eucalyptol yana da aikin hana acetylcholinesterase (AChE), da kuma masu karɓar octaamine da GABA56. Tunda cyclic monoterpenes, eucalyptol, eugenol, da sauransu na iya samun irin wannan tsarin aiki kamar yadda suke yi wa ƙwayoyin cuta, 57 ta haka rage tasirinsu ta hanyar hana juna. Haka kuma, an gano cewa haɗin Temephos da diallyl disulfide, α-pinene da limonene yana da alaƙa, yana tallafawa rahotannin da suka gabata na tasirin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin samfuran ganye da organophosphates na roba58.
An gano cewa haɗin eudesmol da eucalyptol yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi akan matakan tsutsa da na manya na Aedes aegypti, wataƙila saboda yanayin aikinsu daban-daban saboda tsarin sinadarai daban-daban. Eudesmol (sesquiterpene) na iya shafar tsarin numfashi 59 kuma eucalyptol (monoterpene) na iya shafar acetylcholinesterase 60. Haɗa sinadaran zuwa wurare biyu ko fiye da aka nufa na iya haɓaka tasirin haɗari gaba ɗaya. A cikin gwaje-gwajen biochemical na manya, an gano cewa malathion yana haɗuwa da carvone ko eucalyptol ko eucalyptol ko diallyl disulfide ko α-pinene, yana nuna cewa yana haɗuwa tare da ƙara limonene da di. Kyakkyawan masu haɗarin rashin lafiyar haɗin gwiwa don dukkan fayil ɗin terpene mahadi, ban da allyl trisulfide. Thangam da Kathiresan61 suma sun ba da rahoton irin wannan sakamakon tasirin synergistic na malathion tare da abubuwan da aka samo daga ganye. Wannan martanin haɗin gwiwa na iya kasancewa saboda haɗakar tasirin guba na malathion da phytochemicals akan enzymes masu cire ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin halitta kamar malathion gabaɗaya suna aiki ta hanyar hana cytochrome P450 esterases da monooxygenases62,63,64. Saboda haka, haɗa malathion da waɗannan hanyoyin aiki da terpenes tare da hanyoyin aiki daban-daban na iya ƙara yawan tasirin cutar sauro gaba ɗaya.
A gefe guda kuma, adawa yana nuna cewa zaɓaɓɓun mahaɗan ba su da aiki sosai fiye da kowace mahaɗin kaɗai. Dalilin adawa a wasu haɗuwa na iya zama cewa mahaɗin ɗaya yana canza halayen ɗayan mahaɗin ta hanyar canza saurin sha, rarrabawa, metabolism, ko fitar da abubuwa. Masu binciken farko sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin dalilin adawa a cikin haɗuwar magunguna. Kwayoyin Halitta Tsarin da zai yiwu 65. Hakazalika, abubuwan da ke haifar da adawa na iya danganta da irin waɗannan hanyoyin aiki, gasa na mahaɗan mahaɗan don mai karɓa ɗaya ko wurin da aka nufa. A wasu lokuta, hana furotin da aka nufa ba tare da gasa ba kuma na iya faruwa. A cikin wannan binciken, mahaɗan organosulfur guda biyu, diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide, sun nuna tasirin adawa, wataƙila saboda gasa don wurin da aka nufa ɗaya. Haka nan, waɗannan mahaɗan sulfur guda biyu sun nuna tasirin adawa kuma ba su da wani tasiri lokacin da aka haɗa su da eudesmol da α-pinene. Eudesmol da alpha-pinene suna da cyclic a yanayi, yayin da diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide suna da aliphatic a yanayi. Dangane da tsarin sinadarai, haɗin waɗannan mahaɗan ya kamata ya ƙara yawan aikin kisa gabaɗaya tunda wuraren da aka nufa yawanci sun bambanta34,47, amma a gwaji mun sami adawa, wanda wataƙila saboda rawar da waɗannan mahaɗan ke takawa a cikin wasu ƙwayoyin halitta da ba a san su ba a cikin tsarin rayuwa sakamakon hulɗa. Hakazalika, haɗin cineole da α-pinene ya haifar da martanin adawa, kodayake masu bincike a baya sun ba da rahoton cewa mahaɗan biyu suna da manufofi daban-daban na aiki47,60. Tunda mahaɗan biyu suna da monoterpenes masu zagaye, akwai yiwuwar samun wasu wuraren da aka nufa waɗanda za su iya yin gasa don ɗaurewa da kuma tasiri ga gubar mahaɗan haɗin gwiwa da aka yi nazari a kansu.
Dangane da ƙimar LC50 da mace-mace da aka lura, an zaɓi mafi kyawun haɗin terpene guda biyu, wato nau'ikan carvone + limonene da eucalyptol + eudesmol, da kuma malathion na roba na organophosphorus tare da terpenes. An gwada mafi kyawun haɗin haɗin malathion + Eudesmol a cikin gwajin maganin kwari na manya. Yi niyya ga manyan ƙwayoyin kwari don tabbatar da ko waɗannan haɗin gwiwar masu tasiri na iya yin aiki akan adadi mai yawa na mutane a cikin manyan wurare masu fallasa. Duk waɗannan haɗin gwiwar suna nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa akan manyan tarin kwari. An sami irin wannan sakamako don mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwar larvicidal mai haɗin gwiwa wanda aka gwada akan yawan tsutsotsi na Aedes aegypti. Don haka, ana iya cewa haɗin gwiwar larvicidal mai haɗin gwiwa da na manya na mahaɗan EO na shuka yana da ƙarfi a kan sinadarai na roba da ake da su kuma ana iya amfani da shi don sarrafa yawan Aedes aegypti. Haka kuma, ana iya amfani da ingantattun haɗin ƙwayoyin cuta na roba ko magungunan kashe kwari masu girma tare da terpenes don rage yawan thymetphos ko malathion da ake bayarwa ga sauro. Waɗannan haɗin haɗin gwiwa masu ƙarfi na iya samar da mafita ga nazarin gaba kan juyin halittar juriya ga magunguna a cikin sauro na Aedes.
An tattara ƙwai na Aedes aegypti daga Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Yankin, Dibrugarh, Majalisar Binciken Lafiya ta Indiya kuma an adana su a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai kyau (28 ± 1 °C) da danshi (85 ± 5%) a Sashen Nazarin Dabbobi, Jami'ar Gauhati a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yanayi: An bayyana Arivoli da sauransu. Bayan ƙyanƙyashewa, an ciyar da tsutsotsi abinci (fodar biskit na kare da yisti a cikin rabo na 3: 1) kuma an ciyar da manya da maganin glucose 10%. Tun daga rana ta 3 bayan fitowar, an bar manyan sauro mata su tsotse jinin beraye. Jiƙa takardar tacewa a cikin ruwa a cikin gilashi sannan a sanya ta a cikin kejin kwanciya ƙwai.
An zaɓi samfuran shuka waɗanda suka haɗa da ganyen eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), basil mai tsarki (Lamiaceae), mint (Lamiaceae), melaleuca (Myrtaceae) da kwararan allium (Amaryllidaceae). An tattara daga Guwahati kuma Ma'aikatar Botany, Jami'ar Gauhati ta gano su. An yi amfani da na'urar Clevenger wajen tace samfuran shuka da aka tattara (500 g). An tattara EO da aka cire a cikin kwalba mai tsabta sannan aka adana shi a zafin jiki na 4°C don ƙarin bincike.
An yi nazarin gubar tsutsotsi ta amfani da hanyoyin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da aka ɗan gyara kaɗan 67. Yi amfani da DMSO a matsayin emulsifier. An fara gwada kowace yawan EO a 100 da 1000 ppm, inda aka fallasa tsutsotsi 20 a cikin kowace kwafi. Dangane da sakamakon, an yi amfani da kewayon yawan haɗuwa kuma an rubuta mace-mace daga awa 1 zuwa awanni 6 (a tazara ta awa 1), da kuma awanni 24, awanni 48 da awanni 72 bayan magani. An tantance yawan mutuwar da ba ta kai ga mutuwa ba (LC50) bayan awanni 24, 48 da 72 na fallasa. An gwada kowane yawan haɗuwa a cikin sau uku tare da sarrafawa mara kyau ɗaya (ruwa kawai) da sarrafawa ɗaya mai kyau (ruwa da aka yi wa magani da DMSO). Idan ƙuruciya ta faru kuma fiye da kashi 10% na tsutsotsi na ƙungiyar sarrafawa suka mutu, ana maimaita gwajin. Idan yawan mace-mace a cikin ƙungiyar sarrafawa yana tsakanin kashi 5-10%, yi amfani da dabarar gyara Abbott 68.
An yi amfani da hanyar da Ramar et al. 69 suka bayyana don gwajin biotest na manya akan Aedes aegypti ta amfani da acetone a matsayin mai narkewa. An fara gwada kowace EO akan manyan sauro na Aedes aegypti a yawan ppm 100 da 1000. A shafa 2 ml na kowace maganin da aka shirya a lambar Whatman. An yi amfani da takarda mai tacewa 1 (girman 12 x 15 cm2) sannan a bar acetone ya ƙafe na minti 10. An yi amfani da takardar tacewa da aka yi wa magani da 2 ml na acetone kawai a matsayin iko. Bayan acetone ya ƙafe, ana sanya takardar tacewa da aka yi wa magani da takardar tacewa a cikin bututu mai silinda (zurfin cm 10). An canja sauro goma masu kwana 3 zuwa 4 waɗanda ba sa ciyar da jini zuwa uku na kowane taro. Dangane da sakamakon gwaje-gwajen farko, an gwada yawan mai da aka zaɓa daban-daban. An rubuta mace-mace a awa 1, awanni 2, awanni 3, awanni 4, awanni 5, awanni 6, awanni 24, awanni 48 da awanni 72 bayan fitowar sauro. A lissafta ƙimar LC50 don lokutan fallasa na awanni 24, awanni 48 da awanni 72. Idan adadin mace-macen yankin sarrafawa ya wuce kashi 20%, a sake maimaita gwajin gaba ɗaya. Haka nan, idan adadin mace-macen a cikin rukunin sarrafawa ya fi kashi 5%, a daidaita sakamakon samfuran da aka yi wa magani ta amfani da dabarar Abbott68.
An yi gwajin chromatography na gas (Agilent 7890A) da kuma mass spectrometry (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) don yin nazarin abubuwan da ke cikin man da aka zaɓa. An sanya wa GC na'urar gano FID da kuma ginshiƙin capillary (HP5-MS). Iskar gas mai ɗauke da iskar helium ce, kuma yawan kwararar ta kai 1 ml/min. Shirin GC ya saita Allium sativum zuwa 10:80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M da Ocimum Sainttum zuwa 10:80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 – 280, don mint 10:80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, don eucalyptus 20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, kuma ga ja Ga yadudduka dubu, su ne su 10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
An gano manyan mahaɗan kowace EO bisa ga kason yanki da aka ƙididdige daga sakamakon chromatogram na GC da kuma mass spectrometry (wanda aka ambata a cikin bayanan ma'aunin NIST 70).
An zaɓi manyan sinadarai guda biyu a cikin kowace EO bisa ga sakamakon GC-MS kuma an saya su daga Sigma-Aldrich a tsarkin kashi 98-99% don ƙarin gwaje-gwajen bio. An gwada mahaɗan don ingancin kashe ƙwari da kuma na manya akan Aedes aegypti kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. An yi nazarin larvicides tamephosate na roba (Sigma Aldrich) da malathion na manya (Sigma Aldrich) da aka fi amfani da su don kwatanta ingancinsu da zaɓaɓɓun mahaɗan EO, bisa ga irin wannan tsari.
An shirya cakuda biyu na zaɓaɓɓun mahaɗan terpene da mahaɗan terpene tare da organophosphates na kasuwanci (tilephos da malathion) ta hanyar haɗa maganin LC50 na kowane mahaɗan da aka zaɓa a cikin rabo 1: 1. An gwada haɗakar da aka shirya akan matakan tsutsotsi da manya na Aedes aegypti kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. An yi kowane gwajin bio a cikin sau uku don kowane haɗuwa da kuma sau uku ga mahaɗan da ke cikin kowane haɗuwa. An rubuta mutuwar kwari da aka yi niyya bayan awanni 24. Lissafa adadin mace-mace da ake tsammani don cakuda biyu ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa.
inda E = ana sa ran adadin mace-mace na sauro na Aedes aegypti a sakamakon haɗin gwiwa mai binary, watau haɗin gwiwa (A + B).
An yiwa tasirin kowace cakuda binary lakabi da synergistic, antagonistic, ko kuma babu wani tasiri bisa ga ƙimar χ2 da aka ƙididdige ta hanyar da Pavla52 ya bayyana. Lissafa ƙimar χ2 ga kowane haɗin ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa.
An bayyana tasirin haɗin gwiwa a matsayin haɗin gwiwa lokacin da ƙimar χ2 da aka ƙididdige ta fi ƙimar tebur don matakan 'yanci masu dacewa (tazara ta amincewa da kashi 95%) kuma idan an ga mace-macen da aka lura ta wuce mace-macen da ake tsammani. Hakazalika, idan ƙimar χ2 da aka ƙididdige ta kowace haɗuwa ta wuce ƙimar tebur tare da wasu matakan 'yanci, amma mace-macen da aka lura ta yi ƙasa da mace-macen da ake tsammani, ana ɗaukar maganin a matsayin ƙiyayya. Kuma idan a cikin kowace haɗuwa ƙimar χ2 da aka ƙididdige ta ƙasa da ƙimar tebur a cikin matakan 'yanci masu dacewa, ana ɗaukar haɗin ba shi da wani tasiri.
An zaɓi haɗin gwiwa uku zuwa huɗu masu yuwuwar haɗuwa (ƙwai 100 da aikin ƙwari 50 da na manya) don gwaji akan adadi mai yawa na kwari. Manya) sun ci gaba kamar yadda aka ambata a sama. Tare da haɗin gwiwar, an kuma gwada mahaɗan da ke cikin haɗin gwiwar da aka zaɓa akan adadin daidai gwargwado na tsutsotsin Aedes aegypti da manya. Rabon haɗin gwiwa shine kashi ɗaya na kashi LC50 na mahaɗin da aka zaɓa da kuma kashi LC50 na ɗayan mahaɗin. A cikin gwajin aikin manya, an narkar da mahaɗan da aka zaɓa a cikin acetone mai narkewa kuma an shafa su a kan takardar tacewa da aka naɗe a cikin akwati na filastik mai silinda 1300 cm3. An fitar da acetone na tsawon mintuna 10 kuma an saki manya. Hakazalika, a cikin gwajin aikin tsutsotsin, an fara narkar da allurai na mahaɗan LC50 daidai gwargwado na DMSO sannan a gauraya da lita 1 na ruwa da aka adana a cikin kwantena filastik 1300 cc, kuma an saki tsutsotsin.
An yi amfani da SPSS (sigar 16) da manhajar Minitab wajen ƙididdige ƙimar LC50 wajen yin nazarin yiwuwar bayanai game da mace-mace guda 71 da aka rubuta.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuli-01-2024