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Haɗuwa da magungunan kwari da aka samo daga tsire-tsire na iya nuna hulɗar haɗin gwiwa ko gaba da kwari.Ganin yadda sauro na Aedes ke yaɗuwa cikin sauri da kuma ƙara juriya na yawan mutanen sauro na Aedes zuwa magungunan kashe kwari na gargajiya, an ƙirƙira haɗe-haɗe na terpene guda ashirin da takwas dangane da albarkatun mai na shuka kuma an gwada su akan matakan tsutsa da manya na Aedes aegypti.An ƙididdige mai mahimmancin tsire-tsire biyar (EOs) da farko don ingantaccen amfani da larvicidal da manya, kuma an gano manyan mahadi guda biyu a cikin kowane EO dangane da sakamakon GC-MS.An sayi manyan abubuwan da aka gano, wato diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, carvone, limonene, eugenol, methyl eugenol, eucalyptol, eudesmol da sauro alpha-pinene.An shirya haɗe-haɗe na waɗannan mahadi ta hanyar amfani da allurai marasa ƙarfi kuma an gwada tasirinsu na haɗin gwiwa da ƙin yarda da ƙaddara.Mafi kyawun abubuwan haɗin larvicidal ana samun su ta hanyar haxa limonene tare da diallyl disulfide, kuma ana samun mafi kyawun abubuwan haɓaka na manya ta hanyar haɗa carvone tare da limonene.Temphos na larvicide na roba da aka yi amfani da shi a kasuwa da kuma babban maganin Malathion an gwada su daban kuma a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da terpenoids.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa haɗuwa da temephos da diallyl disulfide da malathion da eudesmol shine haɗuwa mafi inganci.Waɗannan haɗe-haɗe masu ƙarfi suna riƙe yuwuwar amfani da Aedes aegypti.
Mai mahimmancin tsire-tsire (EOs) sune metabolites na biyu waɗanda ke ɗauke da mahaɗan bioactive iri-iri kuma suna ƙara zama mahimmanci a madadin magungunan kashe qwari.Ba wai kawai suna da abokantaka da muhalli da masu amfani ba, har ma sun kasance cakuda nau'ikan mahaɗan bioactive daban-daban, wanda kuma yana rage yiwuwar haɓaka juriya na ƙwayoyi1.Yin amfani da fasahar GC-MS, masu bincike sun binciki abubuwan da ke tattare da albarkatun mai na tsire-tsire daban-daban kuma sun gano fiye da 3,000 mahadi daga tsire-tsire masu kamshi 17,5002, yawancin waɗanda aka gwada don abubuwan kashe kwari kuma an ba da rahoton cewa suna da tasirin kwari3,4.Wasu nazarin sun yi nuni da cewa gubar babban abin da ke cikin mahadi iri ɗaya ne da ko ya fi na ɗanyen ethylene oxide ɗin sa.Amma yin amfani da mahaɗan guda ɗaya na iya sake barin wuri don haɓaka juriya, kamar yadda lamarin yake da magungunan kashe qwari5,6.Don haka, abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a yanzu shine shirya gaurayawan abubuwan da ke tushen ethylene oxide don inganta tasirin kwari da rage yuwuwar juriya a cikin yawan kwarorin da aka yi niyya.Mahalli masu aiki guda ɗaya waɗanda ke cikin EOs na iya nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa ko ƙin yarda a cikin haɗuwa da ke nuna duk ayyukan EO, gaskiyar da aka ƙarfafa sosai a cikin binciken da masu binciken da suka gabata suka gudanar7,8.Shirin sarrafa vector kuma ya haɗa da EO da abubuwan haɗin sa.Ayyukan sauro na mahimman mai an yi nazari sosai akan sauro Culex da Anopheles.Yawancin karatu sun yi ƙoƙarin haɓaka magungunan kashe qwari masu inganci ta hanyar haɗa tsire-tsire iri-iri tare da magungunan kashe qwari da aka yi amfani da su ta kasuwanci don ƙara yawan guba da rage illa.Amma nazarin irin waɗannan mahadi akan Aedes aegypti ya kasance da wuya.Ci gaban kimiyyar likitanci da samar da magunguna da alluran rigakafi sun taimaka wajen magance wasu cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar.Amma kasancewar nau'ikan nau'ikan kwayar cutar, wanda sauro Aedes aegypti ke yadawa, ya haifar da gazawar shirye-shiryen rigakafin.Don haka, lokacin da irin waɗannan cututtuka suka faru, shirye-shiryen sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta shine kawai zaɓi don hana yaduwar cutar.A halin da ake ciki yanzu, kula da Aedes aegypti yana da matukar muhimmanci saboda yana da mahimmancin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban da kuma serotypes da ke haifar da zazzabin dengue, Zika, Dengue hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever, da dai sauransu. kusan dukkanin cututtukan da ke haifar da cutar ta Aedes na karuwa kowace shekara a Masar kuma suna karuwa a duk duniya.Saboda haka, a cikin wannan mahallin, akwai buƙatar gaggawa don haɓaka ƙa'idodin muhalli da ingantattun matakan kulawa ga al'ummar Aedes aegypti.'Yan takara masu yuwuwa a wannan batun sune EOs, abubuwan da suka haɗa su, da haɗuwarsu.Saboda haka, wannan binciken yayi ƙoƙari ya gano ingantattun haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar maɓalli na EO mai mahimmanci daga tsire-tsire biyar tare da kaddarorin kwari (watau Mint, Basil mai tsarki, Eucalyptus spotted, Allium sulfur da melaleuca) da Aedes aegypti.
Duk EO da aka zaɓa sun nuna yuwuwar ayyukan larvicidal akan Aedes aegypti tare da 24-h LC50 daga 0.42 zuwa 163.65 ppm.An rubuta mafi girman aikin larvicidal don ruhun nana (Mp) EO tare da ƙimar LC50 na 0.42 ppm a 24 h, sannan tafarnuwa (As) tare da darajar LC50 na 16.19 ppm a 24 h (Table 1).
Ban da Ocimum Sainttum, Os EO, duk sauran EOs guda huɗu da aka bincika sun nuna tasirin rashin lafiyar jiki, tare da ƙimar LC50 daga 23.37 zuwa 120.16 ppm akan lokacin bayyanar 24-hour.Thymophilus striata (Cl) EO ya fi tasiri wajen kashe manya tare da ƙimar LC50 na 23.37 ppm a cikin sa'o'i 24 na fallasa, sannan Eucalyptus maculata (Em) ya biyo baya wanda ke da darajar LC50 na 101.91 ppm (Table 1).A gefe guda, har yanzu ba a ƙayyade ƙimar LC50 na Os ba yayin da aka rubuta mafi girman adadin mace-mace na 53% a mafi girman kashi (Ƙarin Hoto 3).
An gano manyan mahaɗan guda biyu a cikin kowane EO kuma an zaɓi su bisa sakamakon bayanan laburare na NIST, yawan yanki na GC chromatogram, da sakamakon MS Spectra (Table 2).Don EO As, manyan abubuwan da aka gano sune diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide;ga EO Mp manyan abubuwan da aka gano sune carvone da limonene, don EO Em manyan abubuwan da aka gano sune eudesmol da eucalyptol;Don EO Os, manyan abubuwan da aka gano sune eugenol da methyl eugenol, kuma ga EO Cl, manyan mahadi da aka gano sune eugenol da α-pinene (Hoto 1, Ƙarin Figures 5-8, Ƙarin Table 1-5).
Sakamako na taro spectrometry na manyan terpenoids na zaɓaɓɓen mai mai mahimmanci (A-diallyl disulfide; B-diallyl trisulfide; C-eugenol; D-methyl eugenol; E-limonene; F-aromatic ceperone; G-α-pinene; H-cineole R-eudamol.
Jimlar mahadi guda tara (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eugenol, methyl eugenol, carvone, limonene, eucalyptol, eudesmol, α-pinene) an gano su azaman ingantattun mahadi waɗanda sune manyan abubuwan EO kuma an ware su daban-daban akan Aedes aegypti a larvae. matakai..Ƙungiyar eudesmol tana da mafi girman aikin larvicidal tare da ƙimar LC50 na 2.25 ppm bayan 24 hours na fallasa.Abubuwan da ake kira diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide kuma an gano suna da yuwuwar tasirin larvicidal, tare da ma'anar ƙananan allurai a cikin kewayon 10-20 ppm.An sake lura da matsakaicin aikin larvicidal don mahadi eugenol, limonene da eucalyptol tare da ƙimar LC50 na 63.35 ppm, 139.29 ppm.da 181.33 ppm bayan sa'o'i 24, bi da bi (Table 3).Duk da haka, ba a sami wani gagarumin yuwuwar larvicidal na methyl eugenol da carvone ko da a mafi girman allurai ba, don haka ba a ƙididdige ƙimar LC50 ba (Table 3).Temephos na larvicide na roba yana da ma'anar kisa na 0.43 ppm akan Aedes aegypti sama da sa'o'i 24 na fallasa (Table 3, Karin Bayani na 6).
Abubuwan da aka gano guda bakwai (diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, eucalyptol, α-pinene, eudesmol, limonene da carvone) an gano su a matsayin manyan mahadi masu tasiri na EO kuma an gwada su daban-daban akan manya Aedes sauro na Masar.Dangane da bincike na regression Probit, an gano Eudesmol yana da mafi girman yuwuwar tare da ƙimar LC50 na 1.82 ppm, sannan Eucalyptol tare da ƙimar LC50 na 17.60 ppm a lokacin bayyanar 24-hour.Sauran mahadi guda biyar da aka gwada sun kasance masu cutarwa matsakaici ga manya tare da LC50s daga 140.79 zuwa 737.01 ppm (Table 3).Maganin organophosphorus na roba ya kasance ƙasa da ƙarfi fiye da eudesmol kuma sama da sauran mahaɗan shida, tare da ƙimar LC50 na 5.44 ppm akan lokacin bayyanar 24-hour (Table 3, Ƙarin Teburin 6).
An zaɓi magungunan gubar guda bakwai masu ƙarfi da organophosphorus tamephosate don tsara haɗin haɗin gwiwa na allurai na LC50 a cikin rabo na 1:1.An shirya jimlar haɗaɗɗiyar binary guda 28 kuma an gwada su don tasirin larvicidal akan Aedes aegypti.An gano haɗuwa tara don zama masu haɗin gwiwa, haɗuwa 14 sun kasance masu adawa, kuma haɗuwa biyar ba su da larvicidal.Daga cikin haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar, haɗin diallyl disulfide da temofol shine mafi tasiri, tare da mutuwar 100% bayan sa'o'i 24 (Table 4).Hakazalika, gaurayawan limonene tare da diallyl disulfide da eugenol tare da thymetphos sun nuna kyakykyawan yuwuwar tare da yawan mace-macen tsutsa na 98.3% (Table 5).Sauran abubuwan haɗin 4, wato eudesmol da eucalyptol, eudesmol da limonene, eucalyptol da alpha-pinene, alpha-pinene da temephos, sun kuma nuna tasirin larvicidal mai mahimmanci, tare da lura da adadin mace-mace ya wuce 90%.Adadin mace-macen da ake tsammanin yana kusa da 60-75%.(Table 4).Koyaya, haɗuwa da limonene tare da α-pinene ko eucalyptus sun nuna halayen adawa.Hakazalika, an gano gaurayawan Temephos da eugenol ko eucalyptus ko eudesmol ko diallyl trisulfide suna da tasirin gaba.Hakazalika, haɗin diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide da haɗin ɗayan waɗannan mahadi tare da eudesmol ko eugenol suna adawa da aikin su na larvicidal.An kuma bayar da rahoton antagonism tare da haɗin eudesmol tare da eugenol ko α-pinene.
Daga cikin duka gaurayawan binary 28 da aka gwada don ayyukan acidic na manya, haɗuwa 7 sun kasance masu haɗin gwiwa, 6 ba su da wani tasiri, kuma 15 sun kasance masu adawa.An gano cakuda eudesmol tare da eucalyptus da limonene tare da carvone sun fi tasiri fiye da sauran haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa, tare da adadin mace-mace a 24 hours na 76% da 100%, bi da bi (Table 5).An lura da Malathion don nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa tare da duk haɗuwa na mahadi ban da limonene da diallyl trisulfide.A daya bangaren kuma, an samu rashin jituwa tsakanin diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide da hade daya daga cikinsu da eucalyptus, ko eucalyptol, ko carvone, ko limonene.Hakazalika, haɗuwa da α-pinene tare da eudesmol ko limonene, eucalyptol tare da carvone ko limonene, da limonene tare da eudesmol ko malathion sun nuna tasirin larvicidal na gaba.Ga sauran haɗuwa guda shida, babu wani babban bambanci tsakanin tsammanin da aka lura da mace-mace (Table 5).
Dangane da tasirin haɗin gwiwa da allurai marasa ƙarfi, gubar larvicidal ɗin su akan adadi mai yawa na sauro Aedes aegypti an zaɓi kuma an ƙara gwada su.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa mace-macen tsutsa da aka gani ta amfani da haɗin gwiwar eugenol-limonene, diallyl disulfide-limonene da diallyl disulfide-timephos ya kasance 100%, yayin da mutuwar tsutsa da ake tsammani shine 76.48%, 72.16% da 63.4%, bi da bi)..Haɗin limonene da eudesmol ba su da tasiri sosai, tare da 88% mace-macen tsutsa da aka lura a cikin lokacin bayyanar 24-hour (Table 6).A taƙaice, haɗe-haɗe guda huɗu da aka zaɓa kuma sun nuna tasirin larvicidal na haɗin gwiwa akan Aedes aegypti lokacin da aka yi amfani da su akan babban sikeli (Table 6).
An zaɓi haɗaɗɗun haɗin kai guda uku don adultocidal bioassay don sarrafa babban yawan jama'a na Aedes aegypti.Don zaɓar haɗuwa don gwadawa a kan manyan yankunan kwari, mun fara mayar da hankali kan haɗin gwiwar terpene mafi kyau guda biyu, wato carvone da limonene da eucalyptol da eudesmol.Abu na biyu, an zaɓi mafi kyawun haɗin haɗin gwiwa daga haɗin haɗin organophosphate malathion da terpenoids.Mun yi imanin cewa haɗuwa da malathion da eudesmol shine mafi kyawun haɗuwa don gwaji akan manyan kwarorin kwari saboda mafi girman adadin mace-mace da ƙarancin ƙimar LC50 na abubuwan ɗan takarar.Malathion yana nuna haɗin kai tare da α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus, carvone da eudesmol.Amma idan muka kalli ƙimar LC50, Eudesmol yana da mafi ƙarancin ƙima (2.25 ppm).Ƙimar LC50 na malathion, α-pinene, diallyl disulfide, eucalyptol da carvone sun kasance 5.4, 716.55, 166.02, 17.6 da 140.79 ppm.bi da bi.Wadannan dabi'un suna nuna cewa haɗin malathion da eudesmol shine haɗuwa mafi kyau duka dangane da sashi.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa haɗuwar carvone da limonene da eudesmol da malathion sun sami 100% na mace-mace idan aka kwatanta da 61% zuwa 65%.Wani hade, eudesmol da eucalyptol, ya nuna adadin mace-mace na 78.66% bayan awanni 24 na fallasa, idan aka kwatanta da adadin mace-mace na 60%.Dukkanin haɗe-haɗe guda uku da aka zaɓa sun nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa ko da lokacin da aka yi amfani da su akan babban sikeli akan babba Aedes aegypti (Table 6).
A cikin wannan binciken, zaɓaɓɓen EOs na shuka irin su Mp, As, Os, Em da Cl sun nuna tasirin mutuwa akan tsutsa da matakan girma na Aedes aegypti.Mp EO yana da aikin tsutsa mafi girma tare da ƙimar LC50 na 0.42 ppm, sai As, Os da Em EOs tare da ƙimar LC50 na ƙasa da 50 ppm bayan 24h.Waɗannan sakamakon sun yi daidai da nazarce-nazarcen sauro da sauran ƙudaje masu ɓarna 10,11,12,13,14.Kodayake ƙarfin larvicidal na Cl yana ƙasa da sauran mahimman mai, tare da ƙimar LC50 na 163.65 ppm bayan sa'o'i 24, ƙarfin girmansa shine mafi girma tare da ƙimar LC50 na 23.37 ppm bayan awanni 24.Mp, As da Em EOs kuma sun nuna kyakkyawan rashin lafiyar jiki tare da ƙimar LC50 a cikin kewayon 100-120 ppm a 24 h na fallasa, amma sun ɗan yi ƙasa da ingancin larvicidal.A gefe guda, EO Os ya nuna tasirin rashin lafiyar rashin lafiyar koda a mafi girman maganin warkewa.Don haka, sakamakon ya nuna cewa gubar ethylene oxide ga shuke-shuke na iya bambanta dangane da yanayin ci gaban sauro15.Hakanan ya dogara da adadin shigar EOs cikin jikin kwarin, hulɗar su tare da takamaiman enzymes manufa, da iyawar detoxification na sauro a kowane mataki na ci gaba16.Yawancin karatu sun nuna cewa babban abun da ke tattare da shi shine muhimmin mahimmanci a cikin ayyukan nazarin halittu na ethylene oxide, tun da yake yana da mafi yawan adadin mahadi3,12,17,18.Saboda haka, mun yi la'akari da manyan mahadi guda biyu a cikin kowane EO.Dangane da sakamakon GC-MS, diallyl disulfide da dialyl trisulfide an gano su azaman manyan mahadi na EO As, wanda ya yi daidai da rahotannin da suka gabata19,20,21.Kodayake rahotannin da suka gabata sun nuna cewa menthol na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke cikinta, an sake gano carvone da limonene a matsayin manyan mahadi na Mp EO22,23.Abubuwan da ke tattare da Os EO sun nuna cewa eugenol da methyl eugenol sune manyan mahadi, wanda yayi kama da binciken da masu bincike suka yi a baya16,24.An ba da rahoton Eucalyptol da eucalyptol a matsayin manyan mahadi da ke cikin Em leaf oil, wanda ya yi daidai da binciken wasu masu bincike25,26 amma akasin sakamakon binciken Olade et al.27.An lura da rinjayen cineole da α-pinene a cikin melaleuca muhimmanci mai, wanda yayi kama da binciken da ya gabata28,29.An ba da rahoton bambance-bambance na musamman a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma tattara kayan mai da aka samo daga nau'in tsire-tsire iri ɗaya a wurare daban-daban kuma an lura da su a cikin wannan binciken, wanda yanayin yanayin girma na tsire-tsire ya rinjayi, lokacin girbi, mataki na ci gaba, ko shekarun shuka.bayyanar chemotypes, da dai sauransu.22,30,31,32.Sannan an sayi maɓallan da aka gano kuma an gwada su don tasirin larvicidal da tasirin su akan sauro Aedes aegypti.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa aikin larvicidal na diallyl disulfide ya yi daidai da na danyen EO As.Amma aikin diallyl trisulfide ya fi EO As.Waɗannan sakamakon sun yi kama da waɗanda Kimbaris et al suka samu.33 akan Culex Philippines.Duk da haka, waɗannan mahadi guda biyu ba su nuna kyakkyawan aiki na autocidal a kan sauro da aka yi niyya ba, wanda ya dace da sakamakon Plata-Rueda et al 34 akan Tenebrio molitor.Os EO yana da tasiri a kan matakin tsutsa na Aedes aegypti, amma ba a kan matakin girma ba.An tabbatar da cewa aikin larvicidal na manyan mahaɗan mutum ya fi ƙasa da na danyen Os EO.Wannan yana nuna matsayi ga sauran mahadi da kuma hulɗar su a cikin ɗanyen ethylene oxide.Methyl eugenol kadai yana da aiki mara kyau, yayin da eugenol kadai yana da matsakaicin aikin larvicidal.Wannan ƙarshe ya tabbatar da, a gefe guda, 35,36, kuma a daya bangaren, ya saba wa ƙarshen binciken da suka gabata37,38.Bambance-bambance a cikin ƙungiyoyin aiki na eugenol da methyleugenol na iya haifar da guba daban-daban ga kwaro iri ɗaya39.An gano Limonene yana da matsakaicin aikin larvicidal, yayin da tasirin carvone ba shi da mahimmanci.Hakazalika, ƙarancin ƙarancin guba na limonene ga kwari masu girma da yawan gubar carvone suna tallafawa sakamakon wasu binciken da suka gabata40 amma ya saba wa wasu41.Kasancewar haɗin biyu a duka intracyclic da exocyclic matsayi na iya ƙara yawan amfanin waɗannan mahadi a matsayin larvicides3,41, yayin da carvone, wanda shine ketone tare da unsaturated alpha da beta carbons, na iya nuna babban yiwuwar guba a cikin manya42.Duk da haka, halayen mutum na limonene da carvone sun fi ƙasa da jimlar EO Mp (Table 1, Table 3).Daga cikin terpenoids da aka gwada, an gano eudesmol yana da mafi girman aikin larvicidal da manya tare da ƙimar LC50 da ke ƙasa da 2.5 ppm, wanda ya sa ya zama fili mai ban sha'awa don sarrafa sauro Aedes.Ayyukansa sun fi na dukan EO Em, kodayake wannan bai dace da binciken Cheng et al.40 ba.Eudesmol shine sesquiterpene tare da raka'a isoprene guda biyu waɗanda basu da ƙarfi fiye da monoterpenes oxygenated kamar eucalyptus kuma saboda haka yana da mafi girman yuwuwar azaman maganin kashe qwari.Eucalyptol kanta yana da girma babba fiye da ayyukan larvicidal, kuma sakamakon binciken da aka yi a baya duka sun goyi baya kuma sun musanta wannan37,43,44.Ayyukan kadai ya kusan kwatanta da na dukan EO Cl.Wani bicyclic monoterpene, α-pinene, yana da ƙarancin tasirin girma akan Aedes aegypti fiye da tasirin larvicidal, wanda shine akasin tasirin cikakken EO Cl.Gabaɗaya ayyukan kwari na terpenoids suna tasiri ta hanyar lipophilicity, rashin ƙarfi, reshen carbon, yanki mai tsinkaya, yanki na ƙasa, ƙungiyoyin aiki da matsayinsu45,46.Wadannan mahadi na iya yin aiki ta hanyar lalata tarin kwayoyin halitta, toshe ayyukan numfashi, katse watsawar jijiya, da dai sauransu. Utala48.Ayyukan manya na organophosphorus malathion na roba an ruwaito a 5.44 ppm.Ko da yake waɗannan organophosphates guda biyu sun nuna kyakkyawar amsa game da nau'ikan dakin gwaje-gwaje na Aedes aegypti, an ba da rahoton juriyar sauro ga waɗannan mahadi a sassa daban-daban na duniya49.Koyaya, ba a sami rahotanni makamancin haka na ci gaban juriya ga magungunan ganye ba50.Don haka, ana ɗaukar magungunan botanical a matsayin mafita ga magungunan kashe qwari a cikin shirye-shiryen sarrafa vector.
An gwada tasirin larvicidal akan 28 haɗin gwiwar binary (1: 1) da aka shirya daga terpenoids masu ƙarfi da terpenoids tare da thymetphos, kuma an gano haɗuwar 9 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa, 14 antagonistic da 5 antagonistic.Babu tasiri.A gefe guda, a cikin babban ƙarfin bioassay na girma, an gano haɗuwa 7 don daidaitawa, haɗuwa 15 sun kasance masu adawa, kuma an ba da rahoton haɗuwa 6 ba su da wani tasiri.Dalilin da yasa wasu haɗuwa ke haifar da tasiri na haɗin gwiwa na iya kasancewa saboda mahaɗan ɗan takara suna hulɗa tare a lokaci guda a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban masu mahimmanci, ko kuma zuwa ga jerin abubuwan hana enzymes daban-daban na hanyar nazarin halittu51.Haɗuwa da limonene tare da diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus ko eugenol an samo su zama masu haɗin gwiwa a cikin ƙanana da manyan aikace-aikace (Table 6), yayin da haɗuwa da eucalyptus ko α-pinene an gano yana da tasiri a kan larvae.A matsakaita, limonene ya bayyana a matsayin mai kyau synergist, mai yiwuwa saboda kasancewar ƙungiyoyin methyl, mai kyau shigar a cikin stratum corneum, da kuma daban-daban tsarin aiki52,53.An riga an bayar da rahoton cewa limonene na iya haifar da sakamako mai guba ta hanyar shiga cikin cuticles na kwari (launi mai guba), da tasiri ga tsarin narkewa (maganin rigakafi), ko rinjayar tsarin numfashi (aikin fumigation), 54 yayin da phenylpropanoids irin su eugenol na iya rinjayar enzymes na rayuwa 55. Sabili da haka, haɗuwa da mahadi tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na aiki na iya ƙara yawan mummunan tasirin cakuda.An gano Eucalyptol yana aiki tare da diallyl disulfide, eucalyptus ko α-pinene, amma sauran haɗuwa tare da wasu mahadi sun kasance ko dai marasa larvicidal ko antagonistic.Nazarin farko ya nuna cewa eucalyptol yana da aikin hanawa akan acetylcholinesterase (AChE), da octaamine da masu karɓar GABA56.Tun da cyclic monoterpenes, eucalyptol, eugenol, da dai sauransu na iya samun tsarin aiki iri ɗaya kamar aikin su na neurotoxic, 57 don haka rage tasirin haɗin gwiwar su ta hanyar hana juna.Hakazalika, haɗin Temephos tare da diallyl disulfide, α-pinene da limonene an gano su zama masu haɗin gwiwa, suna goyan bayan rahotannin da suka gabata na tasirin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin samfuran ganye da organophosphates58 na roba.
Haɗin eudesmol da eucalyptol an gano suna da tasirin daidaitawa a kan tsutsa da matakan girma na Aedes aegypti, mai yiyuwa ne saboda yanayin aikinsu daban-daban saboda tsarin sinadarai daban-daban.Eudesmol (a sesquiterpene) na iya rinjayar tsarin numfashi 59 da eucalyptol (monoterpene) na iya rinjayar acetylcholinesterase 60.Haɗin kai abubuwan da ke tattare da su zuwa wuraren da aka yi niyya guda biyu ko fiye na iya haɓaka tasirin haɗakarwa gabaɗaya.A cikin bioassays na manya, an gano malathion yana daidaitawa tare da carvone ko eucalyptol ko eucalyptol ko diallyl disulfide ko α-pinene, yana nuna cewa yana haɓaka tare da ƙari na limonene da di.Kyakkyawan ƴan takarar allercide na haɗin gwiwa don ɗaukacin fayil ɗin mahaɗan terpene, ban da allyl trisulfide.Thangam da Kathiresan61 kuma sun ba da rahoton sakamako iri ɗaya na tasirin haɗin gwiwa na malathion tare da ruwan 'ya'yan itace.Wannan amsawar haɗin kai na iya kasancewa saboda haɗakar tasirin guba na malathion da phytochemicals akan ƙwayoyin detoxifying enzymes.Organophosphates kamar malathion gabaɗaya suna aiki ta hanyar hana cytochrome P450 esterases da monooxygenases62,63,64.Don haka, haɗa malathion tare da waɗannan hanyoyin aiwatarwa da terpenes tare da hanyoyin aiki daban-daban na iya haɓaka tasirin kisa gabaɗaya akan sauro.
A gefe guda, ƙin yarda yana nuna cewa abubuwan da aka zaɓa ba su da aiki a hade fiye da kowane fili kadai.Dalilin gaba a cikin wasu haɗuwa yana iya zama cewa fili ɗaya yana canza halayen ɗayan ta hanyar canza ƙimar sha, rarrabawa, metabolism, ko fitarwa.Masu bincike na farko sunyi la'akari da wannan shine dalilin da ya sa gaba a hada magunguna.Molecules Mai yuwuwar Hanyar 65. Hakazalika, abubuwan da zasu iya haifar da gaba na iya kasancewa suna da alaƙa da makamantan hanyoyin aiwatarwa, gasa na mahaɗan mahaɗan don mai karɓa ɗaya ko wurin da aka yi niyya.A wasu lokuta, hana rashin gasa na furotin da aka yi niyya na iya faruwa.A cikin wannan binciken, mahadi guda biyu na organosulfur, diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide, sun nuna tasirin antagonistic, mai yiwuwa saboda gasa don wuri guda.Hakazalika, waɗannan mahadi guda biyu na sulfur sun nuna tasirin ƙin yarda kuma ba su da wani tasiri idan aka haɗa su da eudesmol da α-pinene.Eudesmol da alpha-pinene suna cikin yanayi na cyclic, yayin da diallyl disulfide da diallyl trisulfide sune aliphatic a cikin yanayi.Dangane da tsarin sinadarai, haɗewar waɗannan mahadi ya kamata su ƙara yawan ayyukan kashe mutane tun da wuraren da aka yi niyya yawanci sun bambanta34,47, amma a gwaji mun sami gaba ɗaya, wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda rawar da waɗannan mahadi ke takawa a cikin wasu halittun da ba a san su ba a cikin vivo.tsarin sakamakon mu'amala.Hakazalika, haɗuwa da cineole da α-pinene sun haifar da martani mai banƙyama, kodayake masu bincike a baya sun ba da rahoton cewa mahadi biyu suna da maƙasudin ma'auni na mataki47,60.Tun da duka mahadi guda biyu monoterpenes ne na cyclic, za a iya samun wasu rukunin yanar gizo na gama gari waɗanda za su iya yin gasa don ɗaure da tasiri gabaɗayan guba na haɗin nau'i-nau'i da aka yi nazari.
Dangane da dabi'un LC50 da lura da mace-mace, an zaɓi mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwar terpene guda biyu, wato nau'ikan carvone + limonene da eucalyptol + eudesmol, kazalika da malathion na organophosphorus na roba tare da terpenes.Mafi kyawun haɗin haɗin gwiwar malathion + Eudesmol an gwada shi a cikin babban ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta.Nuna manyan yankunan kwari don tabbatar da ko waɗannan ingantattun haɗe-haɗe na iya yin aiki da ɗimbin ɗaiɗaikun mutane sama da manyan wuraren fallasa.Duk waɗannan haɗe-haɗe suna nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa akan manyan gungun kwari.An sami irin wannan sakamako don ingantaccen haɗin larvicidal na haɗin gwiwa da aka gwada akan yawancin larvae na Aedes aegypti.Don haka, ana iya cewa ingantacciyar haɓakar larvicidal da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar abubuwan shuka EO shine ɗan takara mai ƙarfi a kan sinadarai na roba kuma ana iya ƙara amfani da su don sarrafa yawan jama'ar Aedes aegypti.Hakazalika, ana iya amfani da ingantattun haɗuwa da larvicides na roba ko manya tare da terpenes don rage alluran thymetphos ko malathion da ake gudanarwa ga sauro.Waɗannan haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwa masu ƙarfi na iya ba da mafita don nazarin gaba game da haɓakar juriyar ƙwayoyi a cikin sauro Aedes.
An tattara ƙwai na Aedes aegypti daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya ta Yanki, Dibrugarh, Majalisar Indiya ta Binciken Likita kuma an kiyaye su a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi (28 ± 1 ° C) da zafi (85 ± 5%) a cikin Sashen Zoology, Jami'ar Gauhati a ƙarƙashin yanayi masu zuwa: An kwatanta Arivoli et al.Bayan ƙyanƙyashe, an ciyar da tsutsa abinci na tsutsa (kare biscuit foda da yisti a cikin rabo na 3: 1) kuma an ciyar da manya da 10% glucose bayani.Tun daga rana ta 3 bayan bullar cutar, an bar manya mata sauro su sha jinin berayen zabiya.A jiƙa takarda tace a cikin ruwa a cikin gilashi kuma sanya shi a cikin kejin kwanciya kwai.
Zaɓaɓɓen samfuran shuka sune ganyen eucalyptus (Myrtaceae), Basil mai tsarki (Lamiaceae), Mint (Lamiaceae), melaleuca (Myrtaceae) da kwararan fitila (Amaryllidaceae).An tattara daga Guwahati kuma Sashen Botany, Jami'ar Gauhati ya gano.Samfurori na shuka da aka tattara (500 g) an sanya su a cikin hydrodistillation ta amfani da na'urar Clevenger na 6 hours.An tattara EO da aka fitar a cikin gilashin gilashi mai tsabta kuma an adana shi a 4 ° C don ƙarin bincike.
An yi nazarin ƙwayar cuta ta larvicidal ta amfani da gyare-gyaren ƙa'idodin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya 67.Yi amfani da DMSO azaman emulsifier.Kowane taro na EO an fara gwada shi a 100 da 1000 ppm, yana fallasa larvae 20 a cikin kowane kwafi.Dangane da sakamakon, an yi amfani da kewayon maida hankali kuma an rubuta mace-mace daga sa'o'i 1 zuwa 6 (a cikin sa'o'i 1), kuma a cikin sa'o'i 24, sa'o'i 48 da sa'o'i 72 bayan jiyya.Ƙididdigar ƙaranci (LC50) an ƙaddara bayan 24, 48 da 72 hours na fallasa.An gwada kowane maida hankali a cikin sau uku tare da kulawa mara kyau (ruwa kawai) da kuma kulawa mai kyau guda ɗaya (ruwa mai DMSO).Idan pupation ya faru kuma fiye da 10% na tsutsa na ƙungiyar kulawa sun mutu, ana maimaita gwajin.Idan adadin mace-mace a cikin rukunin kulawa yana tsakanin 5-10%, yi amfani da dabarar gyara Abbott 68.
Hanyar da Ramar et al.An yi amfani da 69 don babban bioassay akan Aedes aegypti ta amfani da acetone azaman sauran ƙarfi.An fara gwada kowane EO akan manya Aedes aegypti sauro a adadin 100 da 1000 ppm.Aiwatar da 2 ml na kowane maganin da aka shirya zuwa lambar Whatman.1 yanki na takarda tace (girman 12 x 15 cm2) kuma bari acetone ya ƙafe na minti 10.Takardar tace da aka yi amfani da ita tare da 2 ml na acetone kawai an yi amfani dashi azaman sarrafawa.Bayan da acetone ya ƙafe, ana sanya takardar tacewa da aka kula da ita a cikin bututun siliki (zurfin 10 cm).An mayar da sauro masu kwana goma 3 zuwa 4 waɗanda ba su da jini zuwa sau uku na kowane taro.Dangane da sakamakon gwaje-gwaje na farko, an gwada ƙididdiga daban-daban na mai da aka zaɓa.An yi rikodin mace-mace a awa 1, awanni 2, awanni 3, awanni 4, awanni 5, awanni 6, awanni 24, awanni 48 da awanni 72 bayan sakin sauro.Yi ƙididdige ƙimar LC50 don lokutan bayyanarwa na sa'o'i 24, awanni 48 da sa'o'i 72.Idan adadin mace-mace na yawan sarrafawa ya wuce 20%, maimaita duk gwajin.Hakanan, idan adadin mace-mace a cikin ƙungiyar kulawa ya fi 5%, daidaita sakamakon don samfuran da aka bi da su ta amfani da dabarar Abbott68.
Gas chromatography (Agilent 7890A) da taro spectrometry (Accu TOF GCv, Jeol) an yi su don nazarin mahaɗan abubuwan da aka zaɓa na mahimman mai.GC an sanye shi da na'urar ganowa ta FID da ginshiƙin capillary (HP5-MS).Gas ɗin mai ɗaukar nauyi shine helium, ƙimar yawo shine 1 ml/min.Shirin GC yana saita Allium sativum zuwa 10:80-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-9M da Ocimum Sainttum zuwa 10:80-3M-8-200-3M-10-275-1M-5 – 280, na mint 10:80-1M-8-200-5M-8-275-1M-5-280, ga eucalyptus 20.60-1M-10-200-3M-30-280, da kuma ja Ga dubu yadudduka su ne. 10: 60-1M-8-220-5M-8-270-3M.
An gano manyan mahadi na kowane EO bisa ga kaso na yanki da aka ƙididdige su daga GC chromatogram da sakamako mai ƙima (wanda ake magana da bayanan ma'auni na NIST 70).
An zaɓi manyan mahadi guda biyu a cikin kowane EO bisa ga sakamakon GC-MS kuma an saya daga Sigma-Aldrich a 98-99% tsarki don ƙarin bioassays.An gwada mahadi don tasirin larvicidal da babba akan Aedes aegypti kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama.Mafi yawan amfani da larvicides tamephosate (Sigma Aldrich) da kuma manya miyagun ƙwayoyi malathion (Sigma Aldrich) an bincikar su don kwatanta tasirin su tare da zaɓaɓɓun mahadi na EO, bin wannan hanya.
Haɗin binary na terpene mahadi da terpene mahadi tare da organophosphates na kasuwanci (tilephos da malathion) an shirya su ta hanyar haɗa nau'in LC50 na kowane mahaɗan ɗan takara a cikin rabo na 1: 1.An gwada haɗin da aka shirya akan tsutsa da matakan girma na Aedes aegypti kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama.Kowane bioassay an yi shi a cikin sau uku don kowane haɗuwa kuma a cikin sau uku don mahaɗan mahaɗan da ke cikin kowane haɗin gwiwa.An yi rikodin mutuwar kwarin da aka yi niyya bayan sa'o'i 24.Yi lissafin adadin mace-mace da ake tsammani don cakuda binary ta amfani da dabara mai zuwa.
inda E = ana tsammanin adadin mace-macen sauro na Aedes aegypti don amsa hadewar binary, watau dangane (A + B).
Sakamakon kowane cakuda binary an lakafta shi azaman synergistic, antagonistic, ko rashin tasiri dangane da ƙimar χ2 da aka ƙididdige ta hanyar da Pavla52 ya bayyana.Yi ƙididdige ƙimar χ2 don kowane haɗuwa ta amfani da dabara mai zuwa.
An bayyana tasirin haɗin kai azaman haɗin kai lokacin da ƙididdige ƙimar χ2 ya fi ƙimar tebur don daidaitattun matakan 'yanci (tazarar amincewa 95%) kuma idan an sami mace-mace da aka lura ta wuce adadin mace-mace da ake tsammani.Hakazalika, idan ƙimar χ2 da aka ƙididdige don kowane haɗin gwiwa ya wuce ƙimar tebur tare da wasu digiri na 'yanci, amma mutuwar da aka lura ya yi ƙasa da mace-mace da ake tsammani, ana ɗaukar jiyya ta gaba.Kuma idan a cikin kowane haɗin ƙididdiga ƙididdiga na χ2 ya kasance ƙasa da ƙimar tebur a cikin ma'auni na 'yanci, haɗin haɗin yana la'akari da ba shi da wani tasiri.
Haɗuwa uku zuwa huɗu masu yuwuwar haɗin gwiwa (larvae 100 da 50 larvicidal da manya ayyukan kwari) an zaɓi don gwaji akan adadi mai yawa na kwari.Manya) ci gaba kamar yadda a sama.Tare da gaurayawan, mahaɗan guda ɗaya da ke cikin gaurayawan da aka zaɓa suma an gwada su akan daidai adadin larvae na Aedes aegypti da manya.Matsakaicin haɗuwa shine kashi ɗaya na kashi LC50 na mahaɗin ɗan takara ɗaya da sashi na LC50 na sauran mahallin.A cikin aikin bioassay na manya, an narkar da mahaɗan da aka zaɓa a cikin sauran ƙarfi acetone kuma an shafa su don tace takarda da aka naɗe a cikin kwandon filastik silinda 1300 cm3.An kwashe acetone na minti 10 kuma an saki manya.Hakazalika, a cikin bioassay na larvicidal, an narkar da allurai na mahaɗin ɗan takarar LC50 a farkon adadin daidaitattun DMSO sannan a haɗe shi da lita 1 na ruwa da aka adana a cikin kwantena filastik 1300 cc, kuma an saki tsutsa.
An gudanar da bincike mai yiwuwa na bayanan mace-mace guda 71 da aka yi rikodin ta amfani da SPSS (Sigar 16) da software na Minitab don ƙididdige ƙimar LC50.
Lokacin aikawa: Jul-01-2024