Don ingancisarrafa sauroda kuma rage yawan cututtukan da suke ɗauke da su, ana buƙatar dabaru, ɗorewa da kuma mummuna madadin magungunan kashe qwari.Mun kimanta abincin iri daga wasu Brassicaceae (iyali Brassica) a matsayin tushen tushen isothiocyanates da aka samo daga shuka ta hanyar enzymatic hydrolysis na glucosinolates marasa aiki na halitta don amfani a cikin sarrafa Aedes na Masar (L., 1762).Abincin iri guda biyar (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753 da Thlaspi arvense - manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan haɓakawar thermal da haɓakar sinadarai samfurori Don ƙayyade yawan guba (LC50) na allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate da 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate zuwa Aedes aegypti larvae a 24-hour daukan hotuna = 0.04 g / 120 ml dH2O).LC50 dabi'u don mustard, farin mustard da horsetail.Abincin iri shine 0.05, 0.08 da 0.05 bi da bi idan aka kwatanta da allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) da 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) ya kasance mai guba ga larvae ta hanyar 24 hours bayan g20.10.Wadannan sakamakon sun yi daidai da samar da abincin alfalfa.Mafi girman inganci na benzyl esters yayi daidai da ƙididdige ƙimar LC50.Yin amfani da abincin iri na iya samar da ingantacciyar hanyar magance sauro.Adali na foda na giciye da manyan abubuwan sinadarai a kan larvae larvae da kuma nuna yadda abubuwan da suka shafi halittun da ke cikin foda a cikin gizagizai na Cruciferous na iya zama a matsayin mai nuna ikon sarrafa sauro.
Cututtukan vector da sauro Aedes ke haifarwa sun kasance babbar matsalar lafiyar jama'a a duniya.Yawan cututtukan da ke haifar da sauro ya yadu a yanki 1,2,3 kuma ya sake fitowa, wanda ya haifar da barkewar cututtuka masu tsanani4,5,6,7.Yaduwar cututtuka tsakanin mutane da dabbobi (misali, chikungunya, dengue, zazzabin Rift Valley, yellow fever da cutar Zika) ba a taba ganin irinsa ba.Zazzabin Dengue kadai yana sanya kusan mutane biliyan 3.6 cikin hadarin kamuwa da cuta a cikin wurare masu zafi, tare da kiyasin kamuwa da cutar miliyan 390 a kowace shekara, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar 6,100-24,300 a kowace shekara8.Sake bayyanar da bullar cutar Zika a Kudancin Amurka ya ja hankalin duniya saboda lalacewar kwakwalwar da take haifarwa ga yaran da mata masu dauke da cutar ke haifa2.Kremer et al 3 sun yi hasashen cewa yankin sauro na Aedes zai ci gaba da fadada kuma nan da shekara ta 2050, rabin al'ummar duniya za su kasance cikin hadarin kamuwa da cutar ta arboviruses da sauro ke haifarwa.
Ban da alluran rigakafin cutar dengue da zazzabin rawaya da aka yi kwanan nan, har yanzu ba a samar da alluran rigakafin kamuwa da yawancin cututtukan sauro ba.9,10,11.Har yanzu ana samun alluran rigakafi da yawa kuma ana amfani da su a gwaji na asibiti kawai.Sarrafa magungunan sauro ta hanyar amfani da maganin kashe kwari ya kasance muhimmiyar dabara don shawo kan yaduwar cututtuka da sauro ke haifarwa12,13.Duk da cewa magungunan kashe qwari na roba suna da tasiri wajen kashe sauro, ci gaba da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari na yin illa ga halittun da ba su da manufa da kuma gurvata muhalli14,15,16.Wani abin ban tsoro shine yanayin ƙara juriyar sauro ga magungunan kashe qwari17,18,19.Wadannan matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da magungunan kashe qwari sun hanzarta neman hanyoyin da za su dace da muhalli masu inganci don magance cututtukan cututtuka.
An haɓaka tsire-tsire iri-iri a matsayin tushen phytopesticides don sarrafa kwaro20,21.Abubuwan shuka gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da muhalli saboda suna da lalacewa kuma suna da ƙarancin guba ko rashin ƙarfi ga ƙwayoyin da ba su da manufa kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa, kifi da masu amphibians20,22.An san shirye-shiryen na ganye don samar da nau'o'in mahadi iri-iri tare da hanyoyin aiki daban-daban don sarrafa matakan rayuwa daban-daban na sauro23,24,25,26 yadda ya kamata.Abubuwan da aka samu daga tsire-tsire irin su mahimmin mai da sauran kayan aikin shuka sun sami kulawa kuma sun ba da hanya don sabbin kayan aikin don sarrafa magungunan sauro.Mahimman mai, monoterpenes da sesquiterpenes suna aiki azaman masu tunkuɗewa, abubuwan hana ciyarwa da ovicides27,28,29,30,31,32,33.Yawancin man kayan lambu suna haifar da mutuwar tsutsa sauro, pupae da manya34,35,36, suna shafar juyayi, numfashi, endocrine da sauran mahimman tsarin kwari37.
Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya ba da haske game da yuwuwar amfani da tsire-tsire na mustard da tsaba a matsayin tushen mahadi masu rai.An gwada abincin ƙwayar mustard a matsayin biofumigant38,39,40,41 kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman gyaran ƙasa don kawar da ciyawa42,43,44 da kula da cututtukan cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙasa45,46,47,48,49,50, abinci mai gina jiki.nematodes 41,51, 52, 53, 54 da kwari 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. Ayyukan fungicidal na waɗannan nau'in foda iri ana danganta su ga ƙwayoyin kariya na shuka da ake kira isothiocyanates38,42,60.A cikin tsire-tsire, ana adana waɗannan mahadi masu kariya a cikin ƙwayoyin shuka a cikin nau'in glucosinolates marasa bioactive.Koyaya, lokacin da tsire-tsire suka lalace ta hanyar ciyar da kwari ko kamuwa da cuta, glucosinolates suna hydrolyzed ta myrosinase cikin bioactive isothiocyanates55,61.Isothiocyanates sune mahadi masu canzawa waɗanda aka sani suna da fa'idar antimicrobial da ayyukan kwari, kuma tsarin su, ayyukan nazarin halittu da abun ciki sun bambanta tsakanin nau'in Brassicaceae42,59,62,63.
Ko da yake isothiocyanates da aka samo daga abincin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta rasa bayanai game da ayyukan nazarin halittu akan magungunan arthropod.Nazarin mu yayi nazarin ayyukan larvicidal na foda iri guda huɗu da aka lalata akan sauro Aedes.Larvae na Aedes aegypti.Manufar binciken ita ce a kimanta yuwuwar amfani da su azaman magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutar da muhalli don magance sauro.Manyan sinadarai guda uku na abincin iri, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), da 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) kuma an gwada su don gwada aikin nazarin halittu na waɗannan abubuwan sinadaran akan tsutsa sauro.Wannan shi ne rahoto na farko da ya tantance tasirin foda na iri guda hudu da manyan sinadaran da suke da shi a kan tsutsar sauro.
Mazaunan dakin gwaje-gwaje na Aedes aegypti (Rockefeller iri) an kiyaye su a 26°C, 70% zafi dangi (RH) da 10:14 h (L:D photoperiod).Matan da aka yi aure an ajiye su a cikin kejin filastik (tsawo 11 cm da diamita 9.5 cm) kuma an ciyar da su ta hanyar tsarin ciyar da kwalba ta amfani da jinin nama (HemoStat Laboratories Inc., Dixon, CA, Amurka).An gudanar da ciyar da jini kamar yadda aka saba ta hanyar amfani da mai ciyar da gilashin membrane multi-glass (Chemglass, Life Sciences LLC, Vineland, NJ, Amurka) da aka haɗa da bututun wanka na ruwa mai yawo (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, Amurka) tare da zafin jiki. kula da 37 ° C.Miƙa fim ɗin Parafilm M zuwa kasan kowane ɗakin abinci na gilashi (yankin 154 mm2).Sannan kowane mai ciyarwa an sanya shi a saman grid ɗin da ke rufe kejin da ke ɗauke da macen da aka haifa.Kimanin 350-400 μl na jinin bovine an saka shi a cikin mazugi mai ciyar da gilashi ta amfani da Pasteur pipette (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, Amurka) da kuma tsofaffin tsutsotsi an bar su su zubar na akalla sa'a daya.Sannan an baiwa mata masu juna biyu maganin sucrose na kashi 10% kuma an basu izinin sanya ƙwai akan takarda mai ɗanɗano da aka jera a cikin kofuna na soufflé mai haske (girman 1.25 fl oz, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, Amurka).keji da ruwa.Sanya takardar tacewa mai ƙwai a cikin jakar da aka rufe (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) kuma adana a 26°C.An ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai kuma an tayar da kusan 200-250 larvae a cikin kwandon filastik wanda ke dauke da cakuda zomo chow (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Mission, KS, USA) da kuma hanta foda (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, Amurka).da fillet ɗin kifi (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Jamus) a cikin rabo na 2: 1: 1.An yi amfani da larvae na ƙarshe na uku a cikin nazarin halittunmu.
An samo kayan shuka iri da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken daga hanyoyin kasuwanci masu zuwa da na gwamnati: Brassica juncea (brown mustard-Pacific Gold) da Brassica juncea (farin mustard-Ida Gold) daga Ƙungiyar Manoman Arewa maso yammacin Pacific, Jihar Washington, Amurka;(Garden Cress) daga Kelly Seed da Hardware Co., Peoria, IL, Amurka da Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress-Elisabeth) daga USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, Amurka;Babu daya daga cikin tsaba da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken da aka yi da maganin kashe kwari.An sarrafa duk kayan iri kuma an yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken bisa ga ƙa'idodin gida da na ƙasa da kuma bin duk ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa masu dacewa.Wannan binciken bai bincika nau'in shuka transgenic ba.
Brassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), White mustard (IG), Thlaspi arvense (DFP) tsaba an niƙa su zuwa foda mai kyau ta amfani da Retsch ZM200 ultracentrifugal niƙa (Retsch, Haan, Jamus) sanye take da 0.75 mm raga da Bakin Karfe. karfe rotor, 12 hakora, 10,000 rpm (Table 1).An canza foda na ƙasa zuwa thimble na takarda kuma an lalata shi da hexane a cikin na'urar Soxhlet na 24 h.Misalin samfurin mustard filin da aka lalata an yi maganin zafi a 100 ° C na awa 1 don denature myrosinase kuma ya hana hydrolysis na glucosinolates don samar da isothiocyanates masu aiki na halitta.An yi amfani da foda iri na horsetail mai zafi (DFP-HT) azaman iko mara kyau ta hanyar hana myrosinase.
Glucosinolate abun ciki na abinci mara kyau an ƙaddara shi a cikin sau uku ta amfani da babban aikin ruwa chromatography (HPLC) bisa ga ka'idar 64 da aka buga a baya.A taƙaice, an ƙara 3 ml na methanol a cikin samfurin 250 MG na foda mai lalacewa.Kowane samfurin da aka sonicated a cikin wani ruwa wanka for 30 minutes kuma bar a cikin duhu a 23 ° C for 16 hours.Sai aka tace 1 ml aliquot na kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar tace 0.45 μm a cikin na'ura mai sarrafa kansa.Gudun kan tsarin Shimadzu HPLC (famfo LC 20AD guda biyu; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20As degasser; SPD-20A UV-VIS detector don saka idanu a 237 nm; da CBM-20A bas module), an ƙaddara abun ciki na glucosinolate na abinci iri. cikin sau uku .ta amfani da Shimadzu LC Solution software version 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, Amurka).Rukunin ya kasance ginshiƙi na baya na C18 Inertsil (250 mm × 4.6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Sciences, Torrance, CA, Amurka).An saita yanayin yanayin farko na wayar hannu a 12% methanol / 88% 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide a cikin ruwa (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Amurka) tare da ƙimar 1 mL / min.Bayan allura na 15 μl na samfurin, ana kiyaye yanayin farko na minti 20, sa'an nan kuma an daidaita rabon ƙarfi zuwa 100% methanol, tare da jimlar nazarin samfurin na minti 65.An samar da madaidaicin lanƙwasa (nM/mAb) ta hanyar dilutions na sinapine, glucosinolate da ƙa'idodin myrosin da aka shirya (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Amurka) don ƙididdige abun ciki na sulfur na abinci mara kyau.glucosinolates.An gwada ƙididdigar Glucosinolate a cikin samfuran akan Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, Amurka) ta amfani da sigar OpenLAB CDS ChemStation (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) sanye take da ginshiƙi ɗaya kuma ta amfani da hanyar da aka bayyana a baya.An ƙayyade matakan Glucosinolate;zama m tsakanin HPLC tsarin.
Allyl isothiocyanate (94%, barga) da benzyl isothiocyanate (98%) an saya daga Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, Amurka).An saya 4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate daga ChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, Amurka).Lokacin da enzymatically hydrolyzed ta myrosinase, glucosinolates, glucosinolates, da glucosinolates samar allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, da 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate, bi da bi.
An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na bioassays bisa ga hanyar Muturi et al.32 tare da gyare-gyare.An yi amfani da ciyarwar iri mai ƙananan mai guda biyar a cikin binciken: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG da Ls.An sanya tsutsa 20 a cikin 400 ml mai zubar da beaker mai hanya uku (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, Amurka) mai dauke da 120 ml na ruwa (dH2O).An gwada yawan adadin abinci iri bakwai don gubar tsutsa sauro: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 da 0.12 g iri iri / 120 ml dH2O don abincin iri na DFP, DFP-HT, IG da PG.Binciken farko na bioassay yana nuna cewa fulawar iri na Ls da aka lalata ya fi guba fiye da sauran fulawar iri da aka gwada.Sabili da haka, mun daidaita matakan jiyya guda bakwai na abincin iri na Ls zuwa abubuwan da suka biyo baya: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, da 0.075 g/120 mL dH2O.
Ƙungiyar kulawa da ba a kula da ita ba (dH20, babu ƙarin abincin iri) an haɗa shi don tantance yawan mace-mace na kwari a ƙarƙashin yanayin kima.Abubuwan da aka gano na toxicological na kowane nau'in abincin iri sun haɗa da mitoci uku masu gangara uku (20 ƙarshen larvae instar instar a kowane beaker), don jimlar 108 vials.An adana kwantenan da aka jiyya a dakin da zafin jiki (20-21 ° C) kuma an yi rikodin mace-macen tsutsa a cikin sa'o'i 24 da 72 na ci gaba da bayyanar da yawan jiyya.Idan jikin sauro da abubuwan da ke jikin sauro ba su motsa ba lokacin da aka soke shi ko aka taba shi da bakin bakin bakin karfe, tsutsar sauro ana ganin ta mutu.Matattun tsutsa yawanci suna zama marasa motsi a cikin dorsal ko wuri na waje a kasan akwati ko a saman ruwa.An maimaita gwajin sau uku a cikin kwanaki daban-daban ta amfani da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na tsutsa, don jimlar 180 da aka fallasa ga kowane ƙwayar magani.
An kimanta gubar AITC, BITC, da 4-HBITC zuwa tsutsar sauro ta hanyar amfani da tsarin bioassay iri ɗaya amma tare da jiyya daban-daban.Shirya 100,000 ppm mafita ga kowane sinadari ta ƙara 100 µL na sinadari zuwa 900 µL na cikakkar ethanol a cikin bututun centrifuge 2-mL da girgiza don 30 seconds don haɗuwa sosai.An ƙididdige yawan adadin jiyya bisa ƙayyadaddun bayanan mu na farko, wanda ya gano cewa BITC ya fi AITC da 4-HBITC guba.Don ƙayyade yawan guba, ƙididdigar 5 na BITC (1, 3, 6, 9 da 12 ppm), 7 maida hankali na AITC (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 da 35 ppm) da 6 maida hankali na 4-HBITC (15). , 15, 20, 25, 30 da 35 ppm).30, 45, 60, 75 da 90 ppm).An yi allurar maganin kulawa tare da 108 μL na cikakken ethanol, wanda yayi daidai da matsakaicin girman maganin sinadarai.An sake maimaita bioassays kamar yadda yake sama, yana fallasa jimillar larvae 180 a kowane taro na jiyya.An rubuta yawan mace-mace ga kowane taro na AITC, BITC, da 4-HBITC bayan sa'o'i 24 na ci gaba da fallasa.
Binciken riba na bayanan mace-macen kashi 65 da aka yi amfani da su ta amfani da software na Polo (Polo Plus, LeOra Software, sigar 1.0) don ƙididdige 50% maida hankali mai kisa (LC50), 90% taro mai kisa (LC90), gangara, ƙimar adadin kisa, da 95 % m taro.dangane da tazarar amincewa don ƙimar kashi mai kisa don jujjuyawar juzu'i da karkatar da adadin mace-mace.Bayanan mace-mace sun dogara ne akan haɗakar bayanan kwafi na tsutsa 180 da aka fallasa ga kowane taro na jiyya.An gudanar da bincike mai yiwuwa daban don kowane nau'in abinci da kowane nau'in sinadarai.Dangane da tazarar amincewar kashi 95% na adadin adadin kisa, yawan gubar iri da abubuwan sinadarai zuwa tsutsar sauro ana ganin sun bambanta sosai, don haka tazarar amincewa da ke ɗauke da ƙimar 1 bai bambanta sosai ba, P = 0.0566.
Sakamakon HPLC na yanke hukunci na manyan glucsination na manyan glucsination a cikin zuriyar falle a cikin tebur da ls an jera bambance bambancen DFP da PG, wanda duka biyu sun ƙunshi gluinosinals.Abubuwan da ke cikin myrosinin a cikin PG sun fi na DFP, 33.3 ± 1.5 da 26.5 ± 0.9 mg/g, bi da bi.Ls iri foda ya ƙunshi 36.6 ± 1.2 mg / g glucoglycone, yayin da IG iri foda ya ƙunshi 38.0 ± 0.5 mg / g sinapine.
Larvae na Ae.An kashe sauro Aedes aegypti lokacin da aka bi da su tare da gurɓataccen abincin iri, kodayake tasirin maganin ya bambanta dangane da nau'in shuka.DFP-NT kawai bai zama mai guba ga tsutsar sauro ba bayan 24 da 72 h na fallasa (Table 2).Rashin guba na nau'in foda mai aiki ya karu tare da karuwa mai yawa (Fig. 1A, B).Rashin guba na abinci iri zuwa tsutsa sauro ya bambanta sosai dangane da 95% CI na ƙimar kisa na ƙimar LC50 a kimantawar sa'o'i 24 da 72 (Table 3).Bayan sa'o'i 24, tasirin mai guba na abincin iri na Ls ya fi sauran jiyya na abinci iri, tare da mafi girman aiki da matsakaicin yawan guba ga tsutsa (LC50 = 0.04 g / 120 ml dH2O).Larvae ba su da hankali ga DFP a cikin sa'o'i 24 idan aka kwatanta da IG, Ls da PG maganin foda, tare da LC50 dabi'u na 0.115, 0.04 da 0.08 g / 120 ml dH2O bi da bi, waɗanda ke da ƙididdiga mafi girma fiye da darajar LC50.0.211 g/120 ml dH2O (Table 3).Ma'aunin LC90 na DFP, IG, PG da Ls sun kasance 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 da 0.074 g/120 ml dH2O, bi da bi (Table 2).Mafi girman taro na DPP shine 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O.Bayan awoyi 24 na kima, matsakaicin mace-macen tsutsa ya kasance 12% kawai, yayin da matsakaitan mace-mace na IG da PG larvae ya kai 51% da 82%, bi da bi.Bayan sa'o'i 24 na kimantawa, matsakaicin yawan mace-macen tsutsa don mafi girman taro na jiyya na iri na Ls (0.075 g / 120 ml dH2O) shine 99% (Fig. 1A).
An kiyasta magudanar mace-mace daga amsawar kashi (Probit) na Ae.Larvae na Masar (larvae na farko na 3) zuwa tattarawar abinci na iri awanni 24 (A) da awanni 72 (B) bayan jiyya.Layin dige-dige yana wakiltar LC50 na maganin abincin iri.DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Heat inactivated Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Gold), PG Brassica juncea (Pacific Gold), Ls Lepidium sativum.
A 72-hour kimantawa, da LC50 dabi'u na DFP, IG da kuma PG iri abinci sun kasance 0.111, 0.085 da 0.051 g/120 ml dH2O, bi da bi.Kusan duk tsutsa da aka fallasa ga abincin iri na Ls sun mutu bayan sa'o'i 72 na fallasa, don haka bayanan mace-mace sun saba da bincike na Probit.Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'in abinci, tsutsa ba su da kula da jiyya na iri na DFP kuma suna da ƙididdiga mafi girma na LC50 (Tables 2 da 3).Bayan sa'o'i 72, ƙimar LC50 don DFP, IG da PG jiyya na abinci iri an kiyasta su zama 0.111, 0.085 da 0.05 g/120 ml dH2O, bi da bi.Bayan 72 hours na kimantawa, LC90 dabi'u na DFP, IG da PG iri foda sun kasance 0.215, 0.254 da 0.138 g/120 ml dH2O, bi da bi.Bayan sa'o'i 72 na kimantawa, matsakaicin mace-macen tsutsa don maganin abinci na DFP, IG da PG a matsakaicin matsakaicin 0.12 g / 120 ml dH2O shine 58%, 66% da 96%, bi da bi (Fig. 1B).Bayan kimantawa na awa 72, an gano abincin iri na PG ya fi guba fiye da abincin iri na IG da DFP.
Isothiocyanates na roba, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) da 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) na iya kashe tsutsa sauro yadda ya kamata.A sa'o'i 24 bayan jiyya, BITC ya fi guba ga tsutsa tare da ƙimar LC50 na 5.29 ppm idan aka kwatanta da 19.35 ppm don AITC da 55.41 ppm don 4-HBITC (Table 4).Idan aka kwatanta da AITC da BITC, 4-HBITC yana da ƙananan guba da ƙimar LC50 mafi girma.Akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin gubar tsutsa sauro na manyan isothiocyanates guda biyu (Ls da PG) a cikin mafi yawan abincin iri.Guba dangane da adadin kisa na ƙimar LC50 tsakanin AITC, BITC, da 4-HBITC ya nuna bambancin ƙididdiga kamar yadda 95% CI na kashi na kisa na LC50 bai haɗa da ƙimar 1 ba (P = 0.05, Tebur 4).An kiyasta mafi girman adadin duka BITC da AITC sun kashe 100% na tsutsa da aka gwada (Hoto 2).
An kiyasta magudanar mace-mace daga amsawar kashi (Probit) na Ae.Sa'o'i 24 bayan jiyya, larvae na Masar (larvae na farko na 3) sun kai adadin isothiocyanate na roba.Layin dige-dige yana wakiltar LC50 don maganin isothiocyanate.Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC da 4-HBITC.
An daɗe ana nazarin amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin magungunan sauro.Yawancin tsire-tsire suna samar da sinadarai na halitta waɗanda ke da aikin kwari37.Haɗin su na bioactive yana ba da zaɓi mai ban sha'awa ga magungunan kashe kwari na roba tare da babban yuwuwar sarrafa kwari, gami da sauro.
Ana shuka tsire-tsire na mustard a matsayin amfanin gona ga tsaba, ana amfani da su azaman yaji da tushen mai.Lokacin da aka hako man mustard daga tsaba ko kuma lokacin da aka hako mustard don amfani da shi azaman mai, 69 abin da aka samar shine abincin iri da aka lalata.Wannan abincin iri yana riƙe da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai na halitta da kuma enzymes hydrolytic.Ana danganta gubar wannan abincin iri ga samar da isothiocyanates55,60,61.Isothiocyanates an kafa su ta hanyar hydrolysis na glucosinolates ta hanyar enzyme myrosinase a lokacin hydration na iri abinci38,55,70 kuma an san cewa suna da fungicidal, bactericidal, nematicidal da insecticidal effects, kazalika da sauran kaddarorin ciki har da sinadaran azancike effects da chemotherapeutic Properties61,62, 70.Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa tsire-tsire na mustard da ci abinci iri suna aiki yadda ya kamata a matsayin masu hana ƙasa da kwari da adana abinci57,59,71,72.A cikin wannan binciken, mun ƙididdige gubar abinci mai iri huɗu da samfuransa guda uku AITC, BITC, da 4-HBITC zuwa tsutsa sauro Aedes.Aedes a egypti.Ƙara abincin iri kai tsaye zuwa ruwa mai ɗauke da tsutsa sauro ana sa ran kunna tsarin enzymatic wanda ke haifar da isothiocyanates waɗanda ke da guba ga tsutsar sauro.An nuna wannan bitransptions a sashi ta hanyar ayyukan larviciDal na yawan abincin abincin abinci lokacin da dwarfwar ƙwayar abinci ke da zafi kafin amfani.Ana sa ran maganin zafi zai lalata enzymes na hydrolytic waɗanda ke kunna glucosinolates, don haka hana samuwar isothiocyanates bioactive.Wannan shine bincike na farko da ya tabbatar da kaddarorin maganin kwari na foda iri na kabeji akan sauro a cikin yanayin ruwa.
Daga cikin nau'in foda da aka gwada, ruwan 'ya'yan itace (Ls) shine mafi yawan guba, yana haifar da mace-mace na Aedes albopictus.Aedes aegypti larvae an ci gaba da sarrafa su har tsawon awanni 24.Sauran nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'in PG,IG da DFP) suna da aiki a hankali kuma suna haifar da mace-mace bayan 72 hours na ci gaba da jiyya.Abincin iri na Ls kawai ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na glucosinolates, yayin da PG da DFP sun ƙunshi myrosinase da IG sun ƙunshi glucosinolate a matsayin babban glucosinolate (Table 1).Ana sanya Glucotropaeolin hydrolyzed zuwa BITC kuma ana sanya sinalbine hydrolyzed zuwa 4-HBITC61,62.Sakamakon binciken mu na bioassay ya nuna cewa duka abincin iri na Ls da BITC na roba suna da guba sosai ga tsutsa sauro.Babban bangaren abincin iri na PG da DFP shine myrosinase glucosinolate, wanda aka sanya shi cikin ruwa zuwa AITC.AITC yana da tasiri wajen kashe tsutsar sauro tare da ƙimar LC50 na 19.35 ppm.Idan aka kwatanta da AITC da BITC, 4-HBITC isothiocyanate shine mafi ƙarancin guba ga tsutsa.Kodayake AITC ba ta da guba fiye da BITC, ƙimar su ta LC50 sun yi ƙasa da yawancin mai da aka gwada akan larvae sauro32,73,74,75.
Foda ɗin mu na cruciferous don amfani da larvae sauro ya ƙunshi manyan glucosinolate guda ɗaya, yana lissafin sama da 98-99% na jimlar glucosinolates kamar yadda HPLC ta ƙaddara.An gano adadin wasu glucosinolates, amma matakan su bai kai 0.3% na jimillar glucosinolates ba.Watercress (L. sativum) iri foda ya ƙunshi glucosinolates na biyu (sinigrin), amma adadin su shine 1% na jimlar glucosinolates, kuma abun ciki har yanzu ba shi da mahimmanci (kimanin 0.4 mg / g iri foda).Ko da yake PG da DFP sun ƙunshi babban glucosinolate (myrosin), aikin larvicidal na abincin zuriyarsu ya bambanta sosai saboda ƙimar LC50.Ya bambanta a cikin guba zuwa powdery mildew.Fitowar Aedes aegypti larvae na iya kasancewa saboda bambance-bambance a cikin ayyukan myrosinase ko kwanciyar hankali tsakanin ciyarwar iri biyu.Ayyukan Myrosinase yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin bioavailability na samfuran hydrolysis kamar isothiocyanates a cikin tsire-tsire na Brassicaceae76.Rahotanni na baya na Pocock et al.77 da Wilkinson et al.78 sun nuna cewa canje-canje a cikin aikin myrosinase da kwanciyar hankali na iya kasancewa tare da kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan muhalli.
Abubuwan da ake tsammani bioactive isothiocyanate an ƙididdige su bisa ƙimar LC50 na kowane nau'in abinci a cikin sa'o'i 24 da 72 (Table 5) don kwatanta da aikace-aikacen sinadarai masu dacewa.Bayan sa'o'i 24, isothiocyanates a cikin abincin iri sun fi guba fiye da mahadi masu tsabta.Ƙimar LC50 da aka ƙididdige bisa ga sassan da miliyan (ppm) na maganin iri na isothiocyanate sun kasance ƙasa da ƙimar LC50 don aikace-aikacen BITC, AITC, da 4-HBITC.Mun lura da tsutsa na cinye kwalayen abincin iri (Hoto 3A).Saboda haka, tsutsa na iya samun ƙarin maida hankali kan bayyanar da isothiocyanates masu guba ta hanyar cinye pellet ɗin abinci iri.Wannan ya fi bayyana a cikin jiyya na iri na IG da PG a bayyanar 24-h, inda adadin LC50 ya kasance 75% da 72% ƙasa da tsantsar AITC da jiyya na 4-HBITC, bi da bi.Ls da DFP jiyya sun fi mai guba fiye da tsantsar isothiocyanate, tare da ƙimar LC50 24% da 41% ƙasa, bi da bi.Larvae a cikin kulawar kulawa ya sami nasarar yin nasara (Fig. 3B), yayin da mafi yawan tsutsa a cikin maganin abinci na iri ba su yi kuskure ba kuma ci gaban tsutsa ya jinkirta (Fig. 3B, D).A cikin Spodopteralitura, isothiocyanates suna da alaƙa da haɓaka haɓakawa da jinkirin ci gaba79.
Larvae na Ae.Aedes aegypti sauro an ci gaba da fallasa su ga ƙwayar ƙwayar Brassica don 24-72 hours.(A) Matattu tsutsa tare da barbashi na abinci iri a cikin bakin baki (dawafi);(B) Kulawa da kulawa (dH20 ba tare da ƙarin abinci na iri ba) yana nuna cewa tsutsa suna girma kullum kuma suna farawa bayan sa'o'i 72 (C, D) Larvae da aka bi da su tare da abinci iri;Abincin iri ya nuna bambance-bambance a cikin ci gaba kuma bai yi pupate ba.
Ba mu yi nazarin tsarin tasirin guba na isothiocyanates akan tsutsar sauro ba.Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi a baya a cikin tururuwa na wuta (Solenopsis invicta) sun nuna cewa hanawa na glutathione S-transferase (GST) da esterase (EST) shine babban tsarin tsarin bioactivity na isothiocyanate, kuma AITC, ko da a ƙananan aiki, na iya hana ayyukan GST. .jajayen tururuwa na wuta da aka shigo da su a cikin ƙananan ƙira.Adadin shine 0.5 μg/ml80.Sabanin haka, AITC yana hana acetylcholinesterase a cikin manya-manyan masarar masara (Sitophilus zeamais)81.Dole ne a gudanar da irin wannan karatun don bayyana tsarin aikin isothiocyanate a cikin tsutsa na sauro.
Muna amfani da jiyya na DFP da ba a kunna zafi ba don tallafawa shawarar cewa hydrolysis na glucosinolates na shuka don samar da isothiocyanates mai amsawa yana aiki azaman hanyar sarrafa tsutsa sauro ta hanyar abincin mustard.Abincin iri na DFP-HT ba mai guba bane a ƙimar aikace-aikacen da aka gwada.Lafarga et al.82 ya ruwaito cewa glucosinolates suna kula da lalacewa a yanayin zafi.Hakanan ana sa ran maganin zafi zai hana myrosinase enzyme a cikin abincin iri kuma ya hana hydrolysis na glucosinolates don samar da isothiocyanates mai amsawa.Okunade et al.75 ya nuna cewa myrosinase yana da kula da yanayin zafi, yana nuna cewa aikin myrosinase ya ƙare gaba ɗaya lokacin da mustard, black mustard, da tsaba na jini suka fallasa yanayin zafi sama da 80 °.C. Waɗannan hanyoyin na iya haifar da asarar ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta na abincin iri na DFP mai zafi.
Don haka, abincin ƙwayar mustard da manyan isothiocyanates guda uku suna da guba ga tsutsar sauro.Ganin waɗannan bambance-bambance tsakanin abincin iri da magungunan sinadarai, yin amfani da abincin iri na iya zama ingantacciyar hanyar magance sauro.Akwai buƙatar gano hanyoyin da suka dace da tsarin bayarwa masu inganci don inganta inganci da kwanciyar hankali na amfani da foda iri.Sakamakonmu yana nuna yuwuwar amfani da abincin ƙwayar mastad a matsayin madadin magungunan kashe qwari.Wannan fasaha na iya zama sabon kayan aiki don sarrafa ƙwayoyin sauro.Saboda tsutsa sauro suna bunƙasa a cikin mahalli na ruwa kuma abincin iri glucosinolates ana canza su zuwa isothiocyanates masu aiki akan hydration, yin amfani da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar kuma yana ba da damar sarrafawa.Kodayake aikin larvicidal na isothiocyanates ya bambanta (BITC> AITC> 4-HBITC), ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don sanin ko haɗa nau'in iri tare da glucosinolates masu yawa tare da haɗin gwiwa yana ƙaruwa da guba.Wannan shine binciken farko don nuna illolin ƙwari na ɓataccen abincin iri na cruciferous da isothiocyanates uku na bioactive akan sauro.Sakamakon wannan binciken ya karya sabon ƙasa ta hanyar nuna cewa gurɓataccen abinci mai nau'in kabeji, wani nau'in hako mai daga tsaba, na iya zama wakili na larvicidal mai ban sha'awa don magance sauro.Wannan bayanin zai iya taimakawa ci gaba da gano ma'aikatan kula da ƙwayoyin cuta da haɓaka su azaman arha, mai amfani, da kuma tsabtace muhalli.
Rubutun bayanan da aka samar don wannan binciken da sakamakon binciken suna samuwa daga mawallafin da ya dace akan buƙatu mai ma'ana.A ƙarshen binciken, duk abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken (kwari da abincin iri) sun lalace.
Lokacin aikawa: Jul-29-2024