Don yadda ya kamatasarrafa sauroda kuma rage yawan cututtukan da suke ɗauke da su, ana buƙatar madadin magungunan kashe kwari masu amfani da dabarun zamani, masu dorewa, kuma masu kyau ga muhalli. Mun kimanta abincin iri daga wasu Brassicaceae (iyalin Brassica) a matsayin tushen isothiocyanates da aka samo daga tsire-tsire ta hanyar samar da enzymes na glucosinolates marasa aiki a fannin halitta don amfani da su wajen sarrafa Aedes na Masar (L., 1762). Abincin iri mai kitse biyar (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753 da Thlaspi arvense – manyan nau'ikan guda uku na rashin aiki da kuma lalacewar enzymatic. Kayayyakin sinadarai. Don tantance guba (LC50) na allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate da 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate ga tsutsotsin Aedes aegypti a lokacin da aka fallasa su cikin awanni 24 = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O). LC50 ƙimar mustard, farin mustard da dokin wutsiya. Abincin iri ya kasance 0.05, 0.08 da 0.05 bi da bi idan aka kwatanta da allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) da 4. -Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm) ya fi guba ga tsutsotsi ta hanyar awanni 24 bayan magani fiye da 0.1 g/120 ml dH2O bi da bi. Waɗannan sakamakon sun yi daidai da samar da abincin iri na alfalfa. Ingancin benzyl esters ya yi daidai da ƙimar LC50 da aka ƙididdige. Amfani da abincin iri na iya samar da ingantacciyar hanyar sarrafa sauro, ingancin foda iri na cruciferous da manyan abubuwan sinadarai nasa akan tsutsotsin sauro kuma yana nuna yadda mahaɗan halitta a cikin foda iri na cruciferous zasu iya zama larvicide mai kyau ga muhalli don sarrafa sauro.
Cututtukan da sauro ke haifarwa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta da sauro ke haifarwa sun kasance babbar matsala a fannin lafiyar jama'a a duniya. Yawan cututtukan da sauro ke haifarwa yana yaɗuwa a yankuna1,2,3 kuma yana sake bayyana, wanda ke haifar da barkewar cututtuka masu tsanani4,5,6,7. Yaɗuwar cututtuka tsakanin mutane da dabbobi (misali, chikungunya, dengue, zazzabin Rift Valley, zazzaɓin rawaya da ƙwayar cutar Zika) ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba. Zazzaɓin Dengue kaɗai yana sanya kimanin mutane biliyan 3.6 cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta a yankunan zafi, inda aka kiyasta kamuwa da cuta miliyan 390 ke faruwa kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar mutane 6,100–24,300 a kowace shekara8. Sake bayyana da barkewar ƙwayar cutar Zika a Kudancin Amurka ya jawo hankalin duniya saboda lalacewar kwakwalwa da take yi wa yaran da aka haifa ga mata masu kamuwa da cutar2. Kremer da abokan aikinsa 3 sun yi hasashen cewa yanayin sauro na Aedes zai ci gaba da faɗaɗa kuma nan da shekarar 2050, rabin al'ummar duniya za su kasance cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da sauro.
Banda alluran rigakafin cutar dengue da zazzabin rawaya da aka ƙirƙiro kwanan nan, ba a riga an ƙirƙiro alluran rigakafin yawancin cututtukan da sauro ke haifarwa ba9,10,11. Har yanzu ana samun alluran rigakafin a adadi kaɗan kuma ana amfani da su ne kawai a gwaje-gwajen asibiti. Kula da ƙwayoyin sauro ta amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na roba ya kasance babbar dabarar magance yaɗuwar cututtukan da sauro ke haifarwa12,13. Duk da cewa magungunan kashe kwari na roba suna da tasiri wajen kashe sauro, ci gaba da amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na roba yana shafar ƙwayoyin cuta marasa manufa kuma yana gurɓata muhalli14,15,16. Abin da ya fi tayar da hankali shi ne yanayin ƙaruwar juriyar sauro ga magungunan kashe kwari na sinadarai17,18,19. Waɗannan matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da magungunan kashe kwari sun hanzarta neman hanyoyin magance cututtukan da suka shafi muhalli.
An ƙirƙiro nau'ikan tsire-tsire daban-daban a matsayin tushen magungunan kashe kwari don magance kwari20,21. Abubuwan shuka gabaɗaya suna da kyau ga muhalli saboda suna iya lalacewa kuma suna da ƙarancin guba ko kaɗan ga halittu marasa manufa kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa, kifi da dabbobin ruwa20,22. An san cewa shirye-shiryen ganye suna samar da nau'ikan mahadi masu aiki daban-daban tare da hanyoyin aiki daban-daban don sarrafa matakan rayuwa daban-daban na sauro23,24,25,26. Haɗaɗɗun da aka samo daga tsire-tsire kamar mai mai mahimmanci da sauran sinadaran tsire-tsire masu aiki sun sami kulawa kuma sun share hanyar kayan aiki masu ƙirƙira don sarrafa ƙwayoyin sauro. Man mai mahimmanci, monoterpenes da sesquiterpenes suna aiki azaman masu hana cizon sauro, masu hana cizon sauro da ocicides27,28,29,30,31,32,33. Man kayan lambu da yawa suna haifar da mutuwar tsutsotsi, jatan lande da manya34,35,36, suna shafar tsarin juyayi, numfashi, endocrine da sauran mahimman tsarin kwari37.
Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya ba da haske game da yuwuwar amfani da tsire-tsire na mustard da tsaba a matsayin tushen sinadarai masu aiki. An gwada abincin iri na mustard a matsayin biofumigant38,39,40,41 kuma ana amfani da shi azaman gyaran ƙasa don magance ciyayi42,43,44 da kuma kula da cututtukan tsire-tsire da ke ɗauke da ƙasa45,46,47,48,49,50, abinci mai gina jiki na tsire-tsire. nematodes 41,51, 52, 53, 54 da kwari 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60. Ana danganta aikin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta na waɗannan foda iri ga mahaɗan kariya na shuka da ake kira isothiocyanates38,42,60. A cikin tsire-tsire, ana adana waɗannan mahaɗan kariya a cikin ƙwayoyin shuka a cikin nau'in glucosinolates marasa aiki. Duk da haka, lokacin da tsire-tsire suka lalace ta hanyar ciyar da kwari ko kamuwa da cuta, ana ƙara yawan glucosinolates ta hanyar myrosinase zuwa isothiocyanates masu aiki55,61. Isothiocyanates sune mahaɗan da ba sa canzawa waɗanda aka sani da suna da ayyukan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu faɗi, kuma tsarinsu, ayyukansu na halitta da abubuwan da ke cikinsu sun bambanta sosai tsakanin nau'in Brassicaceae42,59,62,63.
Duk da cewa an san cewa isothiocyanates da aka samo daga abincin mustard suna da aikin kashe kwari, bayanai kan ayyukan halittu kan masu cutar arthropod masu mahimmanci a fannin likitanci ba su da yawa. Bincikenmu ya binciki aikin kashe tsutsotsi na foda iri huɗu da aka cire daga jikin sauro na Aedes. Tsutsotsi na Aedes aegypti. Manufar binciken ita ce a tantance yuwuwar amfani da su a matsayin magungunan kashe kwari masu cutarwa ga muhalli don magance sauro. An kuma gwada manyan sinadarai guda uku na abincin iri, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), da 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) don gwada aikin halittu na waɗannan sinadaran akan tsutsotsi na sauro. Wannan shine rahoto na farko da ya tantance ingancin foda iri huɗu na kabeji da manyan sinadaran su akan tsutsotsi na sauro.
An kiyaye wuraren gwaje-gwaje na Aedes aegypti (nau'in Rockefeller) a zafin 26°C, danshi mai kyau na 70% (RH) da kuma awanni 10:14 (L:D photoperiod). An ajiye mata da aka yi wa juna biyu a cikin kejin filastik (tsawo 11 cm da diamita 9.5 cm) kuma an ciyar da su ta hanyar tsarin ciyar da kwalba ta amfani da jinin shanu mai citrate (HemoStat Laboratories Inc., Dixon, CA, Amurka). An gudanar da ciyar da jini kamar yadda aka saba ta amfani da na'urar ciyar da jini mai gilashi da yawa (Chemglass, Life Sciences LLC, Vineland, NJ, Amurka) da aka haɗa da bututun wanka na ruwa mai zagayawa (HAAKE S7, Thermo-Scientific, Waltham, MA, Amurka) tare da sarrafa zafin jiki na 37°C. Miƙa fim ɗin Parafilm M a ƙasan kowace ɗakin ciyar da gilashi (yanki 154 mm2). Sannan an sanya kowace na'urar ciyarwa a kan layin sama wanda ke rufe kejin da ke ɗauke da macen da aka yi wa juna. An ƙara kimanin 350–400 μl na jinin shanu a cikin mazubin ciyar da gilashi ta amfani da Pasteur pipette (Fisherbrand, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) kuma an bar tsutsotsi manya su zube na akalla awa ɗaya. Daga nan aka ba wa mata masu juna biyu maganin sucrose 10% kuma aka bar su su yi ƙwai a kan takardar tace mai danshi da aka lulluɓe a cikin kofunan soufflé daban-daban (1.25 fl oz size, Dart Container Corp., Mason, MI, USA). An saka ruwa a cikin keji. Sanya takardar tacewa da ke ɗauke da ƙwai a cikin jaka da aka rufe (SC Johnsons, Racine, WI) kuma a adana a zafin jiki na 26°C. An ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai kuma an ɗauko kimanin tsutsotsi 200–250 a cikin tiren filastik waɗanda ke ɗauke da cakuda rabbit chow (ZuPreem, Premium Natural Products, Inc., Mission, KS, USA) da foda hanta (MP Biomedicals, LLC, Solon, OH, USA). da fillet ɗin kifi (TetraMin, Tetra GMPH, Meer, Germany) a cikin rabo na 2:1:1. An yi amfani da tsutsotsi na ƙarshen instar na uku a cikin gwaje-gwajen halittunmu.
An samo kayan shukar da aka yi amfani da su a wannan binciken ne daga waɗannan kafofin kasuwanci da na gwamnati: Brassica juncea (mustard launin ruwan kasa-Pacific Gold) da Brassica juncea (farin mustard-Ida Gold) daga Pacific Northwest Farmers' Cooperative, Washington State, Amurka; (Garden Cress) daga Kelly Seed and Hardware Co., Peoria, IL, Amurka da Thlaspi arvense (Field Pennycress-Elisabeth) daga USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL, Amurka; Babu ɗayan iri da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin binciken da aka yi wa maganin kashe kwari. An sarrafa dukkan kayan iri kuma an yi amfani da su a cikin wannan binciken daidai da ƙa'idodin gida da na ƙasa kuma bisa ga duk ƙa'idodin jihohi da na ƙasa masu dacewa. Wannan binciken bai bincika nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu canza launin fata ba.
An niƙa tsaban Brassica juncea (PG), Alfalfa (Ls), Farin mustard (IG), Thlaspi arvense (DFP) zuwa foda mai laushi ta amfani da injin niƙa na Retsch ZM200 ultracentrifugal (Retsch, Haan, Jamus) wanda aka sanye da raga mai girman 0.75 mm da rotor na bakin ƙarfe, haƙora 12, rpm 10,000 (Tebur 1). An mayar da fodan iri da aka niƙa zuwa wani abu mai kauri na takarda kuma an cire shi da hexane a cikin na'urar Soxhlet na tsawon awanni 24. An yi wa wani samfurin mustard da aka cire a zafin jiki 100 °C na tsawon awanni 1 don hana hydrolysis na glucosinolates don samar da isothiocyanates masu aiki a fannin halitta. An yi amfani da foda iri da aka yi wa magani da zafi (DFP-HT) azaman maganin rashin kyau ta hanyar cire myrosinase.
An tantance yawan sinadarin glucosinolate na abincin iri da aka cire a cikin sau uku ta amfani da babban aikin ruwa mai aiki (HPLC) bisa ga yarjejeniyar da aka buga a baya 64. A takaice, an ƙara 3 mL na methanol a cikin samfurin 250 MG na foda iri da aka cire. An saka kowane samfurin a cikin ruwan wanka na minti 30 sannan aka bar shi a cikin duhu a 23°C na tsawon awanni 16. Sannan an tace wani yanki na 1 mL na Layer na halitta ta hanyar matattarar 0.45 μm zuwa cikin na'urar daukar hoto ta atomatik. Ana aiki akan tsarin Shimadzu HPLC (famfo biyu na LC 20AD; SIL 20A autosampler; DGU 20A degasser; SPD-20A UV-VIS na ganowa don sa ido a 237 nm; da kuma tsarin bas ɗin sadarwa na CBM-20A), an tantance yawan sinadarin glucosinolate na abincin iri a cikin sau uku ta amfani da software na Shimadzu LC Solution sigar 1.25 (Shimadzu Corporation, Columbia, MD, Amurka). Ginshiƙin ginshiƙin shine ginshiƙin C18 Inertsil na juyi (250 mm × 4.6 mm; RP C-18, ODS-3, 5u; GL Sciences, Torrance, CA, Amurka). An saita yanayin farkon motsi a 12% methanol/88% 0.01 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide a cikin ruwa (TBAH; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Amurka) tare da saurin kwarara na 1 mL/min. Bayan allurar 15 μl na samfurin, an kiyaye yanayin farko na tsawon mintuna 20, sannan aka daidaita rabon narkewa zuwa 100% methanol, tare da jimlar lokacin nazarin samfurin na mintuna 65. An samar da madaidaicin lanƙwasa (tushen nM/mAb) ta hanyar narkar da sinapine, glucosinolate da myrosin da aka shirya sabo (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Amurka) don kimanta yawan sulfur na abincin iri da aka lalata. glucosinolates. An gwada yawan sinadarin Glucosinolate a cikin samfuran a kan Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, Amurka) ta amfani da sigar OpenLAB CDS ChemStation (C.01.07 SR2 [255]) wacce aka sanye da ginshiƙi ɗaya kuma ta amfani da hanyar da aka bayyana a baya. An tantance yawan sinadarin Glucosinolate; ya zama daidai tsakanin tsarin HPLC.
An sayi Allyl isothiocyanate (94%, barga) da kuma benzyl isothiocyanate (98%) daga Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, Amurka). An sayi 4-Hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate daga ChemCruz (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, Amurka). Lokacin da aka yi amfani da sinadarin enzyme ta hanyar hydrolyzed ta hanyar myrosinase, glucosinolates, glucosinolates, da glucosinolates suna samar da allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate, da 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate, bi da bi.
An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen halittu na dakin gwaje-gwaje bisa ga hanyar Muturi et al. 32 tare da gyare-gyare. An yi amfani da ciyar da iri biyar masu ƙarancin kitse a cikin binciken: DFP, DFP-HT, IG, PG da Ls. An sanya tsutsotsi ashirin a cikin wani beaker mai tsawon millilita 400 da za a iya zubarwa (VWR International, LLC, Radnor, PA, Amurka) wanda ke ɗauke da ruwan da aka cire ionized 120 mL (dH2O). An gwada yawan abincin iri bakwai don gubar tsutsotsi: 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1 da 0.12 g na abincin iri/120 ml dH2O don abincin iri na DFP, DFP-HT, IG da PG. Binciken halittu na farko ya nuna cewa fulawar iri ta L da aka cire ta fi guba fiye da sauran fulawar iri huɗu da aka gwada. Saboda haka, mun daidaita yawan maganin abinci iri bakwai na L zuwa ga yawan da ke ƙasa: 0.015, 0.025, 0.035, 0.045, 0.055, 0.065, da 0.075 g/120 mL dH2O.
An haɗa ƙungiyar kula da kwari da ba a yi wa magani ba (dH20, babu ƙarin abincin iri) don tantance yawan mace-macen kwari a ƙarƙashin yanayin gwaji. Gwaje-gwajen halittu masu guba ga kowane abincin iri sun haɗa da beakers guda uku masu gangara uku (ƙwai 20 a ƙarshen uku a kowace beaker), jimillar kwalba 108. An adana kwantena da aka yi wa magani a zafin ɗaki (20-21°C) kuma an rubuta mutuwar tsutsa a cikin awanni 24 da 72 na ci gaba da fallasa su ga yawan maganin. Idan jikin sauro da abubuwan da ke ciki ba su motsa ba lokacin da aka huda ko aka taɓa su da siririn spatula na bakin ƙarfe, ana ɗaukar tsutsar sauro a matsayin matattu. Tsutsar da suka mutu yawanci ba sa motsi a cikin matsayi na baya ko na ƙwanƙolin a ƙasan akwatin ko a saman ruwa. An maimaita gwajin sau uku a cikin kwanaki daban-daban ta amfani da ƙungiyoyin tsutsa daban-daban, jimillar tsutsa 180 da aka fallasa ga kowane yawan maganin.
An tantance gubar AITC, BITC, da 4-HBITC ga tsutsar sauro ta amfani da hanyar bioassay iri ɗaya amma tare da magunguna daban-daban. Shirya mafita na ppm 100,000 ga kowane sinadarai ta hanyar ƙara µL na sinadarin zuwa 900 µL na cikakken ethanol a cikin bututun centrifuge na 2-mL sannan a girgiza na tsawon daƙiƙa 30 don a gauraya sosai. An ƙayyade yawan maganin bisa ga gwaje-gwajen bioasys ɗinmu na farko, wanda ya gano BITC ya fi guba fiye da AITC da 4-HBITC. Don tantance guba, yawan BITC 5 (1, 3, 6, 9 da 12 ppm), yawan AITC 7 (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 da 35 ppm) da yawan 4-HBITC 6 (15, 15, 20, 25, 30 da 35 ppm). 30, 45, 60, 75 da 90 ppm). An yi allurar maganin sarrafawa da 108 μL na cikakken ethanol, wanda yayi daidai da matsakaicin adadin maganin sinadarai. An maimaita gwaje-gwajen halittu kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, inda aka fallasa jimillar tsutsotsi 180 a kowace yawan maganin. An rubuta mace-macen tsutsotsi ga kowane yawan AITC, BITC, da 4-HBITC bayan awanni 24 na ci gaba da fallasa su.
An gudanar da nazarin probit na bayanai 65 game da mace-mace da suka shafi allurai ta amfani da software na Polo (Polo Plus, LeOra Software, sigar 1.0) don ƙididdige yawan mace-mace 50% (LC50), yawan mace-mace 90% (LC90), gangara, yawan mace-mace, da kuma yawan mace-mace 95%. bisa ga tazara amincewa don rabon allurai masu mutuwa don yawan mace-mace da aka canza a cikin log da lanƙwasa na mace-mace. Bayanan mace-mace sun dogara ne akan haɗin bayanai na kwafi na tsutsotsi 180 da aka fallasa ga kowane yawan magani. An gudanar da nazarin yiwuwar daban-daban ga kowane abincin iri da kowane sinadaran. Dangane da tazara amincewa 95% na rabon allurai masu mutuwa, an yi la'akari da gubar abincin iri da abubuwan sinadarai ga tsutsotsin sauro a matsayin bambanci sosai, don haka tazara amincewa da ke ɗauke da ƙimar 1 ba ta bambanta sosai ba, P = 0.0566.
Sakamakon HPLC na tantance manyan glucosinolates a cikin fulawar iri da aka cire daga DFP, IG, PG da Ls an jera su a cikin Jadawali na 1. Manyan glucosinolates a cikin fulawar iri da aka gwada sun bambanta ban da DFP da PG, waɗanda duka sun ƙunshi myrosinase glucosinolates. Yawan myrosinin a cikin PG ya fi na DFP girma, 33.3 ± 1.5 da 26.5 ± 0.9 mg/g, bi da bi. Foda iri na Ls ya ƙunshi 36.6 ± 1.2 mg/g glucoglycone, yayin da foda iri na IG ya ƙunshi 38.0 ± 0.5 mg/g sinapine.
Tsutsotsi na Ae. An kashe sauro na Aedes aegypti lokacin da aka yi musu magani da abincin iri da aka cire, kodayake ingancin maganin ya bambanta dangane da nau'in shuka. DFP-NT ne kawai bai zama mai guba ga tsutsotsi na sauro ba bayan awanni 24 da 72 na fallasa (Tebur 2). Guba na foda iri mai aiki ya ƙaru tare da ƙaruwar yawan amfani (Hoto na 1A, B). Gubar abincin iri ga tsutsotsi na sauro ya bambanta sosai bisa ga kashi 95% na rabon maganin mutuwa na ƙimar LC50 a gwaje-gwajen awanni 24 da 72 (Tebur 3). Bayan awanni 24, tasirin guba na abincin iri na L ya fi sauran maganin iri, tare da mafi girman aiki da mafi girman guba ga tsutsotsi (LC50 = 0.04 g/120 ml dH2O). Tsutsa ba su da saurin kamuwa da DFP a cikin awanni 24 idan aka kwatanta da maganin IG, Ls da PG iri, tare da ƙimar LC50 na 0.115, 0.04 da 0.08 g/120 ml dH2O bi da bi, waɗanda suka fi ƙimar LC50 girma. 0.211 g/120 ml dH2O (Tebur 3). Ƙimar LC90 na DFP, IG, PG da Ls sun kasance 0.376, 0.275, 0.137 da 0.074 g/120 ml dH2O, bi da bi (Tebur 2). Mafi girman yawan DPP shine 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O. Bayan awanni 24 na kimantawa, matsakaicin mace-macen tsutsa shine 12% kawai, yayin da matsakaicin mace-macen tsutsa na IG da PG ya kai 51% da 82%, bi da bi. Bayan awanni 24 na kimantawa, matsakaicin mace-macen tsutsotsi don mafi yawan yawan maganin L iri (0.075 g/120 ml dH2O) shine kashi 99% (Hoto na 1A).
An kiyasta lanƙwasa mace-mace daga amsawar allurai (Probit) na tsutsotsin Ae na Masar (ƙwayar cuta ta 3) zuwa yawan abincin iri awanni 24 (A) da awanni 72 (B) bayan magani. Layin da aka nuna yana wakiltar LC50 na maganin abincin iri. DFP Thlaspi arvense, DFP-HT Heat inactivated Thlaspi arvense, IG Sinapsis alba (Ida Gold), PG Brassica juncea (Pacific Gold), Ls Lepidium sativum.
A lokacin kimantawa na awanni 72, ƙimar LC50 na abincin DFP, IG da PG sune 0.111, 0.085 da 0.051 g/120 ml dH2O, bi da bi. Kusan dukkan tsutsotsi da aka fallasa ga abincin L sun mutu bayan awanni 72 na fallasa, don haka bayanan mace-mace ba su dace da nazarin Probit ba. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran abincin iri, tsutsotsi ba su da sauƙin kamuwa da maganin abincin DFP kuma suna da ƙimar LC50 mafi girma a kididdiga (Tebur na 2 da 3). Bayan awanni 72, an kiyasta ƙimar LC50 don maganin abincin DFP, IG da PG shine 0.111, 0.085 da 0.05 g/120 ml dH2O, bi da bi. Bayan awanni 72 na kimantawa, ƙimar LC90 na foda iri na DFP, IG da PG sune 0.215, 0.254 da 0.138 g/120 ml dH2O, bi da bi. Bayan awanni 72 na tantancewa, matsakaicin mace-macen tsutsotsi ga maganin DFP, IG da PG a mafi girman adadin 0.12 g/120 ml dH2O shine 58%, 66% da 96%, bi da bi (Hoto na 1B). Bayan tantancewa na awanni 72, an gano cewa abincin PG ya fi guba fiye da abincin IG da DFP.
Isothiocyanates na roba, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) da 4-hydroxybenzylisothiocyanate (4-HBITC) na iya kashe tsutsar sauro yadda ya kamata. A cikin awanni 24 bayan an yi maganin, BITC ya fi guba ga tsutsar tare da ƙimar LC50 na 5.29 ppm idan aka kwatanta da 19.35 ppm ga AITC da 55.41 ppm ga 4-HBITC (Tebur na 4). Idan aka kwatanta da AITC da BITC, 4-HBITC yana da ƙarancin guba da ƙimar LC50 mafi girma. Akwai manyan bambance-bambance a cikin gubar tsutsar sauro na manyan isothiocyanates guda biyu (Ls da PG) a cikin abincin iri mafi ƙarfi. Guba bisa ga rabon maganin mutuwa na ƙimar LC50 tsakanin AITC, BITC, da 4-HBITC ya nuna bambanci na ƙididdiga wanda ya sa kashi 95% na CI na rabon maganin mutuwa na LC50 bai haɗa da ƙimar 1 ba (P = 0.05, Tebur 4). An kiyasta cewa mafi girman yawan BITC da AITC zai kashe kashi 100% na tsutsotsin da aka gwada (Hoto na 2).
An kiyasta lanƙwasa mace-mace daga martanin allurar (Probit) na Ae. Sa'o'i 24 bayan magani, tsutsotsin Masar (ƙwayar halitta ta 3) sun kai yawan isothiocyanate na roba. Layin da ke nuna LC50 don maganin isothiocyanate. Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC, allyl isothiocyanate AITC da 4-HBITC.
An daɗe ana nazarin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na tsire-tsire a matsayin magungunan kashe kwari. Shuke-shuke da yawa suna samar da sinadarai na halitta waɗanda ke da tasirin kashe kwari37. Haɗaɗɗun sinadarai masu aiki da kwayoyin halitta suna ba da madadin maganin kwari na roba waɗanda ke da babban ƙarfin sarrafa kwari, gami da sauro.
Ana noma shuke-shuken mustard a matsayin amfanin gona ga tsabansu, ana amfani da su azaman kayan ƙanshi da kuma tushen mai. Lokacin da aka cire man mustard daga tsaba ko kuma lokacin da aka cire mustard don amfani da shi azaman man fetur, 69 abincin da aka rage shi ne abincin iri da aka cire. Wannan abincin iri yana riƙe da yawancin abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai na halitta da enzymes na hydrolytic. Gubar wannan abincin iri yana da alaƙa da samar da isothiocyanates55,60,61. Ana samar da isothiocyanates ta hanyar hydrolysis na glucosinolates ta hanyar enzyme myrosinase yayin da ake shayar da abincin iri38,55,70 kuma an san suna da tasirin fungicidal, bactericidal, nematicicidal da kwari, da kuma wasu kaddarorin da suka haɗa da tasirin sinadarai da kuma kaddarorin chemotherapeutic61,62,70. Nazari da dama sun nuna cewa shuke-shuken mustard da abincin iri suna aiki yadda ya kamata a matsayin masu kashe kwari akan ƙasa da kwari na abinci da aka adana57,59,71,72. A cikin wannan binciken, mun tantance gubar abincin iri huɗu da samfuransa guda uku masu aiki da kwayoyin halitta AITC, BITC, da 4-HBITC ga ƙwarƙwarar sauro ta Aedes. Aedes aegypti. Ana sa ran ƙara abincin iri kai tsaye zuwa ruwa mai ɗauke da ƙwarƙwarar sauro zai kunna hanyoyin enzymatic waɗanda ke samar da isothiocyanates waɗanda ke da guba ga ƙwarƙwarar sauro. Wannan canjin halitta ya nuna wani ɓangare ta hanyar aikin larvicotic na abincin iri da asarar aikin kashe kwari lokacin da aka yi wa abincin dwarf mustard magani da zafi kafin amfani. Ana sa ran maganin zafi zai lalata enzymes masu amfani da hydrolytic waɗanda ke kunna glucosinolates, ta haka ne hana samuwar isothiocyanates masu aiki da kwayoyin halitta. Wannan shine bincike na farko da ya tabbatar da kaddarorin kashe kwari na foda iri na kabeji akan sauro a cikin yanayin ruwa.
Daga cikin foda iri da aka gwada, foda iri na watercress (Ls) shine mafi guba, wanda ke haifar da yawan mace-mace na Aedes albopictus. An sarrafa tsutsotsin Aedes aegypti akai-akai na tsawon awanni 24. Sauran foda iri uku (PG, IG da DFP) suna da aiki a hankali kuma har yanzu suna haifar da mace-mace mai yawa bayan awanni 72 na ci gaba da magani. Abincin iri na Ls kawai ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na glucosinolates, yayin da PG da DFP suka ƙunshi myrosinase kuma IG sun ƙunshi glucosinolate a matsayin babban glucosinolate (Tebur 1). Glucotropaeolin yana hydrolyzed zuwa BITC kuma sinalbine yana hydrolyzed zuwa 4-HBITC61,62. Sakamakon bincikenmu ya nuna cewa duka abincin iri na Ls da BITC na roba suna da guba sosai ga tsutsotsin sauro. Babban abin da ke cikin abincin iri na PG da DFP shine myrosinase glucosinolate, wanda ake hydrolyzed zuwa AITC. AITC yana da tasiri wajen kashe tsutsotsin sauro tare da ƙimar LC50 na 19.35 ppm. Idan aka kwatanta da AITC da BITC, isothiocyanate na 4-HBITC shine mafi ƙarancin guba ga tsutsotsi. Duk da cewa AITC ba ta da guba kamar BITC, ƙimar LC50 ɗinsu ta yi ƙasa da yawancin mai mai mahimmanci da aka gwada akan tsutsotsin sauro32,73,74,75.
Foda iri na cruciferous da muke amfani da shi don magance tsutsar sauro ya ƙunshi babban glucosinolate guda ɗaya, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 98-99% na jimlar glucosinolates kamar yadda HPLC ta ƙayyade. An gano adadin wasu glucosinolates, amma matakansu bai kai kashi 0.3% na jimlar glucosinolates ba. Foda iri na Watercress (L. sativum) ya ƙunshi glucosinolates na biyu (sinigrin), amma rabonsu shine kashi 1% na jimlar glucosinolates, kuma abun cikinsu har yanzu bai kai ba (kimanin 0.4 mg/g foda iri). Duk da cewa PG da DFP suna ɗauke da babban glucosinolate (myrosin), aikin larvicidal na abincin iri ya bambanta sosai saboda ƙimar LC50 ɗinsu. Ya bambanta a cikin guba ga powdery mildew. Bayyanar tsutsar Aedes aegypti na iya faruwa ne saboda bambance-bambance a cikin aikin myrosinase ko kwanciyar hankali tsakanin ciyarwar iri biyu. Ayyukan Myrosinase suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da samfuran hydrolysis kamar isothiocyanates a cikin shuke-shuken Brassicaceae76. Rahotannin da suka gabata daga Pocock et al.77 da Wilkinson et al.78 sun nuna cewa canje-canje a cikin ayyukan myrosinase da kwanciyar hankali na iya kasancewa suna da alaƙa da abubuwan gado da muhalli.
An ƙididdige abubuwan da ake tsammani na isothiocyanate na bioactive bisa ga ƙimar LC50 na kowane abincin iri a awanni 24 da 72 (Tebur 5) don kwatantawa da aikace-aikacen sinadarai masu dacewa. Bayan awanni 24, isothiocyanates a cikin abincin iri sun fi guba fiye da mahaɗan tsarki. Ƙimar LC50 da aka ƙididdige bisa ga sassa a kowace miliyan (ppm) na maganin iri na isothiocyanate sun kasance ƙasa da ƙimar LC50 don aikace-aikacen BITC, AITC, da 4-HBITC. Mun lura da tsutsotsi suna cin ƙwayoyin iri (Hoto na 3A). Saboda haka, tsutsotsi na iya samun ƙarin fallasa ga isothiocyanates masu guba ta hanyar cin ƙwayoyin iri. Wannan ya fi bayyana a cikin maganin iri na IG da PG a lokacin fallasa na awanni 24, inda yawan LC50 ya kasance ƙasa da kashi 75% da kashi 72% fiye da maganin AITC da 4-HBITC tsarkakakku, bi da bi. Maganin Ls da DFP sun fi guba fiye da isothiocyanate tsantsa, inda ƙimar LC50 ta ragu da kashi 24% da 41%, bi da bi. Tsutsotsi a cikin maganin sarrafawa sun yi nasarar yin ƙwai (Hoto na 3B), yayin da yawancin tsutsotsi a cikin maganin abincin iri ba su yi ƙwai ba kuma an jinkirta ci gaban tsutsotsi sosai (Hoto na 3B,D). A cikin Spodopteralitura, isothiocyanates suna da alaƙa da jinkirin girma da jinkirin ci gaba79.
Tsutsotsin Ae. Sauro na Aedes aegypti sun ci gaba da fallasa su ga foda iri na Brassica na tsawon awanni 24–72. (A) Tsutsotsin da suka mutu da barbashi na abincin iri a bakinsu (an zagaye su); (B) Maganin hana yaduwar cuta (dH20 ba tare da ƙarin abincin iri ba) yana nuna cewa tsutsotsin suna girma yadda ya kamata kuma suna fara yin ƙwai bayan awanni 72 (C, D) Tsutsotsin da aka yi wa magani da abincin iri; abincin iri ya nuna bambance-bambance a girma kuma bai yi ƙwai ba.
Ba mu yi nazarin hanyar da gubar da isothiocyanates ke haifarwa ga tsutsar sauro ba. Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi a baya a kan tururuwan ja (Solenopsis invicta) ya nuna cewa hana glutathione S-transferase (GST) da esterase (EST) su ne babban hanyar da ke haifar da bioactivity na isothiocyanate, kuma AITC, ko da a ƙarancin aiki, na iya hana aikin GST. tururuwan ja da aka shigo da su daga ƙasashen waje a cikin ƙarancin yawa. Yawan shine 0.5 µg/ml80. Sabanin haka, AITC yana hana acetylcholinesterase a cikin ƙwaryar masara ta manya (Sitophilus zeamais)81. Dole ne a gudanar da irin wannan bincike don fayyace hanyar da ke haifar da isothiocyanate a cikin tsutsar sauro.
Muna amfani da maganin DFP wanda ba a kunna shi da zafi ba don tallafawa shawarar cewa hydrolysis na shuke-shuke glucosinolates don samar da isothiocyanates masu amsawa yana aiki a matsayin hanyar sarrafa tsutsar sauro ta hanyar abincin mustard. Abincin iri na DFP-HT bai zama mai guba ba a ƙimar amfani da aka gwada. Lafarga et al. 82 sun ba da rahoton cewa glucosinolates suna da saurin lalacewa a yanayin zafi mai yawa. Ana kuma sa ran maganin zafi zai lalata enzyme na myrosinase a cikin abincin iri kuma ya hana hydrolysis na glucosinolates don samar da isothiocyanates masu amsawa. Okunade et al. 75 sun tabbatar da hakan kuma sun nuna cewa myrosinase yana da saurin kamuwa da zafin jiki, yana nuna cewa aikin myrosinase ya daina aiki gaba ɗaya lokacin da mustard, baƙar mustard, da tsaban jini suka fallasa zuwa yanayin zafi sama da 80°. C. Waɗannan hanyoyin na iya haifar da asarar aikin kashe kwari na abincin iri na DFP da aka yi wa zafi.
Saboda haka, abincin mustard da manyan isothiocyanates guda uku suna da guba ga tsutsar sauro. Ganin waɗannan bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin abincin iri da magungunan sinadarai, amfani da abincin iri na iya zama hanya mai tasiri ta sarrafa sauro. Akwai buƙatar gano hanyoyin da suka dace da kuma ingantattun tsarin isar da sako don inganta inganci da kwanciyar hankali na amfani da garin iri. Sakamakonmu ya nuna yuwuwar amfani da abincin mustard a matsayin madadin magungunan kashe kwari na roba. Wannan fasaha na iya zama kayan aiki mai ƙirƙira don sarrafa ƙwayoyin sauro. Saboda tsutsar sauro tana bunƙasa a cikin ruwa kuma ana canza ƙwayoyin glucosinolates ta hanyar enzymatic zuwa isothiocyanates masu aiki bayan an shayar da su, amfani da abincin mustard a cikin ruwan da sauro ya mamaye yana ba da babban damar sarrafawa. Kodayake aikin tsutsar isothiocyanates ya bambanta (BITC > AITC > 4-HBITC), ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tantance ko haɗa abincin iri da glucosinolates da yawa yana ƙara guba. Wannan shine bincike na farko da ya nuna tasirin kashe kwari na abincin cruciferous da aka lalata da isothiocyanates guda uku masu aiki akan sauro. Sakamakon wannan binciken ya haifar da sabon tushe ta hanyar nuna cewa abincin iri na kabeji da aka cire, wani abu da ya samo asali daga fitar da mai daga tsaba, na iya zama maganin kashe ƙwari mai kyau don magance sauro. Wannan bayanin zai iya taimakawa wajen ƙara gano magungunan kashe ƙwari na tsire-tsire da haɓaka su a matsayin magungunan kashe ƙwari masu araha, masu amfani, kuma masu aminci ga muhalli.
Ana samun bayanai da aka samar don wannan binciken da kuma binciken da aka samu daga marubucin da ya dace bisa ga buƙata mai ma'ana. A ƙarshen binciken, an lalata duk kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken (kwari da abincin iri).
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuli-29-2024