Fashin cikin gida (IRS) shine babban jigon ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na visceral leishmaniasis (VL) ƙoƙarin sarrafa vector a Indiya.An san kadan game da tasirin sarrafa IRS akan nau'ikan gidaje daban-daban.Anan muna kimanta ko IRS ta amfani da magungunan kashe kwari yana da saura iri ɗaya da tasirin sa baki ga kowane nau'in gidaje a ƙauyen.Mun kuma haɓaka taswirorin haɗarin sararin samaniya da samfuran bincike na yawan sauro dangane da halaye na gida, ƙwarewar maganin kashe qwari, da matsayin IRS don bincika rarraba sararin samaniya na vectors a matakin microscale.
An gudanar da binciken ne a wasu kauyuka biyu na yankin Mahnar a gundumar Vaishali a Bihar.Sarrafa VL vectors (P. argentipes) ta IRS ta amfani da magungunan kashe kwari guda biyu [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) da pyrethroids na roba (SP 5%)] an kimanta.An tantance tasirin saura na ɗan lokaci na maganin kwari akan bango daban-daban ta hanyar amfani da hanyar bioassay na mazugi kamar yadda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar.An yi nazarin hankalin kifin azurfa na asali ga magungunan kashe kwari ta hanyar amfani da bioassay in vitro.An sanya ido kan yawan sauro na pre- da bayan-IRS a cikin gidajen zama da matsugunan dabbobi ta hanyar amfani da tarkuna masu haske da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta sanya daga karfe 6:00 na yamma zuwa 6:00 na safe An ɓullo da samfurin mafi dacewa don nazarin yawan sauro ta hanyar amfani da koma bayan dabaru da yawa. bincike.An yi amfani da fasahar nazarin sararin samaniya ta tushen GIS don taswirar rarraba tsinkayen magungunan kashe qwari ta nau'in gida, kuma an yi amfani da matsayin IRS na gida don yin bayanin rarraba sararin samaniya na shrimp na azurfa.
Sauro na azurfa suna da matukar damuwa ga SP (100%), amma suna nuna tsayin daka ga DDT, tare da adadin mace-mace na 49.1%.An ruwaito SP-IRS yana da kyakkyawar karbuwa ga jama'a fiye da DDT-IRS a tsakanin kowane nau'in gidaje.Ragowar tasiri ya bambanta a fadin bangon bango daban-daban;Babu wani daga cikin magungunan da ya sadu da IRS ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da ta ba da shawarar tsawon lokacin aiki.A duk lokacin bayan-IRS, raguwar ƙamshi saboda SP-IRS ya fi girma tsakanin ƙungiyoyin gida (watau masu fesa da turawa) fiye da DDT-IRS.Haɗin taswirar haɗarin sararin samaniya ya nuna cewa SP-IRS yana da ingantaccen tasiri akan sauro fiye da DDT-IRS a duk wuraren haɗari irin na gida.Binciken koma-bayan dabaru da yawa ya gano abubuwan haɗari guda biyar waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarfi da yawa na shrimp na azurfa.
Sakamakon zai ba da kyakkyawar fahimta game da ayyukan IRS wajen sarrafa leishmaniasis na visceral a Bihar, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen jagorantar yunƙurin inganta yanayin.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), wanda kuma aka sani da kala-azar, cuta ce da ba a kula da ita ta wurare masu zafi da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta na protozoan na jinsin Leishmania.A cikin yankin Indiya (IS), inda mutane ne kawai mai masaukin tafki, kwayar cutar (watau Leishmania donovani) tana yaduwa zuwa ga mutane ta hanyar cizon sauro mata masu kamuwa da cuta (Phlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2].A Indiya, ana samun VL mafi yawa a cikin jihohi huɗu na tsakiya da gabas: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal da Uttar Pradesh.An kuma ba da rahoton bullar wasu bullar cutar a Madhya Pradesh (Indiya ta tsakiya), Gujarat (Yammacin Indiya), Tamil Nadu da Kerala (Kudancin Indiya), da kuma a yankunan Himalayan da ke arewacin Indiya, gami da Himachal Pradesh da Jammu da Kashmir.3].Daga cikin jihohin da ke fama da cutar, Bihar yana da matukar damuwa tare da gundumomi 33 da VL ta shafa sama da kashi 70% na jimlar lamuran a Indiya kowace shekara [4].Kimanin mutane miliyan 99 a yankin suna cikin haɗari, tare da matsakaicin adadin lokuta 6,752 a shekara (2013-2017).
A cikin Bihar da sauran sassa na Indiya, ƙoƙarin kula da VL ya dogara da manyan dabaru guda uku: gano farkon shari'ar, magani mai mahimmanci, da kuma sarrafa ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar amfani da maganin kwari na cikin gida (IRS) a cikin gidaje da wuraren ajiyar dabbobi [4, 5].A matsayin sakamako na gefen yaƙin neman zaɓe, IRS ya sami nasarar sarrafa VL a cikin 1960s ta amfani da dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2), da sarrafa shirye-shirye cikin nasarar sarrafa VL a cikin 1977 da 1992 [5, 6].Koyaya, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya tabbatar da cewa shrimp na azurfa sun haɓaka juriya ga DDT [4,7,8].A cikin 2015, National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP, New Delhi) ya canza IRS daga DDT zuwa pyrethroids na roba (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai / m2) [7, 9].Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta tsara manufar kawar da VL nan da shekara ta 2020 (watau <1 shari'ar a cikin mutane 10,000 a kowace shekara a matakin titi/block) [10].Yawancin karatu sun nuna cewa IRS ya fi tasiri fiye da sauran hanyoyin sarrafa vector wajen rage yawan yashi [11,12,13].Wani samfuri na kwanan nan ya kuma annabta cewa a cikin manyan saitunan annoba (watau ƙimar rigakafin rigakafi na 5/10,000), ingantaccen IRS wanda ke rufe kashi 80% na gidaje zai iya cimma burin kawar da shekaru ɗaya zuwa uku a baya [14].VL yana rinjayar mafi ƙasƙanci matalauta na yankunan karkara a cikin yankunan da ke fama da rikici kuma ikon sarrafa su ya dogara ne kawai ga IRS, amma ragowar tasirin wannan ma'auni na kulawa a kan nau'o'in gidaje daban-daban ba a taɓa yin nazarin filin a cikin wuraren shiga tsakani [15, 16].Bugu da kari, bayan aiki mai tsanani don yakar VL, annobar a wasu kauyuka ta dade na tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma ta koma wurare masu zafi [17].Don haka, ya zama dole a kimanta ragowar tasirin IRS akan sa ido kan yawan sauro a cikin gidaje daban-daban.Bugu da ƙari, taswirar haɗarin ƙasa na microscale zai taimaka don ƙarin fahimta da sarrafa yawan sauro koda bayan sa baki.Tsarin bayanan ƙasa (GIS) haɗin fasahar taswirar dijital ne waɗanda ke ba da damar ajiya, rufewa, yin amfani da su, bincike, dawo da gani da hangen nesa na daban-daban na bayanan muhalli da yanayin al'umma don dalilai daban-daban [18, 19, 20]..Ana amfani da tsarin sakawa na duniya (GPS) don nazarin sararin samaniya na abubuwan da ke saman duniya [21, 22].GIS da GPS-tushen kayan aikin ƙirar sararin samaniya da fasaha an yi amfani da su zuwa fannoni da yawa na annoba, irin su kima na cututtuka na sararin samaniya da na ɗan lokaci da tsinkayar fashewa, aiwatarwa da kimanta dabarun sarrafawa, hulɗar ƙwayoyin cuta tare da abubuwan muhalli, da taswirar haɗarin sararin samaniya.[20,23,24,25,26].Bayanan da aka tattara kuma aka samo su daga taswirar haɗari na geospatial na iya sauƙaƙe matakan sarrafawa cikin lokaci da inganci.
Wannan binciken ya kimanta tasiri da tasirin DDT da SP-IRS a matakin iyali a ƙarƙashin Shirin Kula da Vector VL na Kasa a Bihar, Indiya.Ƙarin maƙasudai shine haɓaka taswirar haɗarin sararin samaniya da kuma samfurin bincike na yawan sauro dangane da halaye na gida, raunin ƙwayoyin kwari, da matsayin IRS na gida don bincika matsayi na rarraba sararin samaniya na sauro microscale.
An gudanar da binciken ne a yankin Mahnar na gundumar Vaishali a arewacin bankin Ganga (Fig. 1).Makhnar yanki ne mai cike da ƙazantawa, tare da matsakaita na 56.7 na VL a kowace shekara (lauka 170 a cikin 2012-2014), adadin abin da ya faru na shekara shine 2.5-3.7 a cikin adadin 10,000;An zaɓi ƙauyuka guda biyu: Chakeso a matsayin wurin sarrafawa (Fig. 1d1; babu lokuta na VL a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata) da Lavapur Mahanar a matsayin wani wuri mai banƙyama (Fig. 1d2; mai tsanani, tare da 5 ko fiye da lokuta a cikin mutane 1000 a kowace shekara. ).a cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata).An zaɓi ƙauyuka bisa manyan sharuɗɗa guda uku: wuri da damar shiga (watau suna kan kogi mai sauƙin shiga duk shekara), halayen alƙaluma da adadin gidaje (watau aƙalla gidaje 200; Chaqueso yana da gidaje 202 da 204 tare da matsakaicin girman iyali) .4.9 da 5.1 mutane) da Lavapur Mahanar bi da bi) da nau'in gida (HT) da yanayin rarraba su (watau bazuwar gauraye HT).Duk ƙauyukan binciken duka suna tsakanin 500 m daga garin Makhnar da asibitin gundumar.Binciken ya nuna cewa mazauna kauyukan da aka yi nazari sun kasance masu himma sosai a ayyukan bincike.Gidajen da ke ƙauyen horo [wanda ya ƙunshi ɗakuna 1-2 tare da baranda 1 haɗe, kicin 1, gidan wanka 1 da barn 1 (wanda aka haɗa ko keɓe)] sun ƙunshi bangon bulo / laka da benayen adobe, bangon bulo tare da filastar siminti na lemun tsami.da benayen siminti, bangon bulo wanda ba a goge ba kuma ba a fenti ba, da benayen yumbu da rufin kwarya.Duk yankin Vaishali yana da yanayi mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano da lokacin damina (Yuli zuwa Agusta) da lokacin rani (Nuwamba zuwa Disamba).Matsakaicin hazo na shekara-shekara shine 720.4 mm (kewayon 736.5-1076.7 mm), dangi zafi 65± 5% (kewayon 16-79%), matsakaicin zazzabi na kowane wata 17.2-32.4°C.Mayu da Yuni sune watanni mafi zafi (zazzabi 39-44 ° C), yayin da Janairu shine mafi sanyi (7-22 ° C).
Taswirar yankin binciken yana nuna wurin Bihar akan taswirar Indiya (a) da wurin gundumar Vaishali akan taswirar Bihar (b).Makhnar Block (c) An zaɓi ƙauyuka biyu don binciken: Chakeso a matsayin wurin sarrafawa da Lavapur Makhnar a matsayin wurin shiga tsakani.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Kula da Kalaazar na Ƙasa, Hukumar Lafiya ta Bihar Society (SHSB) ta gudanar da zagaye biyu na IRS na shekara a lokacin 2015 da 2016 (zagaye na farko, Fabrairu-Maris; zagaye na biyu, Yuni-Yuli) [4].Don tabbatar da ingantaccen aiwatar da duk ayyukan IRS, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Rajendra Memorial Medical Institute (RMRIMS; Bihar), Patna, wani reshe ne na Majalisar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya (ICMR; New Delhi) ta shirya wani tsarin aikin ƙaramin aiki.nodal institute.An zaɓi ƙauyukan IRS bisa manyan sharuɗɗa guda biyu: tarihin shari'ar VL da retrodermal kala-azar (RPKDL) a ƙauyen (watau ƙauyuka da ke da shari'o'i 1 ko fiye a kowane lokaci a cikin shekaru 3 da suka gabata, gami da shekarar aiwatarwa. )., ƙauyukan da ba a san su ba a kusa da "guraren zafi" (watau ƙauyukan da aka ci gaba da ba da rahoton bullar cutar na ≥ 2 shekaru ko ≥ 2 a cikin mutane 1000) da kuma sababbin ƙauyuka (babu a cikin shekaru 3 da suka gabata) ƙauyuka a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. an ruwaito shekarar aiwatarwa a [17].Kauyukan da ke makwabtaka da su da suka aiwatar da matakin farko na harajin kasa, an kuma sanya sabbin kauyuka a zagaye na biyu na shirin ayyukan haraji na kasa.A cikin 2015, an gudanar da zagaye biyu na IRS ta amfani da DDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2) a cikin ƙauyukan binciken shiga tsakani.Tun daga 2016, ana yin IRS ta amfani da pyrethroids na roba (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai/m2).An gudanar da fesa ta amfani da famfon Hudson Xpert (13.4 L) tare da allon matsa lamba, bawul mai canzawa (masha 1.5) da bututun jet mai lebur 8002 don filaye mai laushi [27].ICMR-RMRIMS, Patna (Bihar) ya sanya ido kan IRS a matakin gida da ƙauye kuma ya ba da bayanan farko game da IRS ga mazauna ƙauyen ta microphones a cikin kwanaki 1-2 na farko.Kowace ƙungiyar IRS tana sanye da na'ura mai saka idanu (RMRIMS ya samar) don saka idanu kan aikin ƙungiyar IRS.Masu shigar da kara, tare da kungiyoyin IRS, ana tura su zuwa duk gidaje don sanar da kuma tabbatar wa shugabannin gidaje game da fa'idar amfanin IRS.Yayin zagaye biyu na binciken IRS, gabaɗayan ɗaukar gida a ƙauyukan binciken ya kai aƙalla 80% [4].Matsayin fesa (watau, babu feshi, feshi na wani bangare, da cikakken feshi; an ayyana shi a cikin Ƙarin fayil 1: Tebur S1) ga duk gidaje a ƙauyen sa baki yayin zagaye na biyu na IRS.
An gudanar da binciken daga Yuni 2015 zuwa Yuli 2016. IRS ta yi amfani da cibiyoyin cututtuka don yin rigakafi (watau makonni 2 kafin shiga tsakani, binciken asali) da kuma bayan tsaka-tsaki (watau 2, 4, da 12 makonni bayan shiga tsakani; bin diddigin) saka idanu, sarrafa yawa, da rigakafin yashi a kowane zagaye na IRS.a kowane gida Dare ɗaya (watau daga 18:00 zuwa 6:00) tarkon haske [28].An sanya tarkuna masu haske a cikin dakunan kwana da matsugunan dabbobi.A cikin ƙauyen da aka gudanar da binciken shiga tsakani, an gwada gidaje 48 don ƙarancin yashi a gaban IRS (magidanta 12 a kowace rana na kwanaki 4 a jere har zuwa ranar kafin ranar IRS).An zabo 12 ga kowanne daga cikin manyan rukunin gidaje guda hudu (watau plain yumbu (PMP), plaster siminti da gidaje cladding (CPLC), bulo da ba a yi musu fenti ba (BUU) da kuma gidaje masu ciyayi (TH).Bayan haka, gidaje 12 ne kawai (cikin gidaje 48 kafin IRS) aka zaɓi don ci gaba da tattara bayanan sauro bayan taron IRS.Dangane da shawarwarin WHO, an zaɓi gidaje 6 daga rukunin shiga tsakani (gidaje da ke karɓar jiyya na IRS) da kuma rukunin saƙo (gidaje a cikin ƙauyukan shiga tsakani, waɗanda suka ƙi izinin IRS) [28].Daga cikin rukunin kulawa (iyali a ƙauyukan da ke makwabta waɗanda ba su sami IRS ba saboda rashin VL), gidaje 6 ne kawai aka zaɓa don sa ido kan yawan sauro kafin da bayan zaman IRS guda biyu.Ga duk ƙungiyoyin sa ido kan yawan sauro guda uku (watau shiga tsakani, turawa da sarrafawa), an zaɓi gidaje daga rukunin matakan haɗari guda uku (watau ƙananan, matsakaita da babba; gidaje biyu daga kowane matakin haɗari) kuma an keɓance halayen haɗarin HT (modules da tsarin suna. wanda aka nuna a cikin Table 1 da Table 2, bi da bi) [29, 30].An zaɓi gidaje biyu a kowane matakin haɗari don guje wa ƙiyasin yawan sauro da kwatance tsakanin ƙungiyoyi.A cikin rukunin shiga tsakani, an kula da yawan sauro bayan-IRS a cikin gidaje iri biyu na IRS: cikakken magani (n = 3; 1 iyali a kowace matakin rukunin haɗari) da kuma wani sashi (n = 3; 1 iyali a kowane matakin rukunin haɗari).).kungiyar hadarin).
Dukkan sauro da aka kama a cikin bututun gwaji an tura su zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma an kashe bututun gwajin ta hanyar amfani da auduga da aka jika a cikin chloroform.An yi lalata da yashi na azurfa kuma an raba su da sauran kwari da sauro dangane da halaye ta hanyar amfani da daidaitattun lambobin tantancewa [31].Dukkanin jatan lankwasa na azurfa namiji da ta mata sai a zuba gwangwani daban a cikin barasa 80%.An ƙididdige yawan sauro a kowane tarko/dare ta amfani da dabara mai zuwa: jimlar adadin sauro da aka tattara/yawan tarkunan haske da aka saita a kowane dare.Canjin kashi na yawan sauro (SFC) saboda IRS ta amfani da DDT da SP an kiyasta ta amfani da dabara mai zuwa [32]:
inda A shine ma'anar ma'anar SFC don gidaje masu shiga tsakani, B shine IRS na nufin SFC don gidaje masu shiga tsakani, C shine tushen ma'anar SFC don kulawa / gidaje masu aikawa, kuma D shine ma'anar SFC don kulawar IRS / iyalan gidan sentinel.
Sakamakon tasirin sa baki, wanda aka yi rikodin azaman mara kyau da kyawawan dabi'u, yana nuna raguwa da haɓaka a cikin SFC bayan IRS, bi da bi.Idan SFC bayan IRS ya kasance daidai da SFC na asali, an ƙididdige tasirin sa baki a matsayin sifili.
Dangane da Tsarin Ƙirar Gwari na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHOPES), an kimanta ƙimar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta asali zuwa magungunan kashe qwari DDT da SP ta amfani da daidaitattun in vitro bioassays [33].Lafiyayyan mata masu lafiya da ba a ba su abinci ba (18-25 SF a kowace ƙungiya) an fallasa su ga magungunan kashe qwari da aka samu daga Jami'ar Sains Malaysia (USM, Malaysia; Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta haɗu) ta amfani da Kit ɗin Gwajin Gwajin Gwari na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya [4,9, 33] ,34].An gwada kowane saitin bioassays na magungunan kashe qwari sau takwas (maimaita gwaji guda huɗu, kowanne yana gudana lokaci guda tare da sarrafawa).An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen sarrafawa ta amfani da takarda da aka riga aka yi ciki tare da risella (na DDT) da man silicone (na SP) wanda USM ta samar.Bayan mintuna 60 na fallasa, an sanya sauro a cikin bututun WHO kuma an ba su da auduga mai narkewa wanda aka jiƙa a cikin maganin 10% na sukari.Adadin sauro da aka kashe bayan sa'a 1 da kuma mutuwar karshe bayan sa'o'i 24.An kwatanta matsayin juriya bisa ga ka'idodin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya: mace-mace na 98-100% yana nuna rashin lafiya, 90-98% yana nuna yiwuwar juriya da ake buƙatar tabbatarwa, kuma <90% yana nuna juriya [33, 34].Saboda mace-mace a cikin rukunin kulawa ya kasance daga 0 zuwa 5%, ba a yi daidaitaccen mace-mace ba.
An yi la'akari da tasirin bioefficacy da ragowar tasirin maganin kashe kwari a kan tsutsotsi na asali a ƙarƙashin yanayin filin.A cikin gidaje uku na shiga tsakani (ɗaya kowanne tare da filastar yumbu ko PMP, filastar siminti da murfin lemun tsami ko CPLC, bulo da ba a yi masa fenti ba ko BUU) a makonni 2, 4 da 12 bayan fesa.An gudanar da daidaitaccen tsari na bioassay na WHO akan mazugi masu ɗauke da tarkuna masu haske.kafa [27, 32].An cire dumama gida saboda rashin daidaito bango.A cikin kowane bincike, an yi amfani da mazugi 12 a duk gidajen gwaji (cones hudu a kowace gida, ɗaya ga kowane nau'in bangon bango).Haɗa cones zuwa kowane bango na ɗakin a wurare daban-daban: ɗaya a matakin kai (daga 1.7 zuwa 1.8 m), biyu a matakin kugu (daga 0.9 zuwa 1 m) da ɗaya a ƙarƙashin gwiwa (daga 0.3 zuwa 0.5 m).An sanya sauro mata goma da ba a ba su abinci ba (10 a kowace mazugi; an tattara su daga wurin sarrafawa ta amfani da abin sha) a cikin kowane ɗakin mazugi na filastik na WHO (mazugi ɗaya kowane nau'in gida) a matsayin sarrafawa.Bayan minti 30 na fallasa, a hankali cire sauro daga gare ta;conical dakin amfani da gwiwar hannu aspirator da canja su zuwa cikin WHO tubes dauke da 10% sugar bayani don ciyar.Mutuwar ƙarshe bayan sa'o'i 24 an yi rikodin a 27 ± 2 ° C da 80 ± 10% zafi dangi.Adadin mace-mace tare da maki tsakanin 5% da 20% ana daidaita su ta amfani da dabarar Abbott [27] kamar haka:
inda P shine daidaitawar mace-mace, P1 shine adadin yawan mace-macen da aka lura, kuma C shine yawan adadin mace-mace.Gwaje-gwaje tare da mace-macen sarrafawa> 20% an watsar da su kuma an sake yin su [27, 33].
An gudanar da cikakken binciken iyali a ƙauyen shiga tsakani.An rubuta wurin GPS na kowane gida tare da ƙira da nau'in kayan sa, wurin zama, da matsayin sa baki.Dandalin GIS ya ɓullo da tushen bayanai na dijital wanda ya haɗa da iyakokin iyaka a matakan ƙauye, gundumomi, gundumomi da jihohi.Duk wuraren gida suna da alamar geotag ta amfani da matakan matakin GIS na ƙauye, kuma an haɗa bayanan halayensu da sabunta su.A kowane rukunin gida, an tantance haɗarin bisa HT, raunin ƙwayoyin cuta, da matsayin IRS (Table 1) [11, 26, 29, 30].Dukkan wuraren wurin gida an canza su zuwa taswirorin jigo ta hanyar amfani da ma'aunin nauyi na nesa (IDW; ƙuduri dangane da matsakaicin yanki na gida na 6 m2, ikon 2, ƙayyadaddun adadin wuraren kewaye = 10, ta amfani da radius mai canzawa, ƙarancin wucewa).da kuma taswirar jujjuyawar cubic) fasahar interpolation ta sararin samaniya [35].An ƙirƙiri nau'ikan taswirorin haɗarin sararin samaniya iri biyu: taswirorin jigo na tushen HT da ƙwarewar ƙwayoyin cuta da yanayin IRS (ISV da IRSS) taswirorin jigo.Sannan an haɗa taswirar haɗarin jigogi guda biyu ta amfani da bincike mai nauyi [36].A yayin wannan tsari, an sake rarraba yadudduka na raster zuwa azuzuwan fifiko na gabaɗaya don matakan haɗari daban-daban (watau babba, matsakaici, da ƙasa/ba haɗari).Kowace raster da aka sake rarrabawa sannan aka ninka ta hanyar nauyin da aka ba shi dangane da mahimmancin mahimmancin sigogi waɗanda ke tallafawa yalwar sauro (dangane da yaduwa a kauyukan bincike, wuraren kiwon sauro, da hutawa da halin ciyarwa) [26, 29]., 30, 37].Dukkan taswirorin haɗarin batutuwan sun yi nauyi 50:50 yayin da suke ba da gudummawa daidai ga yawan sauro (Ƙarin fayil 1: Table S2).Ta hanyar taƙaita taswirori masu ma'auni masu nauyi, an ƙirƙiri taswirar haɗari na ƙarshe da kuma gani akan dandalin GIS.An gabatar da taswirar haɗari na ƙarshe kuma an bayyana su cikin sharuddan ƙimar Haɗarin Sand Fly (SFRI) waɗanda aka ƙididdige su ta amfani da dabara mai zuwa:
A cikin dabarar, P shine ƙimar fihirisar haɗari, L shine ƙimar haɗarin gabaɗaya ga kowane gida, kuma H shine ƙimar haɗari mafi girma ga dangi a yankin binciken.Mun shirya kuma mun yi matakan GIS da bincike ta amfani da ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redlands, CA, Amurka) don ƙirƙirar taswirar haɗari.
Mun gudanar da nazarce-nazarce da yawa don bincika tasirin haɗin gwiwar HT, ISV, da IRSS (kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Tebu 1) akan yawan sauro na gida (n = 24).Halayen gidaje da abubuwan haɗari dangane da sa hannun IRS da aka rubuta a cikin binciken ana ɗaukar su azaman masu canji, kuma an yi amfani da yawan sauro azaman mai canjin amsa.Univariate Poisson nazarin koma bayan da aka yi don kowane madaidaicin bayani mai alaƙa da yawan yashi.A yayin bincike na univariate, masu canji waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci kuma suna da ƙimar P fiye da 15% an cire su daga ƙididdigar regression da yawa.Don bincika hulɗar, sharuɗɗan hulɗar don duk yiwuwar haɗuwa da manyan masu canji (wanda aka samo a cikin bincike na univariate) an haɗa su a lokaci guda a cikin bincike mai yawa na regression, kuma an cire kalmomin da ba su da mahimmanci daga samfurin a mataki na gaba don ƙirƙirar samfurin ƙarshe.
An gudanar da kima-matakin haɗarin gida ta hanyoyi biyu: kimanta haɗarin matakin gida da haɗe-haɗen kima na wuraren haɗari akan taswira.An ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdiga na matakin gida ta hanyar yin amfani da nazarin alaƙa tsakanin kididdigar haɗarin gida da yawan kuɗaɗɗen yashi (wanda aka tattara daga gidajen mutane 6 da gidajen sa baki guda 6; makonni kafin da bayan aiwatar da IRS).An kiyasta yankunan haɗarin sararin samaniya ta hanyar amfani da matsakaiciyar adadin sauro da aka tattara daga gidaje daban-daban kuma idan aka kwatanta tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu haɗari (watau ƙananan, matsakaita da yankunan haɗari).A cikin kowane zagaye na IRS, gidaje 12 (gidaje 4 a cikin kowane matakai uku na yankunan haɗari; ana gudanar da tarin dare kowane mako 2, 4, da 12 bayan IRS) don tattara sauro don gwada taswirar haɗari.An yi amfani da bayanan gida iri ɗaya (watau HT, VSI, IRSS da ma'anar sauro) don gwada samfurin koma baya na ƙarshe.An gudanar da bincike mai sauƙi tsakanin abubuwan lura da fage da ƙididdiga na yawan sauro na gida.
Ƙididdiga masu bayyana kamar ma'ana, ƙarami, matsakaicin, tazarar amincewa 95% (CI) da kaso an ƙididdige su don taƙaita bayanan ilimin halitta da na IRS.Matsakaicin lamba/yawanci da mace-mace na kwarorin azurfa (ragowar wakili na kwari) ta amfani da gwaje-gwajen parametric [samfuran t-gwajin (don bayanan da aka saba rarrabawa)] da gwaje-gwaje marasa daidaituwa (Wilcoxon sa hannu kan matsayi) don kwatanta tasiri tsakanin nau'ikan saman a cikin gidaje (watau). , BUU vs. CPLC, BUU vs. PMP, da CPLC vs. PMP) gwajin bayanan da ba a saba rarrabawa ba).An yi duk nazarin ta amfani da software na SPSS v.20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
An ƙididdige ɗaukar hoto na gida a cikin ƙauyukan shiga tsakani a lokacin IRS DDT da zagaye na SP.Jimlar gidaje 205 sun karɓi IRS a kowane zagaye, gami da gidaje 179 (87.3%) a cikin zagaye na DDT da gidaje 194 (94.6%) a cikin zagayen SP don sarrafa vector VL.Adadin gidajen da aka yi wa cikakken magani tare da magungunan kashe qwari ya fi girma a lokacin SP-IRS (86.3%) fiye da lokacin DDT-IRS (52.7%).Adadin gidajen da suka fice daga IRS a lokacin DDT shine 26 (12.7%) kuma adadin gidajen da suka fice daga IRS a lokacin SP shine 11 (5.4%).A yayin zagaye na DDT da SP, adadin gidajen da aka yi wa rajista sun kai 71 (34.6% na jimlar gidajen da aka yi wa magani) da gidaje 17 (8.3% na jimlar gidajen da aka yi wa magani), bi da bi.
Dangane da jagororin juriya na magungunan kashe qwari na WHO, yawan shrimp na azurfa a wurin shiga tsakani ya kasance cikakke ga alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) kamar yadda matsakaicin mace-macen da aka ruwaito yayin gwajin (awanni 24) ya kasance 100%.Matsakaicin ƙwanƙwasa da aka lura shine 85.9% (95% CI: 81.1-90.6%).Don DDT, ƙimar ƙwanƙwasa a sa'o'i 24 shine 22.8% (95% CI: 11.5-34.1%), kuma ma'anar mace-mace gwajin lantarki shine 49.1% (95% CI: 41.9-56.3%).Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ƙafar azurfa sun sami cikakkiyar juriya ga DDT a wurin shiga tsakani.
A cikin tebur na 3 ya taƙaita sakamakon nazarin halittu na cones don nau'ikan saman daban-daban (tsakanin lokaci daban-daban bayan IRS) da aka yi da DDT da SP.Bayananmu sun nuna cewa bayan sa'o'i 24, duka magungunan kwari (BUU vs. CPLC: t (2) = - 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU vs. PMP: t (2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs PMP: t ( 2) = 1.03, P = 0.41 (na DDT-IRS da BUU) CPLC: t (2) = - 5.86, P = 0.03 da PMP: t (2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; IRS, CPLC da PMP: t (2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 da SP: t (2) = 9.70, P = 0.01; Yawan mace-mace ya ragu a hankali a kan lokaci don SP-IRS: 2 makonni bayan fesa ga kowane nau'in bango (watau 95.6% gabaɗaya) da kuma makonni 4 bayan fesa ga bangon CPLC kawai (watau 82.5) A cikin rukunin DDT, mace-mace ta kasance ƙasa da 70% na kowane nau'in bango a kowane lokaci bayan ƙimar gwaji na gwaji na DDT da SP bayan 12 Makonni na fesa sune 25.1% da 63.2%, bi da bi, nau'ikan saman uku, mafi girman ma'anar mace-mace tare da DDT shine 61.1% (na PMP makonni 2 bayan IRS), 36.9% (na CPLC 4 makonni bayan IRS), da 28.9% don CPLC 4 makonni bayan IRS ).Amurka IRS).Ga SP, mafi girman ma'anar mace-mace ga duk nau'ikan saman sune 97.2% (na CPLC, makonni 2 bayan IRS), 82.5% (na CPLC, makonni 4 bayan IRS), da 67.5% (na CPLC, makonni 4 bayan IRS).12 makonni bayan IRS).Amurka IRS).makonni bayan IRS);Mafi ƙasƙanci rates sun kasance 94.4% (na BUU, 2 makonni bayan IRS), 75% (na PMP, 4 makonni bayan IRS), da kuma 58.3% (na PMP, 12 makonni bayan IRS).Ga duka magungunan kashe qwari, mace-mace a kan saman da aka yi wa PMP ya bambanta da sauri fiye da kan CPLC- da saman da aka yi wa BUU.
Tebur 4 yana taƙaita tasirin sa baki (watau canje-canjen bayan-IRS a yawan sauro) na zagayen DDT- da SP na tushen IRS (Ƙarin fayil 1: Hoto S1).Don DDT-IRS, raguwar kaso a cikin beetles na azurfa bayan tazarar IRS shine 34.1% (a makonni 2), 25.9% (a makonni 4), da 14.1% (a makonni 12).Don SP-IRS, raguwar raguwa ya kasance 90.5% (a makonni 2), 66.7% (a makonni 4), da 55.6% (a makonni 12).Mafi girman raguwa a cikin yawan shrimp na azurfa a cikin gidajen sentinel yayin lokacin rahoton DDT da SP IRS shine 2.8% (a makonni 2) da 49.1% (a makonni 2), bi da bi.A lokacin lokacin SP-IRS, raguwa (kafin da bayan) na ciyayi masu launin fari sun kasance iri ɗaya a cikin feshin gidaje (t (2) = - 9.09, P <0.001) da kuma gidajen turawa (t (2) = - 1.29, P = 0.33).Mafi girma idan aka kwatanta da DDT-IRS a kowane tazara na 3 bayan IRS.Ga magungunan kwari guda biyu, yawan kwaro na azurfa ya karu a cikin gidajen saƙon makonni 12 bayan IRS (watau 3.6% da 9.9% na SP da DDT, bi da bi).A lokacin SP da DDT biyo bayan tarurrukan IRS, an tattara shrimp na azurfa 112 da 161 daga gonakin sentinel, bi da bi.
Ba a lura da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a yawan adadin shrimp na azurfa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin gida (watau spray vs sentinel: t (2) = - 3.47, P = 0.07; spray vs control: t (2) = - 2.03, P = 0.18; sentinel vs. control : a lokacin IRS makonni bayan DDT, t (2) = - 0.59, P = 0.62).Sabanin haka, an lura da bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin ƙimar shrimp na azurfa tsakanin rukunin fesa da ƙungiyar kulawa (t (2) = - 11.28, P = 0.01) kuma tsakanin rukunin fesa da ƙungiyar kulawa (t (2) = - 4, 42, P = 0.05).IRS 'yan makonni bayan SP.Don SP-IRS, ba a sami bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin iyalai na aikawa da kulawa (t (2) = -0.48, P = 0.68).Hoto na 2 yana nuna matsakaicin matsakaicin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in azurfa da aka gani akan gonaki gabaɗaya kuma wani sashi na kulawa da ƙafafun IRS.Babu wani bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin yawan ciyawar da aka sarrafa gaba ɗaya tsakanin gidaje masu cikakken kulawa da wani yanki (ma'ana 7.3 da 2.7 kowane tarko/dare).DDT-IRS da SP-IRS, bi da bi), kuma an fesa wasu gidaje da magungunan kashe kwari (ma'ana 7.5 da 4.4 kowace dare don DDT-IRS da SP-IRS, bi da bi) (t(2) ≤ 1.0, P> 0.2).Koyaya, adadin jatan lankwasa na azurfa a cikin gonaki da aka fesa gaba ɗaya sun bambanta sosai tsakanin zagayen SP da DDT IRS (t(2) ≥ 4.54, P ≤ 0.05).
Ƙididdiga ma'anar yawa na kwari masu fuka-fuki na azurfa a cikin cikakkun gidaje da aka yi wa magani a ƙauyen Mahanar, Lavapur, a cikin makonni 2 kafin IRS da makonni 2, 4 da 12 bayan IRS, DDT da SP zagaye.
Cikakken taswirar haɗarin sararin samaniya ( ƙauyen Lavapur Mahanar; jimlar yanki: 26,723 km2) an haɓaka shi don gano ƙananan ƙananan, matsakaita da manyan wuraren haɗarin sararin samaniya don lura da bullowa da sake dawowar jatan azurfa kafin da kuma makonni da yawa bayan aiwatar da IRS (Figs. 3). , 4)...Mafi girman makin haɗari ga gidaje yayin ƙirƙirar taswirar haɗarin sararin samaniya an ƙididdige shi a matsayin "12" (watau "8" don taswirar haɗari na tushen HT da "4" don taswirar haɗari na tushen VSI da IRSS).Mafi ƙarancin ƙididdige ƙimar haɗarin shine "sifili" ko "babu haɗari" sai dai taswirar DDT-VSI da IRSS waɗanda ke da mafi ƙarancin maki na 1. Taswirar haɗari na tushen HT ya nuna cewa babban yanki (watau 19,994.3 km2; 74.8%) na Lavapur Kauyen Mahanar yanki ne da ke da hatsarin gaske inda mazauna garin suka fi haduwa da sake bullowar sauro.Keɓaɓɓen yanki ya bambanta tsakanin babban (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), matsakaici (DDT 22.3%; SP 4.6%) da ƙananan / babu haɗari (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) yankuna%) (t (2) = 12.7, P <0.05) tsakanin faifan haɗari na DDT da SP-IS da IRSS (Fig. 3, 4).Taswirar haɗari na ƙarshe da aka haɓaka ya nuna cewa SP-IRS yana da mafi kyawun damar kariya fiye da DDT-IRS a duk matakan wuraren haɗarin HT.Babban yanki mai haɗari ga HT an rage shi zuwa ƙasa da 7% (1837.3 km2) bayan SP-IRS kuma yawancin yankin (watau 53.6%) ya zama yanki mara ƙarfi.A cikin lokacin DDT-IRS, yawan manyan wuraren haɗari da ƙananan haɗari da aka tantance ta taswirar haɗarin haɗin gwiwa shine 35.5% (9498.1 km2) da 16.2% (4342.4 km2), bi da bi.Yawan ƙuda mai yashi da aka auna a cikin gidajen kulawa da na aike kafin da makwanni da yawa bayan aiwatar da IRS an ƙirƙira su kuma an hango su akan taswirar haɗari ga kowane zagaye na IRS (watau DDT da SP) (Figs. 3, 4).An sami kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tsakanin makin haɗarin gida da matsakaicin adadin kuɗin shrimp na azurfa da aka rubuta kafin da bayan IRS (Hoto 5).Ƙimar R2 (P <0.05) na ƙididdigar daidaito da aka ƙididdige daga zagaye biyu na IRS sune: 0.78 2 makonni kafin DDT, 0.81 2 makonni bayan DDT, 0.78 4 makonni bayan DDT, 0.83 bayan DDT- DDT 12 makonni, DDT Jimlar bayan SP shine 0.85, 0.82 2 makonni kafin SP, 0.38 2 makonni bayan SP, 0.56 4 makonni bayan SP, 0.81 12 makonni bayan SP da 0.79 2 makonni bayan SP gabaɗaya (Ƙarin fayil 1: Table S3).Sakamako ya nuna cewa an inganta tasirin sa baki na SP-IRS akan duk HT a cikin makonni 4 da ke bin IRS.DDT-IRS ya kasance mara amfani ga duk HT a kowane lokaci bayan aiwatar da IRS.An taƙaita sakamakon kimar filin filin taswirar hadedde a cikin Tebur na 5. Don zagaye na IRS, yana nufin wadatar shrimp na silverbellied da kuma yawan adadin duka a wuraren da ke da haɗari (watau> 55%) ya fi na ƙananan- kuma wuraren da ke da matsakaicin haɗari a duk wuraren lokacin IRS.Wuraren iyalai masu ilimin halitta (watau waɗanda aka zaɓa don tarin sauro) an tsara su kuma an gani a cikin Ƙarin fayil 1: Hoto S2.
Nau'ikan taswirar haɗarin sararin samaniya na GIS guda uku (watau HT, IS da IRSS da haɗin HT, IS da IRSS) don gano wuraren haɗarin ƙamshi kafin da bayan DDT-IRS a ƙauyen Mahnar, Lavapur, gundumar Vaishali (Bihar)
Nau'i uku na taswirar haɗarin sararin samaniya na tushen GIS (watau HT, IS da IRSS da haɗin HT, IS da IRSS) don gano wuraren haɗarin shrimp da aka hange azurfa (idan aka kwatanta da Kharbang)
An ƙididdige tasirin DDT- (a, c, e, g, i) da SP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) akan matakai daban-daban na ƙungiyoyin haɗari na gida ta hanyar ƙididdigewa "R2" tsakanin haɗarin gida. .Ƙididdiga na alamomin gida da matsakaicin yawa na P. argentipes makonni 2 kafin aiwatar da IRS da 2, 4 da 12 makonni bayan aiwatar da IRS a ƙauyen Lavapur Mahnar, gundumar Vaishali, Bihar
Shafin 6 yana taƙaita sakamakon binciken univariate na duk abubuwan haɗari da ke shafar ƙarancin flake.Dukkan abubuwan haɗari (n = 6) an gano suna da alaƙa da yawa tare da yawan sauro na gida.An lura cewa mahimmancin matakin duk masu canji masu dacewa sun samar da ƙimar P ƙasa da 0.15.Don haka, an riƙe duk masu canji na bayani don nazarin koma baya da yawa.An ƙirƙiri mafi kyawun haɗaɗɗen ƙirar ƙarshe bisa ga abubuwan haɗari guda biyar: TF, TW, DS, ISV, da IRSS.Tebur na 7 ya lissafa cikakkun bayanai na sigogin da aka zaɓa a cikin ƙirar ƙarshe, da kuma daidaita daidaiton ƙima, 95% tazarar amincewa (CIs), da ƙimar P.Samfurin ƙarshe yana da matuƙar mahimmanci, tare da ƙimar R2 na 0.89 (F(5)=27 .9, P<0.001).
An cire TR daga samfurin ƙarshe saboda yana da ƙarancin mahimmanci (P = 0.46) tare da sauran masu canji na bayani.An yi amfani da ƙirar da aka haɓaka don hasashen yawan yashi bisa ga bayanai daga gidaje 12 daban-daban.Sakamakon tabbatarwa ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin yawan sauro da aka lura a cikin filin da kuma yawan sauro wanda samfurin ya annabta (r = 0.91, P <0.001).
Manufar ita ce kawar da VL daga jihohin Indiya masu fama da cutar ta 2020 [10].Tun daga 2012, Indiya ta sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci wajen rage yawan faruwa da mace-mace na VL [10].Sauya daga DDT zuwa SP a cikin 2015 babban canji ne a tarihin IRS a Bihar, Indiya [38].Don fahimtar haɗarin sararin samaniya na VL da kuma yawan abubuwan da ke tattare da shi, an gudanar da nazarin matakin macro da yawa.Duk da haka, kodayake rarraba sararin samaniya na VL ya sami ƙarin kulawa a duk faɗin ƙasar, an gudanar da bincike kaɗan a matakin ƙananan.Bugu da ƙari, a matakin ƙananan bayanai, bayanai ba su da daidaituwa kuma sun fi wuyar ganewa da fahimta.A iyakar saninmu, wannan binciken shine rahoton farko don kimanta ragowar tasiri da tasirin IRS ta amfani da maganin kwari DDT da SP tsakanin HT a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Kula da Vector VL na ƙasa a Bihar (Indiya).Wannan kuma shine yunƙuri na farko na haɓaka taswirar haɗarin sararin samaniya da ƙirar ƙididdige yawan sauro don bayyana yanayin rarraba sauro a microscale ƙarƙashin yanayin sa hannun IRS.
Sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa ɗaukar gida na SP-IRS ya yi yawa a duk gidaje kuma yawancin gidaje an sarrafa su sosai.Sakamakon bioassay ya nuna cewa yashi na azurfa a ƙauyen binciken yana da matukar damuwa ga beta-cypermethrin amma yana da ƙasa da DDT.Matsakaicin adadin mace-mace na shrimp na azurfa daga DDT bai wuce 50% ba, yana nuna babban matakin juriya ga DDT.Wannan ya yi daidai da sakamakon binciken da aka yi a baya a lokuta daban-daban a kauyuka daban-daban na jihohin VL-endemic na Indiya, ciki har da Bihar [8,9,39,40].Baya ga hankalin magungunan kashe qwari, ragowar tasirin magungunan kashe qwari da tasirin sa baki su ma mahimman bayanai ne.Tsawon lokacin ragowar tasirin yana da mahimmanci don sake zagayowar shirye-shirye.Yana ƙayyade tazara tsakanin zagaye na IRS domin yawan jama'a ya kasance cikin kariya har zuwa fesa na gaba.Sakamakon bioassay na Cone ya bayyana manyan bambance-bambance a cikin mace-mace tsakanin nau'ikan saman bango a wurare daban-daban bayan IRS.Yawan mace-mace a saman da aka yi wa DDT ya kasance koyaushe yana ƙasa da matakin gamsarwa na WHO (watau, ≥80%), yayin da akan bangon da aka yiwa SP, mace-mace ya kasance mai gamsarwa har zuwa mako na huɗu bayan IRS;Daga waɗannan sakamakon, a bayyane yake cewa duk da cewa shrimp na azurfa da aka samu a cikin binciken yana da matukar damuwa ga SP, ragowar tasirin SP ya bambanta dangane da HT.Kamar DDT, SP kuma baya cika tsawon lokacin tasiri da aka ƙayyade a cikin jagororin WHO [41, 42].Wannan rashin aikin na iya kasancewa saboda rashin aiwatar da IRS (watau motsa famfo a cikin saurin da ya dace, nisa daga bango, yawan fitarwa da girman ɗigon ruwa da ajiyarsu akan bango), da kuma rashin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari (watau. shiri na bayani) [11,28,43].Duk da haka, tun da an gudanar da wannan binciken a ƙarƙashin kulawa da kulawa, wani dalili na rashin saduwa da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da aka ba da shawarar ranar karewa zai iya zama ingancin SP (watau yawan adadin kayan aiki ko "AI") wanda ya ƙunshi QC.
Daga cikin nau'ikan saman guda uku da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta dagewar magungunan kashe qwari, an sami bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin mace-mace tsakanin BUU da CPLC don magungunan kashe qwari guda biyu.Wani sabon binciken shi ne cewa CPLC ya nuna mafi kyawun aikin saura a kusan kowane lokaci bayan feshi da BUU da PMP saman.Koyaya, makonni biyu bayan IRS, PMP ya rubuta mafi girma da na biyu mafi girman adadin mace-mace daga DDT da SP, bi da bi.Wannan sakamakon yana nuna cewa maganin kashe kwari da aka ajiye a saman PMP ba ya daɗe na dogon lokaci.Wannan bambance-bambance a cikin tasirin tasirin magungunan kashe qwari tsakanin nau'ikan bango na iya zama saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar abubuwan da ke tattare da sinadarai na bango (ƙaramar pH da ke haifar da wasu magungunan kashe qwari don rushewa da sauri), ƙimar sha (mafi girma akan bangon ƙasa), samuwa. na bazuwar kwayan cuta da yawan lalata kayan bango, da zafin jiki da zafi [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49].Sakamakonmu yana goyan bayan wasu karatu da yawa akan tasirin saura na saman da aka yi wa maganin kwari akan cututtukan cututtuka daban-daban [45, 46, 50, 51].
Ƙididdiga na rage sauro a cikin gidajen da aka kula da su ya nuna cewa SP-IRS ya fi tasiri fiye da DDT-IRS wajen sarrafa sauro a kowane lokaci bayan IRS (P <0.001).Don zagayen SP-IRS da DDT-IRS, ƙimar raguwar gidajen da aka yi magani daga makonni 2 zuwa 12 sun kasance 55.6-90.5% da 14.1-34.1%, bi da bi.Wadannan sakamakon sun kuma nuna cewa an lura da tasiri mai yawa akan yawan P. argentipes a cikin gidaje na sentinel a cikin makonni 4 na aiwatar da IRS;Argentina sun karu a cikin duka zagaye na IRS makonni 12 bayan IRS;Duk da haka, babu wani gagarumin bambanci a cikin adadin sauro a cikin gidajen kurkuku tsakanin zagaye biyu na IRS (P = 0.33).Sakamako daga kididdigar kididdigar kididdigar yawan adadin shrimp na azurfa tsakanin kungiyoyin gida a kowane zagaye kuma ba su nuna wani bambance-bambance a cikin DDT a duk rukunin gidaje guda hudu (watau fesa vs. sentinel; fesa vs. control; sentinel vs. control; complete vs. partial).).Ƙungiyoyin dangi biyu IRS da SP-IRS (watau sentinel vs. iko da cikakken vs. m).Koyaya, an sami bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin nau'ikan shrimp na azurfa tsakanin zagaye na DDT da SP-IRS a cikin gonaki da aka fesa.Wannan lura, haɗe tare da gaskiyar cewa an ƙididdige tasirin shiga tsakani sau da yawa bayan IRS, yana nuna cewa SP yana da tasiri don sarrafa sauro a cikin gidajen da ke da wani yanki ko cikakken magani, amma ba a kula da su ba.Duk da haka, kodayake babu wani bambance-bambance a cikin ƙididdiga na adadin sauro a cikin gidajen sentinel tsakanin zagaye na DDT-IRS da SP IRS, matsakaicin adadin sauro da aka tattara yayin zagaye na DDT-IRS ya ragu idan aka kwatanta da zagaye na SP-IRS..Yawa ya wuce yawa.Wannan sakamakon yana nuna cewa ƙwayar cuta mai saurin kamuwa da cuta tare da mafi girman ɗaukar hoto na IRS a tsakanin jama'ar gida na iya yin tasiri ga yawan jama'a akan sarrafa sauro a cikin gidajen da ba a fesa ba.Dangane da sakamakon, SP ya sami ingantaccen sakamako na rigakafi akan cizon sauro fiye da DDT a cikin kwanakin farko bayan IRS.Bugu da kari, alpha-cypermethrin na cikin rukunin SP ne, yana da ɓacin rai da guba kai tsaye ga sauro kuma ya dace da IRS [51, 52].Wannan na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da yasa alpha-cypermethrin ke da ƙarancin tasiri a cikin wuraren waje.Wani binciken [52] ya gano cewa ko da yake alpha-cypermethrin ya nuna amsawar da ake ciki da kuma yawan ƙwanƙwasa a cikin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje da kuma a cikin bukkoki, fili bai haifar da amsa ba a cikin sauro a ƙarƙashin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje.gida.gidan yanar gizo.
A cikin wannan binciken, an ƙirƙiri taswirar haɗarin sararin samaniya iri uku;An ƙididdige ƙididdige ƙididdiga na haɗarin sararin samaniya-matakin gida da matakin yanki ta hanyar lura da fage na yawan ƙwayar shrimp.Binciken yankunan haɗari bisa HT ya nuna cewa mafi yawan yankunan ƙauye (> 78%) na Lavapur-Mahanara suna cikin mafi girman matakin hadarin yashi da kuma sake dawowa.Wataƙila wannan shine babban dalilin da yasa Rawalpur Mahanar VL ya shahara sosai.Gabaɗaya ISV da IRSS, da taswirar haɗari na ƙarshe, an samo su don samar da ƙananan kaso na wuraren da ke ƙarƙashin manyan wuraren haɗari yayin zagaye na SP-IRS (amma ba zagaye na DDT-IRS ba).Bayan SP-IRS, manyan yankuna masu girma da matsakaicin haɗari dangane da GT an canza su zuwa ƙananan haɗari (watau 60.5%; ƙididdigar taswirar haɗari), wanda ya kusan sau huɗu ƙasa (16.2%) fiye da DDT.- Halin yana kan jadawalin haɗarin fayil ɗin IRS a sama.Wannan sakamakon yana nuna cewa IRS shine zaɓin da ya dace don sarrafa sauro, amma matakin kariya ya dogara da ingancin maganin kwari, hankali (ga vector mai niyya), yarda (a lokacin IRS) da aikace-aikacen sa;
Sakamakon kima na haɗarin gida ya nuna kyakkyawar yarjejeniya (P <0.05) tsakanin kiyasin haɗari da yawa na shrimp na azurfa da aka tattara daga gidaje daban-daban.Wannan yana nuna cewa bambance-bambancen haɗarin gida da ƙimar haɗarinsu sun dace sosai don ƙididdige yawan kurmin azurfa na gida.Ƙimar R2 na binciken yarjejeniyar DDT bayan-IRS ya kasance ≥ 0.78, wanda yayi daidai da ko mafi girma fiye da ƙimar pre-IRS (watau 0.78).Sakamakon ya nuna cewa DDT-IRS yana da tasiri a duk wuraren haɗarin HT (watau babba, matsakaici, da ƙasa).Don zagaye na SP-IRS, mun gano cewa ƙimar R2 ta canza a cikin makonni na biyu da na huɗu bayan aiwatar da IRS, ƙimar makonni biyu kafin aiwatar da IRS da makonni 12 bayan aiwatar da IRS kusan iri ɗaya ne;Wannan sakamakon yana nuna gagarumin tasirin bayyanar SP-IRS akan sauro, wanda ya nuna raguwar yanayin tare da tazarar lokaci bayan IRS.An nuna tasirin SP-IRS kuma an tattauna a cikin surori da suka gabata.
Sakamako daga binciken filaye na wuraren haɗarin taswirar sun nuna cewa yayin zagaye na IRS, an tattara mafi yawan lambobi na shrimp na azurfa a yankuna masu haɗari (watau> 55%), sannan matsakaici- da yankuna masu haɗari.A taƙaice, ƙididdigar haɗarin sararin samaniya na tushen GIS ya tabbatar da zama ingantaccen kayan aiki na yanke shawara don tara nau'ikan bayanan sararin samaniya daban-daban ko a hade don gano wuraren haɗarin gardamar yashi.Taswirar haɗarin da aka haɓaka tana ba da cikakkiyar fahimta game da yanayin gabaɗaya da bayan shiga tsakani (watau nau'in gida, matsayin IRS, da tasirin sa baki) a cikin yankin binciken da ke buƙatar aiwatar da gaggawa ko haɓakawa, musamman a matakin ƙaramin.Wani sanannen yanayi.A gaskiya ma, da yawa karatu sun yi amfani da kayan aikin GIS don yin taswirar haɗarin wuraren kiwo na vector da kuma rarraba wurare dabam dabam na cututtuka a matakin macro [24, 26, 37].
Halayen gidaje da abubuwan haɗari don saɓanin tushen IRS an ƙididdige ƙididdiga don amfani a cikin nazarin adadin shrimp na azurfa.Ko da yake duk abubuwa shida (watau TF, TW, TR, DS, ISV, da IRSS) suna da alaƙa da yawa tare da ɗimbin shrimp na ƙwallon ƙafa na gida a cikin nazari na bai-daya, ɗaya daga cikinsu an zaɓi shi a cikin ƙirar koma baya da yawa na ƙarshe daga cikin biyar.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa halayen sarrafa fursunoni da abubuwan shiga tsakani na IRS TF, TW, DS, ISV, IRSS, da sauransu a cikin yankin binciken sun dace don sa ido kan fitowar, farfadowa da haifuwa na jatan azurfa.A cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga masu yawa, TR ba a sami mahimmanci ba kuma saboda haka ba a zaba shi a cikin samfurin ƙarshe ba.Samfurin ƙarshe ya kasance mai matuƙar mahimmanci, tare da zaɓaɓɓun sigogi da ke bayanin 89% na yawan shrimp na ƙafar azurfa.Sakamakon daidaiton samfuri ya nuna ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙa tsakanin annabta da abubuwan da aka gani na shrimp na azurfa.Sakamakonmu kuma yana goyan bayan binciken da aka yi a baya wanda ya tattauna matsalolin tattalin arziki da haɗarin gidaje da ke da alaƙa da yaduwar VL da rarraba sararin samaniya a cikin karkarar Bihar [15, 29].
A cikin wannan binciken, ba mu ƙididdige adadin magungunan kashe qwari a bangon da aka fesa da ingancin (watau) maganin kashe qwari da aka yi amfani da shi don IRS ba.Bambance-bambancen ingancin magungunan kashe qwari da yawa na iya shafar mutuwar sauro da tasirin saƙon IRS.Don haka, kiyasin mace-mace tsakanin nau'ikan saman da tasirin shiga tsakanin ƙungiyoyin gida na iya bambanta da ainihin sakamakon.Yin la'akari da waɗannan batutuwa, za a iya shirya sabon nazari.Ƙididdiga na jimlar yankin da ke cikin haɗari (ta yin amfani da taswirar hadarin GIS) na ƙauyuka na binciken ya haɗa da wuraren budewa tsakanin ƙauyuka, wanda ke rinjayar rarraba yankunan haɗari (watau gano yankuna) kuma ya kara zuwa yankuna daban-daban;Duk da haka, an gudanar da wannan binciken a matakin ƙananan ƙananan, don haka filin da ba kowa ba yana da tasiri kawai a kan rarraba wuraren haɗari;Bugu da ƙari, ganowa da kuma tantance wuraren haɗari daban-daban a cikin jimlar ƙauyen na iya ba da damar zaɓar wuraren da za a yi sabon ginin gidaje a nan gaba (musamman zaɓin ƙananan ƙananan haɗari).Gabaɗaya, sakamakon wannan binciken yana ba da bayanai iri-iri waɗanda ba a taɓa yin nazari ba a matakin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a baya.Mafi mahimmanci, wakilcin sararin samaniya na taswirar ƙauyen ƙauyen yana taimakawa wajen ganowa da ƙungiyoyin gidaje a wurare daban-daban na haɗari, idan aka kwatanta da binciken ƙasa na gargajiya, wannan hanya mai sauƙi, mai dacewa, mai tsada da ƙananan aiki, samar da bayanai ga masu yanke shawara.
Sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa kifin azurfa na asali a ƙauyen binciken ya haɓaka juriya (watau suna da juriya sosai) ga DDT, kuma an ga bullar sauro nan da nan bayan IRS;Alpha-cypermethrin ya bayyana shine zaɓin da ya dace don sarrafa IRS na vectors na VL saboda yawan mace-macen sa na 100% da ingantacciyar hanyar shiga tsakani a kan ɓangarorin azurfa, da kuma mafi kyawun karɓar al'umma idan aka kwatanta da DDT-IRS.Duk da haka, mun gano cewa mutuwar sauro a kan ganuwar SP da aka yi wa magani ya bambanta dangane da nau'in saman;An lura da ƙarancin ƙarancin inganci kuma WHO ta ba da shawarar lokaci bayan ba a sami IRS ba.Wannan binciken yana ba da kyakkyawar mafari don tattaunawa, kuma sakamakonsa yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don gano ainihin tushen tushen.Daidaitaccen tsinkaya na ƙirar ƙima na yashi gardama ya nuna cewa haɗin halayen gidaje, ƙwarewar kwari na vectors da matsayin IRS ana iya amfani da su don kimanta yawan yashi a ƙauyukan VL a cikin Bihar.Har ila yau, bincikenmu ya nuna cewa haɗa taswirar haɗarin sararin samaniya na tushen GIS (matakin macro) na iya zama kayan aiki mai amfani don gano wuraren haɗari don sa ido kan bullowar yashi da sake fitowar yawan yashi kafin da kuma bayan tarurrukan IRS.Bugu da ƙari, taswirar haɗarin sararin samaniya suna ba da cikakkiyar fahimta game da girman da yanayin wuraren haɗari a matakai daban-daban, waɗanda ba za a iya yin nazari ta hanyar binciken filin gargajiya da hanyoyin tattara bayanai na al'ada ba.Bayanin haɗarin microspatial da aka tattara ta taswirar GIS na iya taimakawa masana kimiyya da masu binciken lafiyar jama'a haɓaka da aiwatar da sabbin dabarun sarrafawa (watau sa baki ɗaya ko haɗaɗɗen sarrafa ƙwayar cuta) don isa ƙungiyoyin gidaje daban-daban dangane da yanayin matakan haɗari.Bugu da ƙari, taswirar haɗari yana taimakawa haɓaka rabo da amfani da albarkatun sarrafawa a daidai lokaci da wurin da ya dace don inganta tasirin shirin.
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Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-20-2024