Feshin da aka yi a cikin gida (IRS) shine babban abin da ke haifar da ƙoƙarin sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta na visceral leishmaniasis (VL) a Indiya. Ba a san komai game da tasirin da kulawar IRS ke yi wa nau'ikan gidaje daban-daban ba. A nan muna tantance ko amfani da magungunan kwari na IRS yana da tasirin saura da kuma shiga tsakani iri ɗaya ga dukkan nau'ikan gidaje a ƙauye. Mun kuma ƙirƙiro taswirar haɗarin sarari da samfuran nazarin yawan sauro dangane da halayen gida, yanayin maganin kwari, da matsayin IRS don bincika rarraba ƙwayoyin cuta na wurare daban-daban a matakin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.
An gudanar da binciken a ƙauyuka biyu na Mahnar block a gundumar Vaishali ta Bihar. An kimanta ikon sarrafa ƙwayoyin VL (P. argentipes) ta hanyar IRS ta amfani da magungunan kwari guda biyu [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50%) da pyrethroids na roba (SP 5%)]. An tantance tasirin sauran ƙwayoyin kwari na ɗan lokaci akan nau'ikan bango daban-daban ta amfani da hanyar bioassay ta cone kamar yadda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawara. An binciki yadda kifayen azurfa na asali ke shafar ƙwayoyin kwari ta amfani da bioassay ta in vitro. An sa ido kan yawan sauro kafin da bayan IRS a gidaje da wuraren kiwon dabbobi ta amfani da tarkuna masu sauƙi da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta sanya daga ƙarfe 6:00 na yamma zuwa 6:00 na safe. An haɓaka mafi kyawun samfurin nazarin yawan sauro ta amfani da nazarin juzu'i da yawa. An yi amfani da fasahar nazarin sararin samaniya ta GIS don zana taswirar rarrabawar tasirin magungunan kwari ta hanyar nau'in gida, kuma an yi amfani da matsayin IRS na gida don bayyana rarraba jatan lande na azurfa na sararin samaniya.
Sauro na azurfa suna da matuƙar saurin kamuwa da SP (100%), amma suna nuna juriya ga DDT sosai, tare da adadin mace-mace na 49.1%. An ruwaito cewa SP-IRS yana da karɓuwa mafi kyau ga jama'a fiye da DDT-IRS a tsakanin dukkan nau'ikan gidaje. Ingancin ragowar ya bambanta a saman bango daban-daban; babu ɗayan magungunan kwari da ya cika shawartar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta IRS na tsawon lokacin aiki. A duk lokutan bayan IRS, raguwar ƙwari saboda SP-IRS ya fi girma tsakanin ƙungiyoyin gida (misali, masu feshi da masu tsaro) fiye da DDT-IRS. Taswirar haɗarin sarari da aka haɗa ta nuna cewa SP-IRS yana da tasiri mafi kyau akan sauro fiye da DDT-IRS a duk wuraren haɗari na gida. Binciken koma-baya na dabaru da matakai da yawa ya gano abubuwa guda biyar masu haɗari waɗanda ke da alaƙa da yawan jatan lande na azurfa.
Sakamakon zai samar da fahimtar ayyukan IRS wajen shawo kan cutar leishmaniasis ta visceral a Bihar, wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen jagorantar ƙoƙarin da ake yi na inganta lamarin a nan gaba.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), wanda aka fi sani da kala-azar, cuta ce da aka yi watsi da ita a wurare masu zafi wadda ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaduwa ke haifarwa, waɗanda ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaduwa na ƙwayoyin cuta na halittar Leishmania ke haifarwa. A cikin yankin Indiya (IS), inda mutane kaɗai ke da wurin ajiyar ruwa, ƙwayoyin cuta (watau Leishmania donovani) suna yaɗuwa ga mutane ta hanyar cizon sauro mata masu kamuwa da cuta (Phlebotomus argentipes) [1, 2]. A Indiya, ana samun VL galibi a jihohi huɗu na tsakiya da gabas: Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal da Uttar Pradesh. An kuma ba da rahoton wasu barkewar cutar a Madhya Pradesh (Tsakiya ta Indiya), Gujarat (Yammacin Indiya), Tamil Nadu da Kerala (Kudancin Indiya), da kuma a yankunan arewacin Indiya, ciki har da Himachal Pradesh da Jammu da Kashmir. 3]. Daga cikin jihohin da cutar ta fi kamari, Bihar tana da yawan jama'a inda gundumomi 33 da VL ke shafa suka kai sama da kashi 70% na jimillar waɗanda suka kamu da cutar a Indiya kowace shekara [4]. Kimanin mutane miliyan 99 a yankin suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar, inda matsakaicin adadin waɗanda suka kamu da cutar a kowace shekara ya kai 6,752 (2013-2017).
A Bihar da sauran sassan Indiya, ƙoƙarin kula da VL ya dogara ne akan manyan dabaru guda uku: gano cutar da wuri, magani mai inganci, da kuma kula da ƙwayoyin cuta ta amfani da feshin maganin kwari na cikin gida (IRS) a cikin gidaje da matsugunan dabbobi [4, 5]. A matsayin wani sakamako na yaƙin neman magani na zazzabin cizon sauro, IRS ta yi nasarar sarrafa VL a shekarun 1960 ta amfani da dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2), da kuma sarrafa shirye-shirye cikin nasara ta sarrafa VL a cikin 1977 da 1992 [5, 6]. Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya tabbatar da cewa jatan lande mai launin azurfa ya sami juriya mai yawa ga DDT [4,7,8]. A cikin 2015, Shirin Kula da Cututtukan da Aka Haifa na Ƙasa (NVBDCP, New Delhi) ya canza IRS daga DDT zuwa pyrethroids na roba (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% WP, 25 mg ai/m2) [7, 9]. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kafa burin kawar da VL nan da shekarar 2020 (watau <1 shari'a ga mutane 10,000 a kowace shekara a matakin titi/barewa) [10]. Bincike da dama sun nuna cewa IRS ta fi sauran hanyoyin sarrafa vector tasiri wajen rage yawan yashi [11,12,13]. Wani samfurin da aka yi kwanan nan ya kuma annabta cewa a wuraren da annobar ta fi kamari (watau, yawan annobar da aka riga aka shawo kanta na 5/10,000), ingantaccen IRS wanda ya shafi kashi 80% na gidaje zai iya cimma burin kawar da cutar shekaru daya zuwa uku da suka gabata [14]. VL yana shafar al'ummomin karkara marasa galihu a yankunan da cutar ta fi kamari kuma ikon sarrafa vector dinsu ya dogara ne kawai akan IRS, amma ba a taɓa yin nazarin tasirin wannan matakin sarrafawa akan nau'ikan gidaje daban-daban a fagen a yankunan da aka yi wa gwaji ba [15, 16]. Bugu da ƙari, bayan aiki mai zurfi don yaƙar VL, annobar a wasu ƙauyuka ta ɗauki shekaru da yawa kuma ta koma wurare masu zafi [17]. Saboda haka, ya zama dole a kimanta tasirin da IRS ta rage akan sa ido kan yawan sauro a nau'ikan gidaje daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, taswirar haɗarin yanayin ƙasa mai girman microscale zai taimaka wajen fahimtar da kuma sarrafa yawan sauro ko da bayan an yi maganin. Tsarin bayanai na ƙasa (GIS) haɗin fasahar taswirar dijital ne waɗanda ke ba da damar adanawa, rufewa, sarrafawa, bincike, dawo da gani da kuma nuna nau'ikan bayanai daban-daban na muhalli da zamantakewar al'umma don dalilai daban-daban [18, 19, 20]. . Ana amfani da tsarin matsayi na duniya (GPS) don nazarin matsayin sarari na sassan saman duniya [21, 22]. An yi amfani da kayan aikin da dabarun samfurin sararin samaniya na GIS da GPS ga fannoni da dama na annoba, kamar kimanta cututtuka na sarari da na ɗan lokaci da hasashen barkewar cutar, aiwatarwa da kimanta dabarun sarrafawa, hulɗar ƙwayoyin cuta da abubuwan muhalli, da taswirar haɗarin sarari. [20,23,24,25,26]. Bayanan da aka tattara kuma aka samo daga taswirar haɗarin yanayi na iya sauƙaƙe matakan sarrafawa cikin lokaci da inganci.
Wannan binciken ya tantance tasirin da sauran tasirin DDT da SP-IRS suka yi a matakin gida a ƙarƙashin Shirin Kula da Vector na Ƙasa na VL a Bihar, Indiya. Ƙarin manufofi sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar taswirar haɗarin sarari da samfurin nazarin yawan sauro bisa ga halayen zama, saurin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta, da matsayin IRS na gida don bincika tsarin rarraba sauro na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.
An gudanar da binciken ne a yankin Mahnar na gundumar Vaishali da ke arewacin Ganga (Hoto na 1). Makhnar yanki ne mai yawan kamuwa da cutar, inda matsakaicin adadin masu kamuwa da cutar VL ya kai 56.7 a kowace shekara (masu kamuwa da cutar 170 a shekarar 2012-2014), adadin masu kamuwa da cutar a kowace shekara shine 2.5-3.7 a kowace al'umma 10,000; An zaɓi ƙauyuka biyu: Chakeso a matsayin wurin da ake kula da cutar (Hoto na 1d1; babu masu kamuwa da cutar VL a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata) da Lavapur Mahanar a matsayin wurin da cutar ta fi kamari (Hoto na 1d2; mai yawan kamuwa da cutar, tare da mutane 5 ko fiye a kowace mutane 1000 a kowace shekara). A cikin shekaru 5 da suka gabata). An zaɓi ƙauyuka bisa manyan sharuɗɗa guda uku: wuri da isa ga mutane (watau suna kan kogi mai sauƙin isa ga mutane duk shekara), halayen alƙaluma da adadin gidaje (watau aƙalla gidaje 200; Chaqueso yana da gidaje 202 da 204 tare da matsakaicin girman gida). Mutane 4.9 da 5.1) da kuma Lavapur Mahanar bi da bi) da kuma nau'in gida (HT) da kuma yanayin rarraba su (watau HT da aka rarraba bazuwar). Duk ƙauyukan binciken suna cikin nisan mita 500 daga garin Makhnar da asibitin gundumar. Binciken ya nuna cewa mazauna ƙauyukan binciken suna da hannu sosai a cikin ayyukan bincike. Gidajen da ke ƙauyen horo [wanda ya ƙunshi ɗakunan kwana 1-2 tare da baranda 1 da aka haɗa, kicin 1, bandaki 1 da sito 1 (wanda aka haɗa ko aka ware)] sun ƙunshi bangon tubali/laka da benaye masu ado, bangon tubali tare da filastar siminti na lemun tsami. da benayen siminti, bangon tubali mara fenti da wanda ba a fenti ba, benayen yumbu da rufin ciyawa. Duk yankin Vaishali yana da yanayi mai zafi mai zafi tare da lokacin damina (Yuli zuwa Agusta) da lokacin rani (Nuwamba zuwa Disamba). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine 720.4 mm (tsakanin 736.5-1076.7 mm), ɗanɗanon da ya dace shine 65±5% (tsakanin 16-79%), matsakaicin zafin wata-wata shine 17.2-32.4°C. Mayu da Yuni sune watanni mafi zafi (zafin jiki 39-44°C), yayin da Janairu shine mafi sanyi (7-22°C).
Taswirar yankin binciken ta nuna wurin Bihar a taswirar Indiya (a) da kuma wurin da gundumar Vaishali take a taswirar Bihar (b). An zaɓi Makhnar Block (c) An zaɓi ƙauyuka biyu don binciken: Chakeso a matsayin wurin sarrafawa da Lavapur Makhnar a matsayin wurin shiga tsakani.
A matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Kula da Kalaazar na Ƙasa, Hukumar Lafiya ta Bihar Society (SHSB) ta gudanar da zagaye biyu na IRS na shekara-shekara a tsakanin 2015 da 2016 (zagaye na farko, Fabrairu-Maris; zagaye na biyu, Yuni-Yuli)[4]. Domin tabbatar da aiwatar da dukkan ayyukan IRS yadda ya kamata, an shirya wani ƙaramin tsarin aiki ta Rajendra Memorial Medical Institute (RMRIMS; Bihar), Patna, wani reshe na Majalisar Binciken Lafiya ta Indiya (ICMR; New Delhi). cibiyar nodal. An zaɓi ƙauyukan IRS bisa manyan sharuɗɗa guda biyu: tarihin shari'o'in VL da na baya-bayan nan na kala-azar (RPKDL) a ƙauyen (watau, ƙauyuka masu shari'o'i 1 ko fiye a kowane lokaci a cikin shekaru 3 da suka gabata, gami da shekarar aiwatarwa). , ƙauyuka marasa kamuwa da cuta a kusa da "wurare masu zafi" (watau ƙauyuka waɗanda suka ci gaba da bayar da rahoton shari'o'i na ≥ shekaru 2 ko ≥ lokuta 2 ga mutane 1000) da sabbin ƙauyuka marasa kamuwa da cuta (babu shari'o'i a cikin shekaru 3 da suka gabata) ƙauyuka a cikin shekarar ƙarshe ta shekarar aiwatarwa da aka ruwaito a [17]. Kauyukan da ke makwabtaka da ke aiwatar da zagaye na farko na harajin ƙasa, da sabbin ƙauyuka an haɗa su a zagaye na biyu na shirin harajin ƙasa. A shekarar 2015, an gudanar da zagaye biyu na IRS ta amfani da DDT (DDT 50% WP, 1 g ai/m2) a ƙauyukan nazarin shiga tsakani. Tun daga shekarar 2016, an yi IRS ta amfani da pyrethroids na roba (SP; alpha-cypermethrin 5% VP, 25 mg ai/m2). An yi feshin ta amfani da famfon Hudson Xpert (L 13.4) tare da allon matsi, bawul mai canzawa (sanduna 1.5) da bututun feshi mai faɗi 8002 don saman ramuka masu ramuka [27]. ICMR-RMRIMS, Patna (Bihar) sun sa ido kan IRS a matakin gida da ƙauye kuma sun ba da bayanai na farko game da IRS ga ƙauye ta hanyar makirufo a cikin kwanaki 1-2 na farko. Kowace ƙungiyar IRS tana da na'urar saka idanu (wanda RMRIMS ta bayar) don sa ido kan aikin ƙungiyar IRS. An tura masu gabatar da ƙara, tare da ƙungiyoyin IRS, zuwa dukkan gidaje don sanar da shugabannin gidaje da kuma tabbatar musu da fa'idodin IRS. A lokacin zagaye biyu na binciken IRS, jimillar yawan gidaje a ƙauyukan binciken ya kai aƙalla kashi 80% [4]. An rubuta matsayin feshi (watau, babu feshi, feshi na ɓangare, da cikakken feshi; an bayyana a cikin Ƙarin fayil na 1: Tebur S1) ga dukkan gidaje a ƙauyen shiga tsakani a lokacin zagaye biyu na IRS.
An gudanar da binciken ne daga watan Yunin 2015 zuwa Yulin 2016. IRS ta yi amfani da cibiyoyin cututtuka don yin riga-kafi kafin shiga tsakani (watau, makonni 2 kafin shiga tsakani; binciken farko) da kuma bayan shiga tsakani (watau makonni 2, 4, da 12 bayan shiga tsakani; binciken bin diddigi) sa ido, kula da yawan mutane, da kuma hana kwari a kowace zagayen IRS. a kowace gida Dare ɗaya (watau daga 18:00 zuwa 6:00) tarkon haske [28]. An sanya tarkunan haske a cikin ɗakunan kwana da matsugunan dabbobi. A ƙauyen da aka gudanar da binciken shiga tsakani, an gwada gidaje 48 don yawan kwari a gaban IRS (gidaje 12 a kowace rana na tsawon kwanaki 4 a jere har zuwa ranar da ta gabaci ranar IRS). An zaɓi mutane 12 ga kowanne daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi huɗu na gidaje (watau filastar yumbu mai sauƙi (PMP), filastar siminti da rufin lemun tsami (CPLC), gidaje marasa fenti da marasa fenti (BUU) da gidajen rufin ciyawa (TH). Bayan haka, an zaɓi gidaje 12 kacal (daga cikin gidaje 48 kafin IRS) don ci gaba da tattara bayanai kan yawan sauro bayan taron IRS. A cewar shawarwarin WHO, an zaɓi gidaje 6 daga cikin ƙungiyar shiga tsakani (gidajen da ke karɓar maganin IRS) da ƙungiyar masu tsaro (gidajen da ke cikin ƙauyukan shiga tsakani, waɗanda suka ƙi izinin IRS) [28]. Daga cikin ƙungiyar masu kulawa (gidaje a ƙauyukan da ke maƙwabtaka waɗanda ba su yi wa IRS tiyata ba saboda rashin VL), an zaɓi gidaje 6 kacal don sa ido kan yawan sauro kafin da kuma bayan zaman IRS guda biyu. Ga dukkan ƙungiyoyin sa ido kan yawan sauro uku (misali shiga tsakani, mai tsaro da kuma kulawa), an zaɓi gidaje daga ƙungiyoyi uku na matakin haɗari (watau ƙasa, matsakaici da babba; gidaje biyu daga kowane matakin haɗari) kuma an rarraba halayen haɗarin HT (an nuna kayayyaki da tsari a cikin Tebur 1 da Tebur 2, bi da bi) [29, 30]. An zaɓi gidaje biyu a kowane matakin haɗari don guje wa ƙiyasin yawan sauro da kwatancen tsakanin ƙungiyoyi. A cikin ƙungiyar shiga tsakani, an sa ido kan yawan sauro bayan IRS a cikin nau'ikan gidaje biyu na IRS: an yi musu magani sosai (n = 3; gida 1 ga kowane rukuni na haɗari) kuma an yi musu magani kaɗan (n = 3; gida 1 ga kowane rukuni na haɗari).). ƙungiyar haɗari).
An mayar da dukkan sauro da aka kama a filin da aka tara a cikin bututun gwaji zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma an kashe bututun gwajin ta amfani da ulu na auduga da aka jika a cikin chloroform. An haɗa ƙudaje na azurfa da jinsi kuma an raba su da sauran kwari da sauro bisa ga halayen siffa ta amfani da lambobin tantancewa na yau da kullun [31]. Sannan an sanya dukkan jatan lande na azurfa na maza da mata a cikin gwangwani daban-daban a cikin barasa na 80%. An ƙididdige yawan sauro a kowace tarko/dare ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa: jimlar adadin sauro da aka tattara/adadin tarko masu haske da aka saita a kowace dare. An kiyasta canjin kashi a yawan sauro (SFC) saboda IRS ta amfani da DDT da SP ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa [32]:
inda A shine matsakaicin SFC na asali ga gidaje masu shiga tsakani, B shine matsakaicin SFC na IRS ga gidaje masu shiga tsakani, C shine matsakaicin SFC na asali ga gidaje masu kulawa/tsaro, kuma D shine matsakaicin SFC na gidaje masu kulawa/tsaro na IRS.
Sakamakon tasirin shiga tsakani, wanda aka rubuta a matsayin ƙima mara kyau da mai kyau, yana nuna raguwa da ƙaruwa a SFC bayan IRS, bi da bi. Idan SFC bayan IRS ya kasance iri ɗaya da SFC na asali, an ƙididdige tasirin shiga tsakani a matsayin sifili.
A cewar Shirin Kimanta Kwayoyin Cuta na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHOPES), an tantance yadda jatan lande na azurfaleg na asali ke shafar magungunan kashe kwari na DDT da SP ta amfani da gwaje-gwajen in vitro na yau da kullun [33]. Jatan lande na azurfa na mata masu lafiya da waɗanda ba a ciyar da su ba (18-25 SF ga kowace ƙungiya) an fallasa su ga magungunan kashe kwari da aka samu daga Jami'ar Sains Malaysia (USM, Malaysia; wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta tsara) ta amfani da Kayan Gwaji na Ƙwayoyin Cuta na Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya [4,9, 33,34]. An gwada kowace saitin gwaje-gwajen ƙwayoyin cuta sau takwas (gwaji huɗu, kowannensu yana gudana a lokaci guda tare da na'urar sarrafawa). An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen sarrafawa ta amfani da takarda da aka riga aka saka da risella (don DDT) da man silicone (don SP) wanda USM ta bayar. Bayan mintuna 60 na fallasa, an sanya sauro a cikin bututun WHO kuma an ba su ulu mai sha wanda aka jika a cikin maganin sukari 10%. An lura da adadin sauro da suka mutu bayan awa 1 da kuma mace-macen ƙarshe bayan awanni 24. An bayyana yanayin juriya bisa ga ka'idojin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya: mace-macen kashi 98-100% yana nuna kamuwa da cuta, kashi 90-98% yana nuna yiwuwar juriya da ke buƙatar tabbatarwa, kuma <90% yana nuna juriya [33, 34]. Saboda mace-macen da ke cikin rukunin kulawa sun kama daga 0 zuwa 5%, ba a yi wani gyara ga mace-mace ba.
An tantance tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran tasirin da ke tattare da su ga tururuwan asali a ƙarƙashin yanayin filin. A cikin gidaje uku na shiga tsakani (ɗaya da aka yi da filastar yumbu ko PMP, filastar siminti da rufin lemun tsami ko CPLC, tubalin da ba a yi masa fenti ba ko BUU) a makonni 2, 4 da 12 bayan fesawa. An yi gwajin bio na WHO na yau da kullun akan mazugi masu ɗauke da tarkuna masu sauƙi. An kafa [27, 32]. An cire dumama gida saboda rashin daidaiton bango. A cikin kowane bincike, an yi amfani da mazugi 12 a duk gidajen gwaji (mazugi huɗu a kowane gida, ɗaya ga kowane nau'in saman bango). Haɗa mazugi zuwa kowane bango na ɗakin a tsayi daban-daban: ɗaya a matakin kai (daga 1.7 zuwa 1.8 m), biyu a matakin kugu (daga 0.9 zuwa 1 m) da ɗaya a ƙasa da gwiwa (daga 0.3 zuwa 0 .5 m). An sanya sauro mata goma da ba a ciyar da su ba (10 a kowace mazugi; an tattara daga wani yanki na sarrafawa ta amfani da na'urar numfashi) a cikin kowace ɗakin mazugi na filastik na WHO (mazugi ɗaya a kowane nau'in gida) a matsayin sarrafawa. Bayan mintuna 30 na fallasa, a hankali a cire sauro daga cikinsa; ɗakin mazugi ta amfani da na'urar numfashi ta gwiwar hannu sannan a mayar da su cikin bututun WHO da ke ɗauke da maganin sukari 10% don ciyarwa. An rubuta mutuwar ƙarshe bayan awanni 24 a 27 ± 2°C da kuma 80 ± 10% na ɗanɗano. An daidaita ƙimar mace-mace tare da maki tsakanin 5% da 20% ta amfani da dabarar Abbott [27] kamar haka:
inda P shine adadin mace-macen da aka daidaita, P1 shine kashi na mace-macen da aka lura, kuma C shine kashi na mace-macen da aka sarrafa. An yi watsi da gwaje-gwajen da suka nuna mace-macen da suka fi kashi 20% kuma aka sake gudanar da su [27, 33].
An gudanar da cikakken bincike kan gidaje a ƙauyen shiga tsakani. An rubuta wurin GPS na kowane gida tare da ƙirarsa da nau'in kayansa, wurin zama, da matsayin shiga tsakani. Dandalin GIS ya ƙirƙiri wani yanki na dijital wanda ya haɗa da layukan iyakoki a matakin ƙauye, gunduma, gunduma da jiha. Duk wuraren gida ana yiwa alama ta geo ta amfani da layukan GIS na matakin ƙauye, kuma ana haɗa bayanan sifofinsu da sabunta su. A kowane wurin gida, an tantance haɗarin bisa ga HT, sauƙin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin kwari, da matsayin IRS (Tebur 1) [11, 26, 29, 30]. Sannan an canza duk wuraren gida zuwa taswirar jigo ta amfani da nauyin nesa na juyewa (IDW; ƙuduri bisa ga matsakaicin yankin gida na 6 m2, iko 2, adadin wuraren kewaye = 10, ta amfani da radius na bincike mai canzawa, matatar ƙasa mai wucewa). da taswirar cubic convolution) fasahar haɗa sararin samaniya [35]. An ƙirƙiri nau'ikan taswirar jigo guda biyu na sararin samaniya: taswirar jigo ta HT da kuma tasirin vector na kwari da kuma taswirar jigo ta IRS (ISV da IRSS). An haɗa taswirar haɗarin guda biyu ta amfani da nazarin overlay mai nauyi [36]. A yayin wannan tsari, an sake rarraba layukan raster zuwa azuzuwan fifiko na gabaɗaya don matakan haɗari daban-daban (watau, babba, matsakaici, da ƙasa/babu haɗari). Sannan an ninka kowane Layer na raster da aka sake rarraba shi ta hanyar nauyin da aka ba shi bisa ga mahimmancin sigogi waɗanda ke tallafawa yawan sauro (bisa ga yawan da ake samu a ƙauyukan bincike, wuraren kiwon sauro, da halayen hutawa da ciyarwa) [26, 29]. , 30, 37]. An auna taswirar haɗarin duka biyun da ke cikin mutum 50:50 yayin da suka ba da gudummawa daidai gwargwado ga yawan sauro (Ƙarin fayil na 1: Tebur S2). Ta hanyar taƙaita taswirar thematic overlay mai nauyi, an ƙirƙiri kuma an nuna taswirar haɗari ta ƙarshe akan dandamalin GIS. An gabatar da taswirar haɗari ta ƙarshe kuma an bayyana ta dangane da ƙimar Sand Fly Risk Index (SFRI) da aka ƙididdige ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa:
A cikin dabarar, P shine ƙimar ma'aunin haɗari, L shine ƙimar haɗari gabaɗaya ga wurin kowane gida, kuma H shine mafi girman ƙimar haɗari ga iyali a yankin binciken. Mun shirya kuma mun gudanar da matakan GIS da bincike ta amfani da ESRI ArcGIS v.9.3 (Redlands, CA, Amurka) don ƙirƙirar taswirar haɗari.
Mun gudanar da nazarin koma-baya da yawa don bincika tasirin haɗin gwiwa na HT, ISV, da IRSS (kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Jadawali na 1) akan yawan sauro a gida (n = 24). An ɗauki halayen gidaje da abubuwan haɗari bisa ga sa hannun IRS da aka rubuta a cikin binciken a matsayin masu canji masu bayani, kuma an yi amfani da yawan sauro a matsayin mai canjin amsawa. An yi nazarin koma-baya na Poisson na Univariate ga kowane mai canji mai bayani da ke da alaƙa da yawan yashi. A lokacin nazarin univariate, an cire masu canji waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci kuma suna da ƙimar P fiye da 15% daga nazarin komawa-baya da yawa. Don bincika hulɗa, an haɗa kalmomin hulɗa don duk haɗuwa mai yiwuwa na masu canji masu mahimmanci (wanda aka samu a cikin nazarin univariate) a lokaci guda a cikin nazarin komawa-baya da yawa, kuma an cire kalmomin da ba su da mahimmanci daga samfurin ta hanyar mataki-mataki don ƙirƙirar samfurin ƙarshe.
An gudanar da kimanta haɗarin gida ta hanyoyi biyu: kimanta haɗarin gida da kuma haɗakar kimantawar sarari na yankunan haɗari a taswira. An kiyasta kimanta haɗarin gida ta amfani da nazarin alaƙa tsakanin kimanta haɗarin gida da yawan ƙudaje (wanda aka tattara daga gidaje 6 masu tsaro da gidaje 6 masu shiga tsakani; makonni kafin da kuma bayan aiwatar da IRS). An kiyasta yankunan haɗari ta hanyar amfani da matsakaicin adadin sauro da aka tattara daga gidaje daban-daban kuma aka kwatanta su tsakanin ƙungiyoyin haɗari (misali ƙananan, matsakaici da manyan yankuna masu haɗari). A kowace zagaye na IRS, an zaɓi gidaje 12 (gidaje 4 a kowane mataki uku na yankunan haɗari; ana gudanar da tattarawa da dare a kowane makonni 2, 4, da 12 bayan IRS) don tattara sauro don gwada cikakken taswirar haɗari. An yi amfani da bayanan gida iri ɗaya (misali HT, VSI, IRSS da matsakaicin yawan sauro) don gwada samfurin komawa baya na ƙarshe. An gudanar da bincike mai sauƙi tsakanin lura da filin da yawan sauro na gida da aka yi hasashen samfurin.
An ƙididdige ƙididdiga masu bayani kamar matsakaicin, mafi ƙaranci, matsakaicin, 95% tazara amincewa (CI) da kashi-kashi don taƙaita bayanai masu alaƙa da entomological da IRS. Matsakaicin adadi/yawa da mace-macen kwari na azurfa (ragowar magungunan kwari) ta amfani da gwaje-gwajen parametric [samfuran da aka haɗa t-test (don bayanai da aka rarraba akai-akai)] da gwaje-gwajen da ba parametric ba (matsayin Wilcoxon da aka sanya wa hannu) don kwatanta tasiri tsakanin nau'ikan saman a cikin gidaje (iee, BUU vs. CPLC, BUU vs. PMP, da CPLC vs. PMP) gwajin bayanai marasa rarraba akai-akai). An gudanar da duk nazarin ta amfani da software na SPSS v.20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, Amurka).
An ƙididdige yawan gidaje a ƙauyukan shiga tsakani a lokacin zagayen IRS DDT da SP. Jimillar gidaje 205 sun sami IRS a kowane zagaye, ciki har da gidaje 179 (87.3%) a zagayen DDT da gidaje 194 (94.6%) a zagayen SP don sarrafa ƙwayoyin cuta na VL. Adadin gidaje da aka yi wa magani da maganin kwari ya fi yawa a lokacin SP-IRS (86.3%) fiye da lokacin DDT-IRS (52.7%). Adadin gidaje da suka fice daga IRS a lokacin DDT shine 26 (12.7%) kuma adadin gidaje da suka fice daga IRS a lokacin SP shine 11 (5.4%). A lokacin zagayen DDT da SP, adadin gidaje da aka yi wa magani ...
A bisa ga ka'idojin juriya ga magungunan kashe kwari na WHO, yawan jatan lande na azurfa a wurin da aka yi maganin ya kasance mai saurin kamuwa da cutar alpha-cypermethrin (0.05%) yayin da matsakaicin mace-macen da aka ruwaito a lokacin gwajin (awanni 24) ya kasance 100%. Adadin mace-macen da aka lura da shi shine 85.9% (95% CI: 81.1–90.6%). Ga DDT, adadin mace-macen da aka yi a awanni 24 shine 22.8% (95% CI: 11.5–34.1%), kuma matsakaicin mace-macen da aka yi a gwajin lantarki shine 49.1% (95% CI: 41.9–56.3%). Sakamakon ya nuna cewa jatan lande na azurfa sun sami cikakken juriya ga DDT a wurin da aka yi maganin.
A cikin teburi na 3, an taƙaita sakamakon nazarin halittu na mazugi na nau'ikan saman daban-daban (lokaci daban-daban bayan IRS) waɗanda aka yi wa magani da DDT da SP. Bayananmu sun nuna cewa bayan awanni 24, magungunan kashe kwari guda biyu (BUU vs. CPLC: t(2)= – 6.42, P = 0.02; BUU vs. PMP: t(2) = 0.25, P = 0.83; CPLC vs PMP: t(2)= 1.03, P = 0.41 (ga DDT-IRS da BUU) CPLC: t(2)= − 5.86, P = 0.03 da PMP: t(2) = 1.42, P = 0.29; IRS, CPLC da PMP: t(2) = 3.01, P = 0.10 da SP: t(2) = 9.70, P = 0.01; yawan mace-mace ya ragu a hankali akan lokaci. Ga SP-IRS: makonni 2 bayan feshi ga duk nau'ikan bango (watau kashi 95.6% gaba ɗaya) da makonni 4 bayan feshi ga bangon CPLC kawai (watau 82.5). A cikin rukunin DDT, mace-mace ta kasance ƙasa da kashi 70% ga duk nau'ikan bango a kowane lokaci bayan gwajin bio na IRS. Matsakaicin ƙimar mace-macen gwaji na DDT da SP bayan makonni 12 na feshi shine 25.1% da 63.2%, bi da bi. Nau'ikan saman uku, matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙimar mace-mace tare da DDT shine 61.1% (ga PMP makonni 2 bayan IRS), 36.9% (ga CPLC makonni 4 bayan IRS), da 28.9% (ga CPLC makonni 4 bayan IRS). Mafi ƙarancin ƙimar shine 55% (ga BUU, makonni 2 bayan IRS), 32.5% (ga PMP, makonni 4 bayan IRS) da 20% (ga PMP, makonni 4 bayan IRS); IRS ta Amurka). Ga SP, matsakaicin adadin mace-mace ga duk nau'ikan saman shine kashi 97.2% (ga CPLC, makonni 2 bayan IRS), 82.5% (ga CPLC, makonni 4 bayan IRS), da kuma kashi 67.5% (ga CPLC, makonni 4 bayan IRS). makonni 12 bayan IRS). IRS na Amurka). makonni bayan IRS); mafi ƙarancin adadin shine kashi 94.4% (ga BUU, makonni 2 bayan IRS), 75% (ga PMP, makonni 4 bayan IRS), da kuma kashi 58.3% (ga PMP, makonni 12 bayan IRS). Ga duka magungunan kwari, mace-mace a saman da aka yi wa magani da PMP ya bambanta da sauri a tsawon lokaci fiye da saman da aka yi wa magani da CPLC da BUU.
Tebur na 4 ya taƙaita tasirin shiga tsakani (watau, canje-canje bayan IRS a yawan sauro) na zagayen IRS na DDT da SP (Ƙarin fayil na 1: Hoto na S1). Ga DDT-IRS, raguwar kashi a cikin ƙwaro masu ƙafafu masu launin azurfa bayan tazara ta IRS shine 34.1% (a makonni 2), 25.9% (a makonni 4), da 14.1% (a makonni 12). Ga SP-IRS, ƙimar raguwar ita ce 90.5% (a makonni 2), 66.7% (a makonni 4), da 55.6% (a makonni 12). Mafi girman raguwar yawan jatan lande na azurfa a cikin gidajen tsaro a lokacin rahoton DDT da SP IRS shine 2.8% (a makonni 2) da 49.1% (a makonni 2), bi da bi. A lokacin SP-IRS, raguwar (kafin da bayan) na pheasants masu farin ciki iri ɗaya ne a gidajen fesawa (t(2)= – 9.09, P < 0.001) da gidajen tsaro (t(2) = – 1.29, P = 0.33). Ya fi girma idan aka kwatanta da DDT-IRS a duk tazara 3 bayan IRS. Ga duka magungunan kwari, yawan kwari na azurfa ya ƙaru a gidajen tsaro makonni 12 bayan IRS (watau, 3.6% da 9.9% ga SP da DDT, bi da bi). A lokacin SP da DDT bayan tarurrukan IRS, an tattara jatan lande 112 da 161 na azurfa daga gonakin tsaro, bi da bi.
Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a yawan jatan lande na azurfa da aka lura tsakanin ƙungiyoyin gida (watau feshi da sentinel: t(2)= – 3.47, P = 0.07; feshi da iko: t(2) = – 2.03, P = 0.18; sentinel da iko: a lokacin makonnin IRS bayan DDT, t(2) = − 0.59, P = 0.62). Sabanin haka, an lura da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a yawan jatan lande na azurfa tsakanin ƙungiyar feshi da ƙungiyar sarrafawa (t(2) = – 11.28, P = 0.01) da kuma tsakanin ƙungiyar feshi da ƙungiyar sarrafawa (t(2) = – 4, 42, P = 0.05). IRS 'yan makonni bayan SP. Ga SP-IRS, ba a lura da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin dangin tsaro da iyalan kulawa ba (t(2)= -0.48, P = 0.68). Siffa ta 2 ta nuna matsakaicin yawan pheasant da aka lura a gonaki gaba ɗaya kuma an yi wa wasu sassan magani da ƙafafun IRS. Babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a yawan pheasants da aka sarrafa gaba ɗaya tsakanin gidaje masu cikakken iko da kuma waɗanda aka sarrafa gaba ɗaya (matsakaicin 7.3 da 2.7 a kowace tarko/dare). DDT-IRS da SP-IRS, bi da bi), kuma an fesa wasu gidaje da maganin kwari guda biyu (matsakaicin 7.5 da 4.4 a kowace dare ga DDT-IRS da SP-IRS, bi da bi) (t(2) ≤ 1.0, P > 0.2). Duk da haka, yawan jatan lande na azurfa a cikin gonakin da aka fesa gaba ɗaya da waɗanda aka fesa sun bambanta sosai tsakanin zagayen SP da DDT IRS (t(2) ≥ 4.54, P ≤ 0.05).
An kiyasta matsakaicin yawan ƙwari masu wari masu fuka-fukai na azurfa a cikin gidaje masu cikakken magani da kuma waɗanda aka yi wa magani kaɗan a ƙauyen Mahanar, Lavapur, a cikin makonni 2 kafin IRS da makonni 2, 4 da 12 bayan zagayen IRS, DDT da SP.
An ƙirƙiro taswirar haɗarin sarari mai cikakken bayani (ƙauyen Lavapur Mahanar; jimillar yanki: 26,723 km2) don gano yankunan haɗarin sarari masu ƙanƙanta, matsakaici da tsayi don sa ido kan fitowar da sake farfaɗo da jatan lande na azurfa kafin da kuma makonni da dama bayan aiwatar da IRS (Hoto na 3, 4). . . An ƙirƙiro mafi girman maki mai haɗari ga gidaje yayin ƙirƙirar taswirar haɗarin sarari a matsayin "12" (watau, "8" don taswirar haɗarin da ke tushen HT da "4" don taswirar haɗarin da ke tushen VSI da IRSS). Mafi ƙarancin maki mai haɗari da aka ƙirƙiro shine "sifili" ko "babu haɗari" sai dai taswirar DDT-VSI da IRSS waɗanda ke da mafi ƙarancin maki na 1. Taswirar haɗarin da ke tushen HT ta nuna cewa babban yanki (watau 19,994.3 km2; 74.8%) na ƙauyen Lavapur Mahanar yanki ne mai haɗari inda mazauna ke iya haɗuwa da sake farfaɗo da sauro. Yaɗuwar yanki ya bambanta tsakanin babban (DDT 20.2%; SP 4.9%), matsakaici (DDT 22.3%; SP 4.6%) da ƙananan/babu haɗari (DDT 57.5%; SP 90.5) %) (t (2) = 12.7, P < 0.05) tsakanin jadawalin haɗarin DDT da SP-IS da IRS (Hoto na 3, 4). Taswirar haɗari ta ƙarshe da aka haɓaka ta nuna cewa SP-IRS tana da mafi kyawun damar kariya fiye da DDT-IRS a duk matakan wuraren haɗari na HT. An rage babban yankin haɗari ga HT zuwa ƙasa da 7% (1837.3 km2) bayan SP-IRS da mafi yawan yankin (watau 53.6%) sun zama ƙaramin yanki mai haɗari. A lokacin DDT-IRS, kaso na yankunan da ke da babban haɗari da ƙananan haɗari da aka kimanta ta hanyar taswirar haɗari da aka haɗa sun kasance kashi 35.5% (9498.1 km2) da 16.2% (4342.4 km2), bi da bi. An zana kuma an nuna yawan ƙudajen yashi da aka auna a cikin gidajen da aka yi wa magani da kuma gidajen tsaro kafin da kuma makonni da dama bayan aiwatar da IRS akan taswirar haɗari da aka haɗa don kowane zagaye na IRS (watau, DDT da SP) (Hoto na 3, 4). Akwai kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tsakanin ma'aunin haɗarin gida da matsakaicin yawan jatan lande na azurfa da aka rubuta kafin da bayan IRS (Hoto na 5). Ƙimar R2 (P < 0.05) na nazarin daidaito da aka ƙididdige daga zagaye biyu na IRS sune: 0.78 makonni 2 kafin DDT, 0.81 makonni 2 bayan DDT, 0.78 makonni 4 bayan DDT, 0.83 bayan DDT-DDT makonni 12, DDT Jimlar bayan SP shine 0.85, 0.82 makonni 2 kafin SP, 0.38 makonni 2 bayan SP, 0.56 makonni 4 bayan SP, 0.81 makonni 12 bayan SP da 0.79 makonni 2 bayan SP gabaɗaya (Ƙarin fayil na 1: Tebur S3). Sakamakon ya nuna cewa tasirin shiga tsakani na SP-IRS akan duk HT ya inganta a cikin makonni 4 bayan IRS. DDT-IRS ya kasance mai tasiri ga duk HT a kowane lokaci bayan aiwatar da IRS. An taƙaita sakamakon kimanta filin na yankin taswirar haɗari da aka haɗa a cikin Jadawali na 5. Ga zagayen IRS, matsakaicin yawan jatan lande mai launin azurfa da kashi na jimillar yawan da ke cikin yankunan da ke da haɗari (watau, >55%) ya fi girma fiye da yankunan da ke da ƙarancin haɗari da matsakaici a duk lokutan bayan IRS. An tsara wuraren da iyalan da ke da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta (watau waɗanda aka zaɓa don tattara sauro) kuma an nuna su a cikin Ƙarin fayil na 1: Hoto na S2.
Nau'o'i uku na taswirar haɗarin sarari bisa tushen GIS (misali HT, IS da IRSS da haɗin HT, IS da IRSS) don gano wuraren haɗarin ƙwai kafin da bayan DDT-IRS a ƙauyen Mahnar, Lavapur, gundumar Vaishali (Bihar)
Nau'o'i uku na taswirar haɗarin sararin samaniya waɗanda ke tushen GIS (misali HT, IS da IRSS da haɗin HT, IS da IRSS) don gano wuraren haɗarin jatan lande da aka gano a azurfa (idan aka kwatanta da Kharbang)
An ƙididdige tasirin DDT-(a, c, e, g, i) da SP-IRS (b, d, f, h, j) akan matakai daban-daban na ƙungiyoyin haɗarin nau'in gida ta hanyar ƙididdige "R2" tsakanin haɗarin gida. Kimanta alamun gida da matsakaicin yawan P. argentipes makonni 2 kafin aiwatar da IRS da makonni 2, 4 da 12 bayan aiwatar da IRS a ƙauyen Lavapur Mahnar, gundumar Vaishali, Bihar
Tebur na 6 ya taƙaita sakamakon nazarin univariate na duk abubuwan haɗari da ke shafar yawan flake. An gano cewa duk abubuwan haɗari (n = 6) suna da alaƙa sosai da yawan sauro na gida. An lura cewa matakin mahimmancin duk masu canji masu dacewa ya haifar da ƙimar P ƙasa da 0.15. Don haka, an riƙe duk masu canji masu bayani don nazarin komawa baya da yawa. An ƙirƙiri haɗin da ya fi dacewa da samfurin ƙarshe bisa ga abubuwan haɗari guda biyar: TF, TW, DS, ISV, da IRSS. Tebur na 7 ya lissafa cikakkun bayanai na sigogi da aka zaɓa a cikin samfurin ƙarshe, da kuma rabon rashin daidaito da aka daidaita, tazara na amincewa 95% (CIs), da ƙimar P. Tsarin ƙarshe yana da matuƙar mahimmanci, tare da ƙimar R2 na 0.89 (F(5)=27 .9, P<0.001).
An cire TR daga samfurin ƙarshe saboda bai fi muhimmanci ba (P = 0.46) tare da sauran masu canji masu bayani. An yi amfani da samfurin da aka haɓaka don yin hasashen yawan ƙudaje na yashi bisa ga bayanai daga gidaje 12 daban-daban. Sakamakon tabbatarwa ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin yawan sauro da aka lura a fagen da yawan sauro da aka annabta ta hanyar samfurin (r = 0.91, P < 0.001).
Manufar ita ce a kawar da VL daga jihohin da ke fama da cutar a Indiya nan da shekarar 2020 [10]. Tun daga shekarar 2012, Indiya ta sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci wajen rage yawan mace-mace da kuma mace-macen VL [10]. Sauya daga DDT zuwa SP a shekarar 2015 babban sauyi ne a tarihin IRS a Bihar, Indiya [38]. Don fahimtar haɗarin VL da yawan ƙwayoyin cuta, an gudanar da bincike da dama na matakin macro. Duk da haka, kodayake rarrabawar yaduwar VL a sarari ya sami ƙarin kulawa a duk faɗin ƙasar, ba a gudanar da bincike kaɗan a matakin micro ba. Bugu da ƙari, a matakin micro, bayanai ba su da daidaito kuma sun fi wahalar nazari da fahimta. A gwargwadon iliminmu, wannan binciken shine rahoto na farko da ya kimanta tasirin da ya rage da tasirin shiga tsakani na IRS ta amfani da magungunan kwari DDT da SP tsakanin HTs a ƙarƙashin Shirin Kula da Vector na Ƙasa na VL a Bihar (Indiya). Wannan kuma shine yunƙurin farko na haɓaka taswirar haɗarin sarari da samfurin nazarin yawan sauro don bayyana rarrabawar sauro a matakin microscale a ƙarƙashin yanayin shiga tsakani na IRS.
Sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa shan SP-IRS a gida yana da yawa a cikin dukkan gidaje kuma yawancin gidaje an sarrafa su gaba ɗaya. Sakamakon binciken bioassay ya nuna cewa ƙudajen yashi na azurfa a ƙauyen binciken suna da matuƙar saurin kamuwa da beta-cypermethrin amma kaɗan ne ga DDT. Matsakaicin adadin mace-mace na jatan lande na azurfa daga DDT bai wuce kashi 50% ba, wanda ke nuna babban matakin juriya ga DDT. Wannan ya yi daidai da sakamakon binciken da aka yi a baya a lokuta daban-daban a ƙauyuka daban-daban na jihohin da ke fama da VL a Indiya, ciki har da Bihar [8,9,39,40]. Baya ga jin daɗin maganin kwari, tasirin sauran magungunan kashe kwari da tasirin shiga tsakani suma suna da mahimmanci. Tsawon lokacin tasirin da ya rage yana da mahimmanci ga zagayowar shirye-shirye. Yana ƙayyade tazara tsakanin zagayen IRS don haka jama'a su kasance masu kariya har zuwa feshi na gaba. Sakamakon binciken bioe na Cone ya nuna bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin mace-mace tsakanin nau'ikan saman bango a lokutan daban-daban bayan IRS. Mutuwa akan saman da aka yi wa magani da DDT koyaushe yana ƙasa da matakin da WHO ta gamsu da shi (watau, ≥80%), yayin da akan bangon da aka yi wa magani da SP, mace-mace ta kasance mai gamsarwa har zuwa mako na huɗu bayan IRS; Daga waɗannan sakamakon, a bayyane yake cewa duk da cewa jatan lande na azurfa da aka samu a yankin binciken suna da matuƙar tasiri ga SP, tasirin SP ya bambanta dangane da HT. Kamar DDT, SP kuma bai cika tsawon lokacin tasirin da aka ƙayyade a cikin jagororin WHO ba [41, 42]. Wannan rashin inganci na iya kasancewa saboda rashin aiwatar da IRS (misali motsa famfon a saurin da ya dace, nisan da ke tsakanin bango, yawan fitarwa da girman ɗigon ruwa da kuma jikewar su a bango), da kuma amfani da magungunan kashe kwari marasa kyau (watau shirya maganin) [11,28,43]. Duk da haka, tunda an gudanar da wannan binciken a ƙarƙashin sa ido da kulawa mai ƙarfi, wani dalili na rashin cika alƙawarin ranar ƙarewa da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawara na iya zama ingancin SP (watau, kashi na sinadarin aiki ko "AI") wanda ya ƙunshi QC.
Daga cikin nau'ikan saman guda uku da aka yi amfani da su don kimanta juriyar maganin kwari, an lura da bambance-bambance masu yawa a mace-mace tsakanin BUU da CPLC na magungunan kashe kwari guda biyu. Wani sabon bincike kuma shi ne cewa CPLC ya nuna ingantaccen aiki a kusan dukkan lokutan bayan feshi sannan sai saman BUU da PMP. Duk da haka, makonni biyu bayan IRS, PMP ta sami mafi girman da kuma mafi girman adadin mace-mace na biyu daga DDT da SP, bi da bi. Wannan sakamakon ya nuna cewa maganin kashe kwari da aka ajiye a saman PMP ba ya dawwama na dogon lokaci. Wannan bambanci a cikin ingancin ragowar magungunan kashe kwari tsakanin nau'ikan bango na iya zama saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar abun da ke cikin sinadarai na bango (ƙarin pH wanda ke sa wasu magungunan kashe kwari su lalace da sauri), ƙimar sha (mafi girma a bangon ƙasa), samuwar ruɓewar ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma ƙimar lalacewar kayan bango, da kuma zafin jiki da danshi [44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. Sakamakonmu yana goyan bayan wasu bincike da dama kan tasirin sauran saman da aka yi wa maganin kwari akan cututtukan cututtuka daban-daban [45, 46, 50, 51].
Kiyasin rage sauro a cikin gidaje da aka yi wa magani ya nuna cewa SP-IRS ya fi DDT-IRS tasiri wajen sarrafa sauro a duk lokacin bayan IRS (P < 0.001). Ga zagayen SP-IRS da DDT-IRS, ƙimar raguwar gidaje da aka yi wa magani daga makonni 2 zuwa 12 sun kasance 55.6-90.5% da 14.1-34.1%, bi da bi. Waɗannan sakamakon sun kuma nuna cewa an lura da tasirin da ke da yawa akan yawan P. argentipes a cikin gidajen tsaro cikin makonni 4 na aiwatar da IRS; argentipes ya ƙaru a zagayen IRS guda biyu makonni 12 bayan IRS; Duk da haka, babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin adadin sauro a cikin gidajen tsaro tsakanin zagayen IRS guda biyu (P = 0.33). Sakamakon binciken ƙididdiga na yawan jatan lande na azurfa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin gidaje a kowane zagaye kuma bai nuna wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin DDT a cikin dukkan ƙungiyoyin gidaje huɗu ba (watau, fesawa vs. sentinel; fesa vs. control; sentinel vs. control; cikakken vs. partial). Ƙungiyoyin iyali guda biyu IRS da SP-IRS (watau, sentinel vs. control da full vs. partial). Duk da haka, an lura da bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin yawan jatan lande na azurfa tsakanin zagayen DDT da SP-IRS a gonaki da aka fesa kaɗan da cikakke. Wannan lura, tare da gaskiyar cewa an ƙididdige tasirin shiga tsakani sau da yawa bayan IRS, yana nuna cewa SP yana da tasiri don sarrafa sauro a cikin gidaje waɗanda aka yi wa magani kaɗan ko cikakke, amma ba a yi musu magani ba. Duk da haka, kodayake babu wani bambanci mai mahimmanci a kididdiga a cikin adadin sauro a cikin gidajen tsaro tsakanin zagayen DDT-IRS da SP IRS, matsakaicin adadin sauro da aka tattara a lokacin zagayen DDT-IRS ya yi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da zagayen SP-IRS. .Yawa ya wuce adadi. Wannan sakamakon ya nuna cewa maganin kwari mai saurin kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta tare da mafi girman rufewar IRS a tsakanin jama'ar gida na iya yin tasirin jama'a akan sarrafa sauro a cikin gidaje waɗanda ba a fesa ba. A cewar sakamakon, SP yana da tasiri mafi kyau akan cizon sauro fiye da DDT a cikin kwanakin farko bayan IRS. Bugu da ƙari, alpha-cypermethrin yana cikin ƙungiyar SP, yana da ƙaiƙayi da guba kai tsaye ga sauro kuma ya dace da IRS [51, 52]. Wannan na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da yasa alpha-cypermethrin ba shi da tasiri sosai a wuraren da ake tsare da shi. Wani bincike [52] ya gano cewa kodayake alpha-cypermethrin ya nuna martanin da ake da su da kuma yawan bugun da ake yi a gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma a cikin bukkoki, mahaɗin bai samar da martani mai hana sauro a ƙarƙashin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje da aka sarrafa ba. cabin.website.
A cikin wannan binciken, an ƙirƙiro nau'ikan taswirar haɗarin sarari guda uku; An tantance kiyasin haɗarin sarari na matakin gida da matakin yanki ta hanyar lura da yawan jatan lande na azurfaleg. Binciken yankunan haɗari bisa ga HT ya nuna cewa yawancin yankunan ƙauye (>78%) na Lavapur-Mahanara suna cikin mafi girman matakin haɗarin faruwar ƙudaje da sake fitowa. Wannan wataƙila shine babban dalilin da ya sa Rawalpur Mahanar VL ya shahara sosai. An gano cewa ISV da IRS gabaɗaya, da kuma taswirar haɗari ta ƙarshe, sun samar da ƙananan kaso na yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin manyan wuraren haɗari yayin zagayen SP-IRS (amma ba zagayen DDT-IRS ba). Bayan SP-IRS, an canza manyan yankuna na manyan da matsakaici na yankuna masu haɗari bisa ga GT zuwa ƙananan yankuna masu haɗari (watau 60.5%; ƙididdigar taswirar haɗari tare), wanda ya ninka sau huɗu ƙasa (16.2%) fiye da DDT. - Yanayin yana kan jadawalin haɗarin fayil na IRS da ke sama. Wannan sakamakon ya nuna cewa IRS ita ce zaɓin da ya dace don maganin sauro, amma matakin kariya ya dogara ne akan ingancin maganin kwari, sauƙin kai (ga mai cutar da aka yi niyya), karɓuwa (a lokacin IRS) da kuma amfani da shi;
Sakamakon kimanta haɗarin gida ya nuna kyakkyawar yarjejeniya (P < 0.05) tsakanin kimanta haɗari da yawan jatan lande na azurfa da aka tattara daga gidaje daban-daban. Wannan yana nuna cewa ma'aunin haɗarin gida da aka gano da kuma ma'aunin haɗarin su sun dace sosai don kimanta yawan jatan lande na azurfa na gida. Darajar R2 na nazarin yarjejeniyar bayan-IRS DDT ya kasance ≥ 0.78, wanda yayi daidai da ko ya fi ƙimar kafin-IRS (watau, 0.78). Sakamakon ya nuna cewa DDT-IRS yana da tasiri a duk yankunan haɗarin HT (watau, babba, matsakaici, da ƙasa). Ga zagayen SP-IRS, mun gano cewa ƙimar R2 ta canza a cikin makonni na biyu da na huɗu bayan aiwatar da IRS, ƙimar makonni biyu kafin aiwatar da IRS da makonni 12 bayan aiwatar da IRS kusan iri ɗaya ne; Wannan sakamakon yana nuna tasirin fallasa SP-IRS akan sauro, wanda ya nuna raguwar yanayin tare da tazara lokaci bayan IRS. An haskaka kuma an tattauna tasirin SP-IRS a cikin babi na baya.
Sakamakon binciken da aka gudanar a fannin yankunan haɗarin taswirar da aka tattara ya nuna cewa a lokacin zagayen IRS, an tattara mafi yawan adadin jatan lande na azurfa a yankunan da ke da haɗari (watau, >55%), sai kuma yankunan matsakaici da ƙananan haɗari. A taƙaice, kimanta haɗarin sarari bisa tushen GIS ya tabbatar da cewa kayan aiki ne mai tasiri wajen yanke shawara don tattara layuka daban-daban na bayanan sarari daban-daban ko a hade don gano wuraren haɗarin ƙudaje na yashi. Taswirar haɗarin da aka haɓaka tana ba da cikakkiyar fahimta game da yanayin kafin da bayan shiga tsakani (watau, nau'in gida, matsayin IRS, da tasirin shiga tsakani) a yankin binciken da ke buƙatar ɗaukar mataki ko haɓakawa nan take, musamman a matakin ƙananan. Yanayi mai matuƙar shahara. A gaskiya ma, bincike da yawa sun yi amfani da kayan aikin GIS don zana haɗarin wuraren kiwo na vector da rarraba cututtuka a matakin ƙananan [24, 26, 37].
An kimanta halayen gidaje da abubuwan haɗari ga ayyukan da IRS ta yi amfani da su a cikin nazarin yawan jatan lande na azurfa. Duk da cewa dukkan abubuwa shida (misali, TF, TW, TR, DS, ISV, da IRSS) suna da alaƙa sosai da yawan jatan lande na azurfa a cikin nazarin univariate, ɗaya kawai aka zaɓa a cikin samfurin ƙarshe na sake komawa baya cikin biyar. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa halayen kula da kama da abubuwan da suka shafi IRS TF, TW, DS, ISV, IRSS, da sauransu a cikin yankin binciken sun dace don sa ido kan fitowar jatan lande na azurfa, TW, DS, ISV, IRSS, da sauransu. A cikin nazarin komawa baya da yawa, ba a gano TR yana da mahimmanci ba don haka ba a zaɓi shi a cikin samfurin ƙarshe ba. Tsarin ƙarshe ya kasance mai mahimmanci sosai, tare da sigogin da aka zaɓa suna bayyana 89% na yawan jatan lande na azurfa. Sakamakon daidaiton samfurin ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin yawan jatan lande na azurfa da aka annabta da aka lura. Sakamakonmu kuma yana goyan bayan binciken da ya gabata waɗanda suka tattauna abubuwan da suka shafi tattalin arziki da gidaje da ke da alaƙa da yawan VL da rarraba sararin samaniya na vector a yankunan karkara na Bihar [15, 29].
A cikin wannan binciken, ba mu tantance wurin da ake ajiye magungunan kashe kwari a bango da aka fesa ba da kuma ingancin (watau) maganin kashe kwari da aka yi amfani da shi ga IRS. Bambancin inganci da adadi na magungunan kashe kwari na iya shafar mace-macen sauro da kuma ingancin hanyoyin magance matsalar IRS. Don haka, kiyasin mace-mace tsakanin nau'ikan saman da tasirin shiga tsakani tsakanin ƙungiyoyin gidaje na iya bambanta da ainihin sakamakon. Idan aka yi la'akari da waɗannan abubuwan, za a iya tsara wani sabon bincike. Kimanta jimillar yankin da ke cikin haɗari (ta amfani da taswirar haɗarin GIS) na ƙauyukan binciken ya haɗa da wuraren buɗewa tsakanin ƙauyuka, wanda ke shafar rarrabuwar yankunan haɗari (watau gano yankuna) kuma ya faɗaɗa zuwa yankuna daban-daban na haɗari; Duk da haka, an gudanar da wannan binciken a matakin ƙananan, don haka ƙasar da babu kowa tana da ƙaramin tasiri kan rarrabuwar yankunan haɗari; Bugu da ƙari, gano da tantance yankuna daban-daban na haɗari a cikin jimlar yankin ƙauyen na iya ba da dama don zaɓar wurare don gina sabbin gidaje na gaba (musamman zaɓin yankuna masu ƙarancin haɗari). Gabaɗaya, sakamakon wannan binciken yana ba da bayanai iri-iri waɗanda ba a taɓa yin nazari a kansu ba a matakin ƙananan haɗari a da. Mafi mahimmanci, wakilcin sararin samaniya na taswirar haɗarin ƙauyen yana taimakawa wajen gano da kuma haɗa gidaje a wurare daban-daban na haɗari, idan aka kwatanta da binciken ƙasa na gargajiya, wannan hanyar tana da sauƙi, mai sauƙi, mai araha kuma ba ta buƙatar aiki mai yawa, tana ba da bayanai ga masu yanke shawara.
Sakamakon bincikenmu ya nuna cewa kifayen azurfa na asali a ƙauyen binciken sun sami juriya (watau, suna da matuƙar juriya) ga DDT, kuma an lura da fitowar sauro nan da nan bayan IRS; Alpha-cypermethrin ya zama zaɓi mafi dacewa don sarrafa IRS na ƙwayoyin VL saboda mace-macen da ke cikinsa da kashi 100% da ingantaccen tasirin shiga tsakani akan ƙwayoyin azurfa, da kuma karɓar al'umma mafi kyau idan aka kwatanta da DDT-IRS. Duk da haka, mun gano cewa mace-macen sauro a bangon da aka yi wa magani da SP ya bambanta dangane da nau'in saman; an lura da mummunan tasirin sauran kuma WHO ta ba da shawarar lokaci bayan ba a cimma IRS ba. Wannan binciken ya ba da kyakkyawan wurin farawa don tattaunawa, kuma sakamakonsa yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don gano ainihin tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan. Daidaiton hasashen samfurin nazarin yawan ƙwari na yashi ya nuna cewa ana iya amfani da haɗin halayen gidaje, jin daɗin ƙwayoyin kwari na vectors da matsayin IRS don kimanta yawan ƙwari a ƙauyukan da ke fama da VL a Bihar. Bincikenmu ya kuma nuna cewa haɗa taswirar haɗarin sarari bisa GIS (matakin macro) na iya zama kayan aiki mai amfani don gano wuraren haɗari don sa ido kan fitowar da sake fitowar tarin yashi kafin da bayan tarurrukan IRS. Bugu da ƙari, taswirar haɗarin sarari tana ba da cikakkiyar fahimtar girman da yanayin wuraren haɗari a matakai daban-daban, waɗanda ba za a iya yin nazari a kansu ba ta hanyar binciken filin gargajiya da hanyoyin tattara bayanai na gargajiya. Bayanan haɗarin microspace da aka tattara ta hanyar taswirar GIS na iya taimaka wa masana kimiyya da masu binciken lafiyar jama'a su haɓaka da aiwatar da sabbin dabarun sarrafawa (misali shiga tsakani ɗaya ko haɗakar sarrafa vector) don isa ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na gidaje dangane da yanayin matakan haɗari. Bugu da ƙari, taswirar haɗarin tana taimakawa wajen inganta rarrabawa da amfani da albarkatun sarrafawa a daidai lokaci da wuri don inganta ingancin shirin.
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