Idan aka ɗauki misali a shekarar 2014, tallace-tallacen magungunan kashe kwari na aryloxyphenoxypropionate a duniya ya kai dala biliyan 1.217, wanda ya kai kashi 4.6% na kasuwar magungunan kashe kwari ta duniya da ta kai dala biliyan 26.440 da kuma kashi 1.9% na kasuwar magungunan kashe kwari ta duniya da ta kai dala biliyan 63.212. Duk da cewa ba ta da kyau kamar magungunan kashe kwari kamar amino acid da sulfonylureas, tana kuma da matsayi a kasuwar magungunan kashe kwari (tana matsayi na shida a tallace-tallace a duniya).
Ana amfani da magungunan kashe kwari na Aryloxy phenoxy propionate (APP) galibi don magance ciyayi. An gano shi a shekarun 1960 lokacin da Hoechst (Jamus) ya maye gurbin rukunin phenyl a cikin tsarin 2,4-D da diphenyl ether kuma ya haɓaka ƙarni na farko na magungunan kashe kwari na aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid. "Grass Ling". A shekara ta 1971, an gano cewa tsarin zoben iyaye ya ƙunshi A da B. An gyara magungunan kashe kwari na gaba bisa ga shi, suna canza zoben A benzene a gefe ɗaya zuwa zoben heterocyclic ko haɗe, sannan suka gabatar da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki kamar atom F a cikin zoben, wanda ya haifar da jerin samfuran da ke da aiki mafi girma. , magungunan kashe kwari masu zaɓi.
Tsarin maganin kashe kwari na APP
Tarihin ci gaban maganin herbicides na propionic acid
Tsarin aiki
Magungunan herbicides na Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid galibi suna hana acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase), wanda hakan ke hana haɗakar fatty acids, wanda ke haifar da haɗakar oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, da kuma kakin zuma, kuma hanyoyin cuticle suna toshewa, wanda ke haifar da lalata tsarin membrane na shuka cikin sauri, ƙaruwar iskar oxygen, da kuma mutuwar shukar.
Halayensa na inganci mai yawa, ƙarancin guba, yawan zaɓi, aminci ga amfanin gona da kuma sauƙin lalacewa sun taimaka wajen haɓaka magungunan kashe kwari masu zaɓi.
Wani fasali na magungunan kashe kwari na AAP shine suna aiki ta hanyar gani, wanda ke da alaƙa da isomers daban-daban a ƙarƙashin tsarin sinadarai iri ɗaya, kuma isomers daban-daban suna da ayyukan kashe kwari daban-daban. Daga cikinsu, isomer na R(-)-na iya hana aikin enzyme mai mahimmanci yadda ya kamata, toshe samuwar auxin da gibberellin a cikin ciyayi, kuma yana nuna kyakkyawan aikin kashe kwari, yayin da isomer na S(+)-ba shi da tasiri sosai. Bambancin tasiri tsakanin su biyun shine sau 8-12.
Ana sarrafa magungunan kashe kwari na APP na kasuwanci zuwa esters, wanda hakan ke sa su sha cikin sauƙi ta hanyar ciyayi; duk da haka, esters yawanci ba su da narkewa sosai kuma suna da ƙarfi sosai wajen sha, don haka ba sa da sauƙin jiƙawa kuma suna shiga cikin ciyayi cikin sauƙi.
Clodinafop-propargyl
Propargyl maganin kashe kwari ne na phenoxypropionate wanda ciba-Geigy ta ƙirƙiro a shekarar 1981. Sunan kasuwancinsa shine Topic kuma sunan sinadarai shine (R)-2-[4-(5-chloro-3-fluoro). -2-Pyridyloxy)propargyl propionate.
Propargyl maganin kashe kwari ne mai ɗauke da fluorine, wanda ke aiki a ido, wanda ke ɗauke da sinadarin aryloxyphenoxypropionate. Ana amfani da shi don maganin ganye da ganye bayan fitowar ciyawa don sarrafa ciyawar gramineous a cikin alkama, hatsin rai, triticale da sauran filayen hatsi, musamman ga ciyawar alkama da ciyawar alkama. Yana da inganci wajen sarrafa ciyawa masu wahala kamar hatsin daji. Ana amfani da shi don maganin ganye da ganye bayan fitowar ciyawa don sarrafa ciyawar ciyawa ta shekara-shekara, kamar hatsin daji, ciyawar oat baƙi, ciyawar foxtail, ciyawar fili, da ciyawar alkama. Yawan amfani shine 30~60g/hm2. Hanyar amfani ta musamman ita ce: daga matakin alkama mai ganye 2 zuwa matakin haɗuwa, a shafa maganin kashe kwari a kan ciyawar a matakin ganye 2-8. A lokacin hunturu, a yi amfani da gram 20-30 na Maiji (15% clofenacetate wettable foda) a kowace eka. 30-40g na musamman (15% clodinafop-propargyl wettable foda), a ƙara 15-30kg na ruwa sannan a fesa daidai gwargwado.
Tsarin aiki da halayen clodinafop-propargyl sune masu hana acetyl-CoA carboxylase da magungunan kashe kwari masu sarrafa kansu. Ana shan maganin ta cikin ganye da bargon ganyen shukar, ana gudanar da shi ta cikin phloem, sannan a tara shi a cikin meristem na shukar, yana hana acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase mai hanawa. Coenzyme A carboxylase yana dakatar da hada kitse acid, yana hana girma da rarrabuwar ƙwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun, kuma yana lalata tsarin da ke ɗauke da lipid kamar tsarin membrane, wanda daga ƙarshe ke haifar da mutuwar tsire-tsire. Lokacin daga clodinafop-propargyl zuwa mutuwar ciyawa yana da jinkiri, gabaɗaya yana ɗaukar makonni 1 zuwa 3.
Manyan sinadaran clodinafop-propargyl sune kashi 8%, 15%, 20%, da 30% na ruwa mai narkewa, kashi 15% da 24% na microemulsions, kashi 15% da 20% na foda mai narkewa, da kuma kashi 8% da 14% na man shafawa mai narkewa. 24% na kirim.
Tsarin
Ana fara samar da (R)-2-(p-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic acid ta hanyar amsawar α-chloropropionic acid da hydroquinone, sannan a tace shi ta hanyar ƙara 5-chloro-2,3-difluoropyridine ba tare da rabuwa ba. A ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, yana amsawa da chloropropyne don samun clodinafop-propargyl. Bayan lu'ulu'u, abun da ke cikin samfurin ya kai kashi 97% zuwa 98%, kuma jimillar yawan amfanin da aka samu ya kai kashi 85%.
Yanayin fitarwa
Bayanan kwastam sun nuna cewa a shekarar 2019, ƙasata ta fitar da jimillar dala miliyan 35.77 na Amurka (ƙididdigar da ba ta cika ba, gami da shirye-shirye da magunguna na fasaha). Daga cikinsu, ƙasar da ta fara shigo da kaya ita ce Kazakhstan, wadda galibi ke shigo da kayayyaki, tare da adadin dala miliyan 8.6515 na Amurka, sai kuma Rasha, tare da shirye-shirye. Akwai buƙatar magunguna da kayan aiki, tare da adadin shigo da kaya na dala miliyan 3.6481. Na uku ita ce Netherlands, tare da adadin shigo da kaya na dala miliyan 3.582. Bugu da ƙari, Kanada, Indiya, Isra'ila, Sudan da sauran ƙasashe su ne manyan wuraren fitar da kayayyaki na clodinafop-propargyl.
Cyhalofop-butyl
Cyhalofop-ethyl wani maganin kashe kwari ne da aka ƙirƙiro kuma aka samar da shi ta hannun Dow AgroSciences a Amurka a shekarar 1987. Haka kuma ita ce kawai maganin kashe kwari na aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid wanda ke da aminci ga shinkafa. A shekarar 1998, Dow AgroSciences na Amurka ita ce ta farko da ta yi rijistar fasahar cyhalofop a ƙasarmu. Haƙƙin mallakar ya ƙare a shekarar 2006, kuma an fara yin rijistar a cikin gida ɗaya bayan ɗaya. A shekarar 2007, wani kamfani na cikin gida (Shanghai Shengnong Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.) ya yi rijista a karon farko.
Sunan kasuwancin Dow shine Clincher, kuma sunan sinadarai shine (R)-2-[4-(4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy)phenoxy]butylpropionate.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Qianjin na Dow AgroSciences (sinadarin aiki: 10% cyhalomefen EC) da Daoxi (60g/L cyhalofop + penoxsulam), waɗanda suka shahara a kasuwar China, suna da tasiri sosai kuma suna da aminci. Yana mamaye kasuwar magungunan kashe kwari na shinkafa a ƙasata.
Cyhalofop-ethyl, kamar sauran magungunan kashe kwari na aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid, wani abu ne da ke hana hada sinadarin kitse kuma yana hana acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Ana shanye shi ta cikin ganyayyaki kuma ba shi da wani aiki na ƙasa. Cyhalofop-ethyl yana da tsari kuma yana shawagi cikin sauri ta cikin kyallen tsirrai. Bayan maganin sinadarai, ciyawar ciyawa tana daina girma nan take, rawaya tana faruwa cikin kwana 2 zuwa 7, kuma dukkan shukar ta zama mai kama da nama kuma ta mutu cikin makonni 2 zuwa 3.
Ana amfani da Cyhalofop bayan fitowar ciyawa don magance ciyayi masu yawa a gonakin shinkafa. Adadin shinkafar da ake amfani da ita a wurare masu zafi shine 75-100g/hm2, kuma adadin shinkafar da ake amfani da ita a wurare masu zafi shine 180-310g/hm2. Yana da tasiri sosai akan Echinacea, Stephanotis, Amaranthus aestivum, Ƙananan ciyawar ciyawa, Crabgrass, Setaria, brangrass, gero mai ganyen zuciya, Pennisetum, Zea mays, Goosegrass, da sauransu.
A matsayin misali, yi amfani da kashi 15% na cyhalofop-ethyl EC. A matakin ganyen barnyardgrass 1.5-2.5 a gonakin shukar shinkafa da kuma matakin ganye 2-3 na stephanotis a gonakin shinkafa da aka shuka kai tsaye, ana fesa tushe da ganyen a kuma fesa daidai gwargwado da hazo mai laushi. A tace ruwa kafin a shafa maganin kashe kwari domin fiye da kashi 2/3 na ganyen ciyawa su fallasa ga ruwa. A yi ban ruwa cikin awanni 24 zuwa 72 bayan an shafa maganin kashe kwari, sannan a kula da tsawon ruwa mai tsawon santimita 3-5 na tsawon kwanaki 5-7. Kada a yi amfani da shi fiye da sau ɗaya a kowace kakar noma shinkafa. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura cewa wannan maganin yana da guba sosai ga arthropods na ruwa, don haka a guji kwarara zuwa wuraren kiwon kamun kifi. Idan aka haɗa shi da wasu magungunan kashe kwari masu ganye, yana iya nuna tasirin da ba ya dace ba, wanda ke haifar da raguwar ingancin cyhalofop.
Manyan nau'ikan maganin su ne: sinadarin emulsifiable na cyhalofop-methyl (10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 100g/L), foda mai laushi na cyhalofop-methyl (20%), sinadarin emulsion na cyhalofop-methyl (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%), microemulsion na cyhalofop (10%, 15%, 250g/L), man shafawa na cyhalofop (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%), man shafawa na cyhalofop-ethyl (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%); sinadaran da ke haɗa sinadaran sun haɗa da oxafop-propyl da penoxsufen.
Lokacin Saƙo: Janairu-24-2024