Dauke 2014 a matsayin misali, tallace-tallace na duniya na aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 1.217, wanda ya kai kashi 4.6% na kasuwar maganin ciyawa ta duniya dalar Amurka biliyan 26.440 da kashi 1.9% na dalar Amurka biliyan 63.212 na kasuwar kashe kwari ta duniya.Ko da yake ba shi da kyau kamar maganin ciyawa kamar su amino acid da sulfonylureas, amma yana da matsayi a cikin kasuwar maganin ciyawa (a matsayi na shida a tallace-tallace na duniya).
Ana amfani da magungunan aryloxy phenoxy propionate (APP) don magance ciyawa.An gano shi a cikin 1960s lokacin da Hoechst (Jamus) ya maye gurbin rukunin phenyl a cikin tsarin 2,4-D tare da diphenyl ether kuma ya haɓaka ƙarni na farko na aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides."Grass Ling".A cikin 1971, an ƙaddara cewa tsarin zobe na iyaye ya ƙunshi A da B. An sake gyara magungunan herbicides na wannan nau'in a kan shi, suna canza zoben A benzene a gefe ɗaya zuwa zoben heterocyclic ko fused, da kuma gabatar da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki kamar F. atom a cikin zobe, yana haifar da jerin samfuran tare da babban aiki., ƙarin zaɓaɓɓun maganin ciyawa.
Tsarin maganin ciyawa na APP
Tarihin ci gaban propionic acid herbicides
Hanyar aiki
Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides sune galibi masu hana acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase), don haka hana haɓakar fatty acid, wanda ke haifar da haɗin oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, da waxy yadudduka kuma an toshe hanyoyin cuticle, wanda ke haifar da sauri. lalata tsarin membrane na shuka, ƙara haɓakawa, kuma a ƙarshe mutuwar shuka.
Halayensa na babban inganci, ƙarancin guba, babban zaɓi, aminci ga amfanin gona da ƙasƙanci mai sauƙi sun haɓaka haɓakar herbicides masu zaɓi.
Wani fasali na maganin herbicides na AAP shine cewa suna aiki da ido, wanda ke da nau'ikan isomers daban-daban a ƙarƙashin tsarin sinadarai iri ɗaya, kuma isomers daban-daban suna da ayyukan herbicidal daban-daban.Daga cikin su, R (-) -isomer na iya hana aikin enzyme mai niyya yadda ya kamata, toshe samuwar auxin da gibberellin a cikin weeds, kuma yana nuna kyakkyawan aikin herbicidal, yayin da S (+) -isomer ba shi da tasiri.Bambanci a cikin inganci tsakanin su biyu shine sau 8-12.
Commercial APP herbicides yawanci sarrafa su cikin esters, sa su mafi sauƙi sha daga weeds;duk da haka, esters yawanci suna da ƙarancin solubility da ƙarfin adsorption, don haka ba su da sauƙi don leach kuma suna da sauƙin shiga cikin ciyawa.a cikin ƙasa.
Clodinafop-propargyl
Propargyl shine phenoxypropionate herbicide wanda ciba-Geigy ya kirkira a cikin 1981. Sunan kasuwancinsa Topic kuma sunansa na sinadarai shine (R) -2- [4- (5-chloro-3-fluoro).-2-Pyridyloxy) propargyl propionate.
Propargyl yana dauke da fluorine, mai aiki mai gani na aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide.Ana amfani da shi don maganin tushe da ganye bayan fitowar don sarrafa ciyawa mai yawa a cikin alkama, hatsin rai, triticale da sauran filayen hatsi, musamman ga ciyawa da ciyawa.Kwarewa wajen magance ciyayi masu wahala kamar hatsin daji.Ana amfani da shi don maganin kara da ganye bayan fitowar don sarrafa ciyawa na shekara-shekara, irin su hatsin daji, baƙar fata ciyawa, ciyawa foxtail, ciyawa filin, da ciyawa.Matsakaicin shine 30-60 g / hm2.Ƙayyadaddun hanyar amfani shine: daga mataki na alkama 2-leaf zuwa matakin haɗin gwiwa, amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ga ciyawa a matakin ganye 2-8.A cikin hunturu, yi amfani da gram 20-30 na Maiji (15% clofenacetate wettable foda) kowace kadada.30-40g na musamman (15% clodinafop-propargyl wettable foda), ƙara 15-30kg na ruwa da fesa daidai.
Tsarin aiki da halaye na clodinafop-propargyl sune masu hana acetyl-CoA carboxylase masu hanawa da kuma maganin herbicides na tsarin.Ana amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi ta cikin ganyayyaki da ganyayyaki na tsire-tsire, ana gudanar da su ta hanyar phloem, kuma suna tarawa a cikin meristem na shuka, yana hana acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitor.Coenzyme A carboxylase yana dakatar da kirar fatty acid, yana hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel na al'ada da rarrabawa, kuma yana lalata tsarin da ke ɗauke da lipid kamar tsarin membrane, a ƙarshe yana haifar da mutuwar shuka.Lokacin daga clodinafop-propargyl zuwa mutuwar weeds yana da ɗan jinkiri, yawanci yana ɗaukar makonni 1 zuwa 3.
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na clodinafop-propargyl sune 8%, 15%, 20%, da 30% emulsion na ruwa, 15% da 24% microemulsions, 15% da 20% foda mai laushi, da 8% da 14% tarwatsawar man fetur.24% cream.
Magana
(R) -2- (p-hydroxyphenoxy) propionic acid an fara samar da shi ta hanyar amsawar α-chloropropionic acid da hydroquinone, sa'an nan kuma an cire shi ta hanyar ƙara 5-chloro-2,3-difluoropyridine ba tare da rabuwa ba.A ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, yana amsawa tare da chloropropyne don samun clodinafop-propargyl.Bayan crystallization, samfurin abun ciki ya kai 97% zuwa 98%, kuma yawan amfanin ƙasa ya kai 85%.
Halin fitarwa
Bayanan kwastam sun nuna cewa a shekarar 2019, kasata ta fitar da jimillar dalar Amurka miliyan 35.77 (kididdigar da ba ta cika ba, gami da shirye-shirye da magungunan fasaha).Daga cikin su, kasar Kazakhstan ta farko da ke shigo da kayayyaki daga kasashen waje, tana da adadin dalar Amurka miliyan 8.6515, sai kuma Rasha, tare da shirye-shirye, ana bukatar magunguna da kayan abinci, tare da adadin dalar Amurka miliyan 3.6481.Wuri na uku shine Netherlands, tare da adadin shigo da kaya na dalar Amurka miliyan 3.582.Bugu da kari, Kanada, Indiya, Isra'ila, Sudan da sauran kasashe suma sune manyan wuraren fitar da kayayyaki na clodinafop-propargyl.
Cyhalofop-butyl
Cyhalofop-ethyl wani maganin ciyawa ne na musamman na shinkafa wanda Dow AgroSciences a Amurka ya kirkira kuma ya samar a cikin 1987. Hakanan shine kawai aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid herbicide wanda ke da aminci ga shinkafa.A cikin 1998, Dow AgroSciences na Amurka shine farkon wanda ya fara rijistar fasahar cyhalofop a cikin ƙasata.Tabbacin ya ƙare a shekara ta 2006, kuma an fara rajistar gida ɗaya bayan ɗaya.A cikin 2007, wani kamfani na cikin gida (Shanghai Shengnong Biochemical Products Co., Ltd.) ya yi rajista a karon farko.
Sunan kasuwancin Dow shine Clincher, kuma sunan sinadarai shine (R) -2-[4- (4-cyano-2-fluorophenoxy) phenoxy] butylpropionate.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Dow AgroSciences' Qianjin (kayan aiki mai aiki: 10% cyhalomefen EC) da Daoxi (60g/L cyhalofop + penoxsulam), waɗanda suka shahara a kasuwar Sinawa, suna da inganci da aminci.Ya mamaye kasuwannin yau da kullun na maganin ciyawa na gonakin shinkafa a cikin ƙasata.
Cyhalofop-ethyl, mai kama da sauran aryloxyphenoxycarboxylic acid herbicides, shine mai hana haɓakar fatty acid kuma yana hana acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase).Yafi tunawa ta cikin ganye kuma ba shi da wani aikin ƙasa.Cyhalofop-ethyl yana da tsari kuma yana saurin shiga cikin kyallen takarda.Bayan maganin sinadarai, ciyawa na ciyawa suna daina girma nan da nan, launin rawaya yana faruwa a cikin kwanaki 2 zuwa 7, kuma dukkanin shuka ya zama necrotic kuma ya mutu a cikin makonni 2 zuwa 3.
Ana amfani da Cyhalofop bayan gaggawa don magance ciyayi masu yawa a cikin filayen shinkafa.Matsakaicin adadin shinkafa na wurare masu zafi shine 75-100g/hm2, kuma adadin shinkafa mai ɗanɗano shine 180-310g/hm2.Yana da tasiri sosai akan Echinacea, Stephanotis, Amaranthus aestivum, Ƙananan ciyawa, Crabgrass, Setaria, brangrass, Gero-Leaf Leaf, Pennisetum, Zea mays, Goosegrass, da dai sauransu.
Yi amfani da 15% cyhalofop-ethyl EC a matsayin misali.A 1.5-2.5 ganye mataki na barnyardgrass a cikin shinkafa seedling filayen da 2-3 ganye mataki na stephanotis a kai tsaye iri shinkafa filayen, mai tushe da ganye ana fesa da kuma fesa ko'ina tare da m hazo.A zubar da ruwa kafin a shafa maganin kashe kwari ta yadda sama da 2/3 na ciyawa da ganyen ciyawa za su fallasa ruwan.Ba da ruwa a cikin sa'o'i 24 zuwa sa'o'i 72 bayan aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari, kuma ku kula da Layer na ruwa na 3-5 cm na kwanaki 5-7.Kada a yi amfani da fiye da sau ɗaya a kowace kakar noman shinkafa.Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura cewa wannan magani yana da guba sosai ga arthropods na ruwa, don haka kauce wa shiga cikin wuraren kiwo.Lokacin da aka haɗe shi da wasu magungunan herbicides na Broadleaf, yana iya nuna tasirin adawa, yana haifar da raguwar ingancin cyhalofop.
Babban nau'in sashi shine: cyhalofop-methyl emulsifiable maida hankali (10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 100g/L), cyhalofop-methyl wettable foda (20%), cyhalofop-methyl mai ruwa emulsion (10%, 15% . dakatarwa (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%);abubuwan hadawa sun hada da oxafop-propyl da penoxsufen Compound na amine, pyrazosulfuron-methyl, bispyrfen, da sauransu.
Lokacin aikawa: Janairu-24-2024