Mafi Kyawun Farashi Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa

Nature

Indoleacetic acid wani sinadari ne na halitta. Tsarkakakkun samfuran lu'ulu'u ne na ganye marasa launi ko foda na crystalline. Yana yin launin ruwan kasa idan aka fallasa shi ga haske. Matsayin narkewa 165-166℃ (168-170℃). Yana narkewa a cikin ethanol mai ruwa, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, yana narkewa a cikin ether da acetone. Ba ya narkewa a cikin benzene, toluene, fetur da chloroform. Ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa, ruwan maganin sa na iya rushewa ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet, amma yana da karko ga haske da ake iya gani. Gishirin sodium da gishirin potassium sun fi acid ɗin kanta karko kuma suna narkewa cikin ruwa cikin sauƙi. Sauƙin cire carboxylate zuwa 3-methylindole (skatine). Yana da nau'i biyu ga ci gaban shuka, kuma sassa daban-daban na shuka suna da bambancin ji na shi, gabaɗaya tushen ya fi girma fiye da yadda budurcin ya fi girma fiye da tushe. Tsirrai daban-daban suna da bambancin ji na shi.

Hanyar shiri

Ana samar da sinadarin acetonitrile mai nauyin indole, formaldehyde da potassium cyanide a zafin 150℃, 0.9~1MPa, sannan a zuba shi a cikin potassium hydroxide. Ko kuma ta hanyar amsawar indole da glycolic acid. A cikin autoclave mai nauyin lita 3 na bakin karfe, an ƙara 270g(4.1mol)85% potassium hydroxide, 351g(3mol) indole, sannan aka ƙara 360g(3.3mol)70% hydroxyacetic acid mai ruwa a hankali. An rufe dumama zuwa 250℃, ana juyawa na tsawon awanni 18. A bar shi ya huce zuwa ƙasa da 50℃, a ƙara ruwa 500ml, sannan a juya a 100℃ na tsawon mintuna 30 don narke potassium indole-3-acetate. A bar shi ya huce zuwa 25℃, a zuba kayan autoclave a cikin ruwa, sannan a ƙara ruwa har sai jimlar girman ya kai lita 3. An cire saman ruwa da ethyl ether 500ml, an shafa masa acid hydrochloric acid a zafin 20-30℃, sannan aka tace shi da indole-3-acetic acid. A tace, a wanke da ruwan sanyi, a busar da shi daga haske, samfurin ya kai 455-490g.

Muhimmancin sinadarai a jiki

Kadara

Yana narkewa cikin sauƙi a cikin haske da iska, ba ajiya mai ɗorewa ba. Lafiya ga mutane da dabbobi. Yana narkewa a cikin ruwan zafi, ethanol, acetone, ether da ethyl acetate, yana narkewa kaɗan a cikin ruwa, benzene, chloroform; Yana da ƙarfi a cikin maganin alkaline kuma da farko ana narkar da shi a cikin ƙaramin adadin barasa 95% sannan a narkar da shi a cikin ruwa zuwa adadin da ya dace lokacin da aka shirya shi da ingantaccen crystallization na samfurin.

Amfani

Ana amfani da shi azaman abin ƙarfafa ci gaban shuka da kuma maganin nazari. 3-indole acetic acid da sauran abubuwan auxin kamar 3-indole acetaldehyde, 3-indole acetonitrile da ascorbic acid suna wanzuwa ta halitta a cikin yanayi. Babban abin da ke haifar da biosynthesis na 3-indole acetic acid a cikin tsire-tsire shine tryptophan. Babban aikin auxin shine daidaita ci gaban shuka, ba wai kawai don haɓaka girma ba, har ma don hana girma da gina gabobin jiki. Auxin ba wai kawai yana wanzuwa a cikin 'yanci a cikin ƙwayoyin shuka ba, har ma yana wanzuwa a cikin auxin da aka ɗaure wanda ke da ƙarfi ga biopolymeric acid, da sauransu. Auxin kuma yana samar da haɗuwa da abubuwa na musamman, kamar indole-acetyl asparagine, apentose indole-acetyl glucose, da sauransu. Wannan na iya zama hanyar adana auxin a cikin tantanin halitta, da kuma hanyar kawar da gubar auxin da ya wuce kima.

Tasiri

Maganin ci gaban tsirrai. Sinadarin indoleacetic acid da aka fi sani da shi a cikin tsirrai shine indoleacetic acid. Sinadarin indoleacetic acid na iya haɓaka samuwar ƙarshen ganyen shuka, harbe-harbe, tsire-tsire, da sauransu. Abin da ya fara haifar da shi shine tryptophan. Sinadarin indoleacetic acid wani sinadari ne da ke ƙara yawan ci gaban tsirrai.hormone na girma na shukaSomatin yana da tasirin ilimin halittar jiki da yawa, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da yawansa. Ƙarancin yawansa na iya haɓaka girma, yawan maida hankali zai hana girma har ma ya sa shuka ta mutu, wannan hanawa yana da alaƙa da ko zai iya haifar da samuwar ethylene. Tasirin ilimin halittar auxin yana bayyana akan matakai biyu. A matakin ƙwayoyin halitta, auxin na iya ƙarfafa rarrabuwar ƙwayoyin cambium; Yana ƙarfafa tsawaita ƙwayoyin reshe da hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin tushe; Yana haɓaka bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin xylem da phloem, yana haɓaka tushen yanke gashi da kuma daidaita yanayin halittar callus. A matakin gabobi da dukkan tsire-tsire, auxin yana aiki daga lokacin da aka shuka zuwa lokacin 'ya'yan itace. Auxin yana sarrafa tsawaita mesocotyl na seedling tare da hana haske mai ja; Lokacin da aka canza indoleacetic acid zuwa ƙananan gefen reshe, reshe zai samar da geotropism. Phototropism yana faruwa lokacin da aka canza indoleacetic acid zuwa gefen baya na rassan. Indoleacetic acid ya haifar da rinjayen apex. Jinkirin tsufa na ganye; Auxin yana hana zubar da ciki, yayin da auxin yana shafa shi a ƙarshen zubar da ciki wanda ke haifar da zubar ciki. Auxin yana haɓaka fure, yana haifar da haɓakar parthenocarpy, kuma yana jinkirta nuna 'ya'yan itace.

Aiwatar

Acid ɗin Indoleacetic yana da fa'ida da amfani da yawa, amma ba a yawan amfani da shi ba saboda yana da sauƙin lalacewa a cikin da kuma wajen shuka. A farkon matakin, an yi amfani da shi don haifar da yanayin 'ya'yan tumatir na parthenocarpous da 'ya'yan itace. A lokacin fure, an jiƙa furannin da ruwa 3000 mg/l don samar da 'ya'yan tumatir marasa iri da kuma inganta saurin saita 'ya'yan itatuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin amfanin farko shine don haɓaka tushen yankewa. Jiƙa tushen yankewa da 100 zuwa 1000 mg/l na maganin magani na iya haɓaka samuwar tushen bishiyar shayi, itacen gum, itacen oak, metasequoia, barkono da sauran amfanin gona, da kuma hanzarta saurin haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki. An yi amfani da 1 ~ 10 mg/l indoleacetic acid da 10 mg/L oxamyline don haɓaka tushen shukar shinkafa. 25 zuwa 400 mg/l na feshi na ruwa na chrysanthemum sau ɗaya (a cikin awanni 9 na photoperiod), na iya hana fitowar furanni, yana jinkirta fure. Girma a cikin dogon hasken rana zuwa 10 -5 mol/l da aka fesa sau ɗaya, na iya ƙara yawan furannin mace. Maganin tsaban beetroot yana haɓaka germination kuma yana ƙara yawan amfanin tushen busassun ...

Gabatarwa ga auxin
Gabatarwa

Auxin (auxin) wani nau'in hormone ne na endogenous wanda ke ɗauke da zoben aromatic mara cika da sarkar gefen acetic acid, taƙaitaccen bayanin Ingilishi IAA, na duniya baki ɗaya, shine indole acetic acid (IAA). A shekara ta 1934, Guo Ge et al. sun gano shi a matsayin indole acetic acid, don haka al'ada ce a yi amfani da indole acetic acid a matsayin ma'anar auxin. Ana haɗa Auxin a cikin ƙananan ganye da kuma apical meristem, kuma ana taruwa daga sama zuwa tushe ta hanyar jigilar phloem mai nisa. Tushen kuma yana samar da auxin, wanda ake jigilar shi daga ƙasa zuwa sama. Auxin a cikin tsire-tsire yana samuwa daga tryptophan ta hanyar jerin tsaka-tsaki. Babban hanyar ita ce ta indoleacetaldehyde. Ana iya samar da Indole acetaldehyde ta hanyar oxidation da deamination na tryptophan zuwa indole pyruvate sannan a cire carboxylated, ko kuma ana iya samar da shi ta hanyar oxidation da deamination na tryptophan zuwa tryptamine. Sannan ana sake haɗa sinadarin indole acetaldehyde zuwa indole acetic acid. Wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita wajen haɗa sinadarin tryptophan daga indole acetonitrile zuwa indole acetic acid. Ana iya dakatar da sinadarin indoleacetic acid ta hanyar haɗawa da aspartic acid zuwa indoleacetylaspartic acid, inositol zuwa indoleacetic acid zuwa inositol, glucose zuwa glucoside, da kuma furotin zuwa indoleacetic acid-protein complex a cikin shuke-shuke. Indoleacetic acid da aka haɗa yawanci yana da kashi 50-90% na indoleacetic acid a cikin shuke-shuke, wanda zai iya zama nau'in adana auxin a cikin kyallen shuka. Indoleacetic acid na iya lalacewa ta hanyar haɗa sinadarin indoleacetic acid, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kyallen shuka. Auxin yana da tasirin ilimin halittar jiki da yawa, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da yawan sinadarin da ke cikinsu. Ƙarancin yawan sinadarin zai iya haɓaka girma, yawan sinadarin zai hana girma har ma ya sa shuka ta mutu, wannan hanawar yana da alaƙa da ko zai iya haifar da samuwar ethylene. Tasirin ilimin halittar auxin yana bayyana akan matakai biyu. A matakin ƙwayoyin halitta, auxin na iya ƙarfafa rabuwar ƙwayoyin cambium; Yana ƙarfafa tsawaita ƙwayoyin reshe da hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin tushe; Yana haɓaka bambance-bambancen ƙwayoyin xylem da phloem, yana haɓaka tushen yanke gashi da kuma daidaita yanayin ƙwayoyin callus. A matakin gabobi da dukkan tsire-tsire, auxin yana aiki daga lokacin da aka shuka zuwa lokacin da 'ya'yan itace suka girma. Auxin yana sarrafa tsawaita mesocotyl tare da hana haske mai canzawa; Lokacin da aka canza indoleacetic acid zuwa ƙasan reshen, reshen zai samar da geotropism. Phototropism yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka canza indoleacetic acid zuwa gefen baya na rassan. Indoleacetic acid ya haifar da rinjayen kololuwa. Jinkirin tsufa na ganye; Auxin da aka shafa a ganye yana hana abscission, yayin da auxin da aka shafa a ƙarshen kusanci na abscission yana haɓaka abscission. Auxin yana haɓaka fure, yana haifar da ci gaban parthenocarpy, kuma yana jinkirta nuna 'ya'yan itace. Wani ya fito da ra'ayin masu karɓar hormone. Mai karɓar hormone babban ɓangaren ƙwayoyin halitta ne wanda ke ɗaure musamman ga hormone ɗin da ya dace sannan ya fara jerin halayen. Hadadden sinadarin indoleacetic acid da receptor yana da tasiri guda biyu: na farko, yana aiki akan sunadaran membrane, yana shafar matsakaicin acidification, jigilar famfon ion da canjin tashin hankali, wanda shine amsawar sauri (< mintuna 10); Na biyu shine yin aiki akan nucleic acid, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a bangon tantanin halitta da kuma haɗa furotin, wanda hakan ke faruwa a hankali (minti 10). Matsakaicin acidity muhimmin yanayi ne na haɓakar tantanin halitta. Indoleacetic acid na iya kunna enzyme na ATP (adenosine triphosphate) akan membrane na plasma, yana motsa ions na hydrogen su fita daga tantanin halitta, rage ƙimar pH na matsakaici, don haka enzyme ɗin ya kunna, yana lalata polysaccharide na bangon tantanin halitta, don haka bangon tantanin halitta ya yi laushi kuma tantanin ya faɗaɗa. Gudanar da indoleacetic acid ya haifar da bayyanar takamaiman jerin RNA (mRNA) na manzon Allah, wanda ya canza haɗin furotin. Maganin indoleacetic acid shi ma ya canza sassaucin bangon tantanin halitta, yana ba da damar ci gaban tantanin halitta. Tasirin haɓaka girma na auxin shine galibi don haɓaka haɓakar tantanin halitta, musamman tsawaita ƙwayoyin halitta, kuma ba shi da tasiri akan rarraba tantanin halitta. Bangaren shukar da ke jin motsin haske yana saman tushe, amma ɓangaren lanƙwasa yana ƙasan ƙarshen, wanda hakan ya faru ne saboda ƙwayoyin da ke ƙasan ƙarshen suna girma da faɗaɗawa, kuma shine lokacin da ya fi saurin kamuwa da auxin, don haka auxin yana da babban tasiri akan girmansa. Hormone na girma na nama na tsufa baya aiki. Dalilin da yasa auxin zai iya haɓaka haɓakar 'ya'yan itatuwa da tushen yankewa shine cewa auxin na iya canza rarraba abubuwan gina jiki a cikin shukar, kuma ana samun ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ɓangaren da ke da wadataccen rarraba auxin, yana samar da cibiyar rarrabawa. Auxin na iya haifar da samuwar tumatir marasa iri saboda bayan magance ƙwayoyin tumatir marasa taki da auxin, ƙwayar tumatir ta zama cibiyar rarraba abubuwan gina jiki, kuma abubuwan gina jiki da ake samarwa ta hanyar photosynthesis na ganye ana ci gaba da jigilar su zuwa kwai, kuma kwai yana tasowa.

Samarwa, sufuri da rarrabawa

Manyan sassan hada auxin sune kyallen halitta, galibi ƙananan furanni, ganye, da iri masu tasowa. Auxin yana yaɗuwa a dukkan gabobin jikin shuka, amma yana da yawa a cikin sassan girma mai ƙarfi, kamar coleopedia, buds, root apex meristem, cambium, girma iri da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Akwai hanyoyi uku na jigilar auxin a cikin tsire-tsire: jigilar gefe, jigilar polar da jigilar mara polar. Jigilar gefe (jigilar hasken baya na auxin a ƙarshen coleoptile wanda hasken gefe ɗaya ya haifar, jigilar auxin a gefen ƙasa a cikin tushen da tushen tsire-tsire lokacin da aka ketare). Jigilar polar (daga ƙarshen sama na siffar siffa zuwa ƙarshen ƙasa na siffar siffa). Jigilar mara polar (a cikin kyallen da suka girma, auxin na iya zama ba polar da aka jigilar ta ta hanyar phloem).

Biyuntakar aikin physiological

Ƙarancin yawan amfani yana haɓaka girma, yawan amfani yana hana girma. Gabobin shuka daban-daban suna da buƙatu daban-daban don ingantaccen yawan amfani da auxin. Mafi kyawun yawan amfani shine kusan 10E-10mol/L ga tushen, 10E-8mol/L ga tushen da 10E-5mol/L ga tushen. Ana amfani da analogues na Auxin (kamar naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, da sauransu) a samarwa don daidaita girman shuka. Misali, lokacin da aka samar da tsiron wake, ana amfani da yawan amfani da ya dace da girman tushe don magance tsiron wake. Sakamakon haka, ana hana tushen da busassun, kuma tushen da aka samar daga hypocotyl sun haɓaka sosai. Babban fa'idar girman tushen shuka yana ƙaddara ne ta hanyar halayen jigilar tsire-tsire don auxin da kuma tasirin ilimin halittar auxin guda biyu. Toho na tushen shuka shine mafi yawan aiki a cikin samar da auxin, amma yawan auxin da ake samarwa a wurin toho ana jigilar shi zuwa tushen ta hanyar jigilar aiki, don haka yawan auxin a cikin toho da kanta ba shi da yawa, yayin da yawan a cikin ƙaramin tushe ya fi girma. Ya fi dacewa da haɓakar tushe, amma yana da tasirin hana buds. Mafi girman yawan auxin a wurin da yake kusa da toho na sama, haka tasirin hana buds ke ƙaruwa, shi ya sa yawancin shuke-shuke masu tsayi ke samar da siffar pagoda. Duk da haka, ba duk shuke-shuke ke da ƙarfi a saman ba, kuma wasu shuke-shuke suna fara lalacewa ko ma raguwa bayan haɓakar toho na ɗan lokaci, suna rasa rinjayen apel na asali, don haka siffar bishiyar bishiyar ba pagoda ba ce. Saboda yawan auxin yana da tasirin hana girmar shuka, samar da yawan auxin analogues kuma ana iya amfani da shi azaman maganin kashe kwari, musamman ga ciyayi masu dicotyledonous.

Analogues na Auxin: NAA, 2, 4-D. Domin auxin yana da ƙananan yawa a cikin tsire-tsire, kuma ba shi da sauƙin adanawa. Domin daidaita girman shuka, ta hanyar haɗa sinadarai, mutane sun sami auxin analogues, waɗanda ke da irin wannan tasirin kuma ana iya samar da su da yawa, kuma an yi amfani da su sosai a cikin samar da noma. Tasirin nauyi na ƙasa akan rarraba auxin: girman tushen tushe da girman ƙasa na tushen yana faruwa ne sakamakon nauyin ƙasa, dalilin shine cewa nauyi na ƙasa yana haifar da rarraba auxin mara daidaituwa, wanda ya fi yaɗuwa a gefen tushe kuma ba a rarraba shi sosai a gefen baya ba. Saboda yawan auxin a cikin tushe ya yi yawa, ƙarin auxin a gefen tushe ya haɓaka shi, don haka gefen tushe ya girma da sauri fiye da gefen baya, kuma ya ci gaba da haɓakar tushe. Ga tushen, saboda yawan sinadarin auxin a cikin tushen yana da ƙasa sosai, ƙarin auxin kusa da gefen ƙasa yana da tasiri mai hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin tushe, don haka ci gaban kusa da gefen ƙasa yana da jinkiri fiye da na gefen baya, kuma ci gaban geotropic na tushen yana ci gaba. Ba tare da nauyi ba, tushen ba lallai bane ya girma ƙasa. Tasirin rashin nauyi akan ci gaban tsirrai: ci gaban tushen zuwa ƙasa da ci gaban tushe daga ƙasa ana haifar da shi ta hanyar nauyi na ƙasa, wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar rarraba auxin mara daidaituwa a ƙarƙashin haifar da nauyi na duniya. A cikin yanayin sarari mara nauyi, saboda asarar nauyi, ci gaban tushen zai rasa koma baya, kuma tushen kuma zai rasa halayen ci gaban ƙasa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai babban fa'idar ci gaban tushe, kuma jigilar auxin ba ta shafi nauyi ba.