Mafi kyawun Farashin Shuka Hormone Indole-3-Acetic Acid Iaa

Nature

Indoleacetic acid abu ne na halitta.Samfura masu tsabta sune lu'ulu'u ne na ganye marasa launi ko foda.Yana juya launin shuɗi lokacin fallasa ga haske.Matsayin narkewa 165-166 ℃ (168-170 ℃).Mai narkewa a cikin ethanol anhydrous, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, mai narkewa a cikin ether da acetone.Ba a narkewa a cikin benzene, toluene, fetur da chloroform.Rashin narkewa a cikin ruwa, maganin sa na ruwa yana iya lalacewa ta hanyar hasken ultraviolet, amma yana da kwanciyar hankali ga haske mai gani.Gishirin sodium da gishirin potassium sun fi ƙarfin acid da kansa kuma suna iya narkewa cikin ruwa.Sauƙaƙe decarboxylated zuwa 3-methylindole (skatine).Yana da duality don girma shuka, kuma sassa daban-daban na shuka suna da hankali daban-daban a gare shi, gabaɗaya tushen ya fi girma fiye da toho ya fi girma.Tsire-tsire daban-daban suna da hankali daban-daban zuwa gare shi.

Hanyar shiri

3-indole acetonitrile yana samuwa ta hanyar amsawar indole, formaldehyde da potassium cyanide a 150 ℃, 0.9 ~ 1MPa, sa'an nan kuma hydrolyzed ta potassium hydroxide.Ko ta hanyar amsawar indole tare da glycolic acid.A cikin 3L bakin karfe autoclave, 270g (4.1mol) 85% potassium hydroxide, 351g (3mol) indole aka kara, sa'an nan 360g (3.3mol) 70% hydroxy acetic acid ruwa bayani da aka kara a hankali.Rufe dumama zuwa 250 ℃, yana motsawa don 18h.Cool zuwa ƙasa 50 ℃, ƙara 500ml ruwa, da kuma motsawa a 100 ℃ na 30min don narkar da potassium indole-3-acetate.Cool zuwa 25 ℃, zuba autoclave abu a cikin ruwa, kuma ƙara ruwa har sai jimlar girma ne 3L.An fitar da ruwa mai ruwa tare da 500ml ethyl ether, acidified da hydrochloric acid a 20-30 ℃, da kuma precipitated da indole-3-acetic acid.Tace, wanke a cikin ruwan sanyi, bushe daga haske, samfurin 455-490g.

Muhimmancin Biochemical

Dukiya

Sauƙaƙe bazuwa cikin haske da iska, ba ajiya mai ɗorewa ba.Aminci ga mutane da dabbobi.Mai narkewa a cikin ruwan zafi, ethanol, acetone, ether da ethyl acetate, dan kadan mai narkewa cikin ruwa, benzene, chloroform;Yana da tsayayye a cikin maganin alkaline kuma an fara narkar da shi a cikin ƙaramin adadin barasa na 95% sannan a narkar da shi cikin ruwa zuwa adadin da ya dace lokacin da aka shirya shi tare da crystallization samfurin.

Amfani

Ana amfani dashi azaman haɓakar haɓakar shuka da reagent na nazari.3-indole acetic acid da sauran abubuwan auxin irin su 3-indole acetaldehyde, 3-indole acetonitrile da ascorbic acid suna wanzuwa ta halitta a cikin yanayi.Mafarin 3-indole acetic acid biosynthesis a cikin tsire-tsire shine tryptophan.Babban aikin auxin shine daidaita haɓakar shuka, ba kawai don haɓaka haɓaka ba, har ma don hana haɓakawa da haɓaka gabobin jiki.Auxin ba wai kawai yana wanzuwa a cikin 'yanci a cikin kwayoyin halitta ba, har ma yana wanzuwa a cikin ɗaure auxin wanda ke da ƙarfi da ƙarfi ga acid biopolymeric, da dai sauransu. Wannan na iya zama hanyar ajiya na auxin a cikin tantanin halitta, da kuma hanyar detoxification don cire gubar wuce haddi auxin.

Tasiri

Shuka auxin.Mafi yawan yanayin girma na halitta a cikin tsire-tsire shine indoleacetic acid.Indoleacetic acid iya inganta samuwar saman toho karshen shuka harbe, harbe, seedlings, da dai sauransu Its precursor ne tryptophan.Indoleacetic acid shine ashuka girma hormone.Somatin yana da tasirin ilimin lissafi da yawa, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tattarawar sa.Ƙananan ƙaddamarwa na iya haɓaka girma, babban taro zai hana ci gaba har ma ya sa shuka ya mutu, wannan hanawa yana da alaƙa da ko zai iya haifar da samuwar ethylene.Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin ilimin lissafi na auxin suna bayyana akan matakai biyu.A matakin salula, auxin na iya tada rabon sel cambium;Ƙarfafa haɓakar ƙwayar reshe na reshe da hana ci gaban tushen kwayar halitta;Haɓaka xylem da bambance-bambancen cell phloem, inganta tushen yanke gashi da daidaita tsarin ƙirar callus.A matakin gabobin jiki da duka shuka, auxin yana aiki daga seedling zuwa balaga.Auxin sarrafawa seedling mesocotyl elongation tare da reversible ja haske hana;Lokacin da aka canza acid indoleacetic zuwa ƙananan gefen reshe, reshe zai haifar da geotropism.Phototropism yana faruwa lokacin da aka canza acid indoleacetic zuwa gefen baya na rassan.Indoleacetic acid ya haifar da rinjaye mafi girma.Jinkirin jinkirin jin daɗin ganye;Auxin shafi ganye yana hana abscission, yayin da auxin ya shafa zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen abscission yana haɓaka abscission.Auxin yana haɓaka fure, yana haifar da haɓakar parthenocarpy, kuma yana jinkirin ripening 'ya'yan itace.

Aiwatar

Indoleacetic acid yana da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in indoleacetic) ana amfani da shi, amma ba a saba amfani da shi ba saboda yana da sauƙi don ragewa a ciki da waje na shuke-shuke.A farkon mataki, an yi amfani da shi don haifar da parthenocarpous da 'ya'yan itace-saitin tumatir.A cikin lokacin fure, an jika furanni da ruwa na 3000 mg/l don samar da 'ya'yan tumatir mara iri da inganta ƙimar saitin 'ya'yan itace.Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka fara amfani da su shine don inganta tushen yankan.Soaking tushen yankan tare da 100 zuwa 1000 MG / l na maganin magani na iya haɓaka samuwar tushen bishiyar shayi, itacen danko, itacen oak, metasequoia, barkono da sauran amfanin gona, da haɓaka ƙimar haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki.1 ~ 10 mg / l indoleacetic acid da 10 mg / L oxamyline an yi amfani da su don inganta tushen tushen shinkafa.25 zuwa 400 MG / l na ruwa fesa chrysanthemum sau ɗaya (a cikin sa'o'i 9 na photoperiod), na iya hana fitowar furen furanni, jinkirta fure.Girma a cikin dogon rana zuwa 10 -5 mol/l maida hankali fesa sau ɗaya, na iya ƙara furannin mata.Yin maganin tsaba na gwoza yana haɓaka germination kuma yana ƙara yawan amfanin tushen tuber da abun ciki na sukari.

Gabatarwa zuwa auxin
Gabatarwa

Auxin (auxin) wani nau'i ne na hormones na endogenous wanda ke dauke da zobe mai kamshi mara kyau da sarkar gefen acetic acid, gajeriyar Ingilishi IAA, gama gari na duniya, shine indole acetic acid (IAA).A cikin 1934, Guo Ge et al.gano shi a matsayin indole acetic acid, don haka ya zama al'ada sau da yawa amfani da indole acetic acid azaman ma'ana ga auxin.An haɗa Auxin a cikin ganyayen matasa masu tsayi da apical meristem, kuma ana tattara su daga sama zuwa tushe ta hanyar jigilar phloem mai nisa.Tushen kuma yana samar da auxin, wanda ake ɗauka daga ƙasa zuwa sama.Auxin a cikin tsire-tsire yana samuwa daga tryptophan ta hanyar jerin tsaka-tsaki.Babban hanyar ita ce ta indoleacetaldehyde.Indole acetaldehyde na iya samuwa ta hanyar oxidation da deamination na tryptophan zuwa indole pyruvate sa'an nan kuma decarboxylated, ko kuma yana iya samuwa ta hanyar oxidation da deamination na tryptophan zuwa tryptamine.Indole acetaldehyde kuma an sake dawo da shi zuwa indole acetic acid.Wata hanya ta roba mai yuwuwa ita ce juyar da tryptophan daga indole acetonitrile zuwa indole acetic acid.Indoleacetic acid za a iya kunnawa ta hanyar ɗaure tare da aspartic acid zuwa indoleacetylaspartic acid, inositol zuwa indoleacetic acid zuwa inositol, glucose zuwa glucoside, da furotin zuwa indoleacetic acid-protein hadaddun a cikin tsire-tsire.Bound indoleacetic acid yawanci yana lissafin kashi 50-90% na indoleacetic acid a cikin tsire-tsire, wanda zai iya zama nau'i na auxin ajiya a cikin kyallen takarda.Indoleacetic acid na iya lalacewa ta hanyar oxidation na indoleacetic acid, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kyallen takarda.Auxins suna da tasirin ilimin lissafi da yawa, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tattarawar su.Ƙananan ƙaddamarwa na iya haɓaka girma, babban taro zai hana ci gaba har ma ya sa shuka ya mutu, wannan hanawa yana da alaƙa da ko zai iya haifar da samuwar ethylene.Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin ilimin lissafi na auxin suna bayyana akan matakai biyu.A matakin salula, auxin na iya tada rabon sel cambium;Ƙarfafa haɓakar ƙwayar reshe na reshe da hana ci gaban tushen kwayar halitta;Haɓaka xylem da bambance-bambancen cell phloem, inganta tushen yanke gashi da daidaita tsarin ƙirar callus.A matakin gabobin jiki da duka shuka, auxin yana aiki daga seedling zuwa balaga.Auxin sarrafawa seedling mesocotyl elongation tare da reversible ja haske hana;Lokacin da aka canza acid indoleacetic zuwa ƙananan gefen reshe, reshe zai haifar da geotropism.Phototropism yana faruwa lokacin da aka canza acid indoleacetic zuwa gefen baya na rassan.Indoleacetic acid ya haifar da rinjaye mafi girma.Jinkirin jinkirin jin daɗin ganye;Auxin shafi ganye yana hana abscission, yayin da auxin ya shafa zuwa ƙarshen ƙarshen abscission yana haɓaka abscission.Auxin yana haɓaka fure, yana haifar da haɓakar parthenocarpy, kuma yana jinkirta ripen 'ya'yan itace.Wani ya zo da ra'ayi na masu karɓar hormone.Mai karɓa na hormone shine babban ɓangaren kwayoyin halitta wanda ke ɗaure musamman ga hormone mai dacewa sannan ya fara jerin halayen.Hadadden indoleacetic acid da mai karɓa yana da tasiri guda biyu: na farko, yana aiki akan sunadaran membrane, yana shafar matsakaiciyar acidification, jigilar famfo ion da canjin tashin hankali, wanda shine saurin amsawa.< Minti 10);Na biyu shine yin aiki akan acid nucleic, yana haifar da canje-canjen bangon tantanin halitta da haɗin furotin, wanda shine jinkirin amsawa (minti 10).Matsakaicin acidification wani yanayi ne mai mahimmanci don haɓakar tantanin halitta.Indoleacetic acid zai iya kunna ATP (adenosine triphosphate) enzyme akan membrane na plasma, yana motsa ions hydrogen don gudana daga cikin tantanin halitta, rage darajar pH na matsakaici, don haka an kunna enzyme, hydrolyzed polysaccharide na bangon tantanin halitta, don haka cewa bangon tantanin halitta yana laushi kuma an fadada tantanin halitta.Gudanar da acid indoleacetic ya haifar da bayyanar takamaiman jerin manzo RNA (mRNA), wanda ya canza haɗin furotin.Maganin Indoleacetic acid kuma ya canza elasticity na bangon tantanin halitta, yana barin ci gaban tantanin halitta ya ci gaba.Tasirin haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar auxin galibi don haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel, musamman haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel, kuma ba shi da tasiri akan rarraba tantanin halitta.Bangaren tsiron da ke jin motsin haske yana a saman gindin, amma sashin lanƙwasa yana a ƙananan ɓangaren tip, wanda shine saboda ƙwayoyin da ke ƙasa da tip suna girma da haɓaka, kuma shine mafi mahimmanci. lokaci zuwa auxin, don haka auxin yana da tasiri mafi girma akan girma.Tsufa nama girma hormone ba ya aiki.Dalilin da ya sa auxin zai iya inganta ci gaban 'ya'yan itatuwa da tushen ciyayi shine cewa auxin na iya canza rarraba kayan abinci a cikin shuka, kuma ana samun ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki a cikin sashin tare da rarraba auxin mai arziki, yana kafa cibiyar rarrabawa.Auxin na iya haifar da samuwar tumatur marasa iri domin bayan an yi maganin buds ɗin tumatur ɗin da ba a haifuwa da auxin, ovary na tohowar tumatir ya zama cibiyar rarraba abinci mai gina jiki, kuma sinadiran da ake samu ta hanyar photosynthesis na ganye ana ci gaba da kai su cikin kwai, kuma ovary yana tasowa. .

Generation, sufuri da rarrabawa

Babban sassan haɗin auxin sune kyallen takarda, galibi matasa buds, ganye, da tsaba masu tasowa.Ana rarraba Auxin a cikin dukkanin gabobin jikin shuka, amma yana da ɗan taƙaitawa a cikin sassan girma mai ƙarfi, irin su coleopedia, buds, tushen kololuwar meristem, cambium, tsaba masu tasowa da 'ya'yan itatuwa.Akwai hanyoyi guda uku na jigilar auxin a cikin tsire-tsire: sufuri na gefe, safarar igiya da kuma jigilar fasinja.Lateral kai (baya safarar auxin a tip na coleoptile lalacewa ta hanyar unilateral haske, kusa-ƙasa gefen sufuri na auxin a cikin tushen da mai tushe na shuke-shuke a lokacin da transverse).Jirgin ruwa na Polar (daga saman ƙarshen ilimin halittar jiki zuwa ƙananan ƙarshen ilimin halittar jiki).Jirgin da ba na iyakacin duniya ba (a cikin kyallen da balagagge, auxin na iya zama mara iyaka ta hanyar phloem).

The duality na physiological mataki

Ƙananan ƙaddamarwa yana inganta haɓaka, haɓaka mafi girma yana hana ci gaba.Daban-daban gabobin shuka suna da buƙatu daban-daban don mafi kyawun maida hankali na auxin.Mafi kyawun maida hankali shine kusan 10E-10mol/L don tushen, 10E-8mol/L don buds da 10E-5mol/L don mai tushe.Ana amfani da analogues na Auxin (irin su naphthalene acetic acid, 2, 4-D, da sauransu) a cikin samarwa don daidaita haɓakar shuka.Misali, lokacin da aka samar da tsiron wake, ana amfani da maida hankali da ya dace da tsiron kara domin maganin tsiron wake.A sakamakon haka, an hana tushen da buds, kuma tushen da aka haɓaka daga hypocotyl suna haɓaka sosai.Amfanin koli na ci gaban tsiro yana ƙayyadad da halayen jigilar tsirrai na auxin da duality na tasirin auxin physiological.Tushen koli na tushen shuka shine mafi yawan aikin samar da auxin, amma yawan adadin auxin da ake samarwa a kololuwar toho ana kai shi kullun zuwa tushe ta hanyar sufuri mai aiki, don haka tattarawar auxin a cikin toho koli ba shi da yawa. yayin da maida hankali a cikin matasa kara ya fi girma.Ya fi dacewa da girma mai tushe, amma yana da tasiri mai hanawa akan buds.Mafi girman maida hankali na auxin a cikin matsayi kusa da babban toho, yana da karfi da tasiri mai hanawa a gefen toho, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin tsire-tsire masu tsayi suna samar da siffar pagoda.Duk da haka, ba dukkanin tsire-tsire ba ne suke da rinjaye mai karfi, kuma wasu bishiyoyi suna fara raguwa ko ma raguwa bayan haɓakar toho koli na wani lokaci, suna rasa rinjaye na asali na asali, don haka siffar bishiyar ba ta zama pagoda ba. .Saboda babban taro na auxin yana da tasirin hana ci gaban shuka, ana iya amfani da samar da babban taro na analogues na auxin azaman herbicides, musamman ga weeds dicotyledonous.

Auxin analogues: NAA, 2, 4-D.Domin auxin ya wanzu a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ba shi da sauƙi don adanawa.Domin daidaita tsiron tsiro, ta hanyar hada sinadarai, mutane sun sami analogues na auxin, suna da irin wannan tasirin kuma ana iya yin su da yawa, kuma an yi amfani da su sosai wajen samar da noma.Tasirin nauyi na ƙasa akan rarraba auxin: asalin girma na mai tushe da ci gaban ƙasa na tushen yana haifar da nauyin ƙasa, dalili shine cewa ƙasa tana haifar da rashin daidaituwa na auxin, wanda ya fi rarraba a gefen kusa. da kara da kasa rarraba a cikin baya gefe.Saboda mafi kyawun maida hankali na auxin a cikin kara yana da girma, ƙarin auxin a gefen karami ya inganta shi, don haka gefen gaba na gaba ya girma da sauri fiye da gefen baya, kuma yana kiyaye girma na kara.Don tushen, saboda mafi kyawun maida hankali na auxin a cikin tushen yana da ƙasa sosai, ƙarin auxin kusa da gefen ƙasa yana da tasirin hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin tushen, don haka girma kusa da gefen ƙasa yana da hankali fiye da na gefen baya, kuma ana kiyaye ci gaban geotropic na tushen.Ba tare da nauyi ba, ba lallai bane saiwoyin yayi girma.Tasirin rashin nauyi a kan tsiron tsiro: tushen tsiro zuwa ƙasa da kuma tsiron da ke nesa da ƙasa suna haifar da shi ta hanyar nauyi na ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa na rarraba auxin a ƙarƙashin ƙaddamar da ƙarfin ƙasa.A cikin yanayin da ba shi da nauyi na sararin samaniya, saboda asarar nauyi, girma na kara zai rasa ci baya, kuma tushen zai rasa halayen girma na ƙasa.Koyaya, fa'idar girma ta kara girma har yanzu tana nan, kuma jigilar polar auxin ba ta da tasiri.